壳聚糖的改性及在印染废水处理中的应用

以海洋渔业废弃物虾壳为原料,采取去矿化、脱蛋白、脱色、碱洗的方式制备壳聚糖,通过聚合氯化铝、聚合氯化铁和五水硫酸铜对壳聚糖进行改性,得到3种改性壳聚糖:聚铝-壳聚糖、聚铁-壳聚及硫酸铜-壳聚糖,并通过扫描电子显微镜和红外光谱表征改性壳聚糖的形貌及化学组成。以模拟印染废水为研究对象,在适宜条件下对改性壳聚糖加以应用,以废水的COD去除率和脱色率为考察指标,评价壳聚糖的改性效果,为改性壳聚糖处理印染废水提供理论支持。由扫描电子显微镜结果可知,聚铝-壳聚糖的表面颗粒为类球形,粒径尺寸均一且壳聚糖分布均匀,聚铁-壳聚糖和硫酸铜-壳聚糖的表面颗粒为块状,而壳聚糖主要是以带状的形式存在;由红外光谱可知,通过聚铝和聚铁对壳聚糖进行改性,引入更多的O-H和N-H振动峰,有利于印染废水的吸附沉降。研究表明:3种类型的改性壳聚糖中,聚铝-壳聚糖处理印染废水的效果最好,废水的COD去除率和脱色率最高;对聚铝-壳聚糖处理印染废水的p H、改性壳聚糖质量配比及投加量进行优化,可知,聚铝-壳聚糖对印染废水的处理效果受p H值的影响较小,在聚铝与壳聚糖质量配比为3∶1及投加量为1.6 g·L-1的条件下,p H为5.5时,模拟印染废水的COD去除率和脱色率分别达到90.5%和97.3%,p H升高至9.5时,模拟印染废水的COD去除率和脱色率仍能高达85.1%和94.2%。在最佳条件下,采用聚铝-壳聚糖处理实际印染废水,其COD去除率及脱色率分别为88.7%及96.9%。     

PDMDAAC阳离子膨润土处理染料废水的研究

采用聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)对膨润土进行改性,制得阳离子膨润土,研究其电动特性及对染料废水的脱色效果．结果表明,与膨润土相比,阳离子膨润土的表面电性发生了变化;处理染料废水的效果明显提高,而且在强酸性和强碱性条件下对染料废水的脱色效果最好．     

PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂的脱色性能研究

研究了二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵聚合物（PDMDAAC）系列絮凝剂对活性染料废水和分散染料废水的脱色效果，考察了絮凝剂的特性粘度、阳离子度及结构等因素对脱色效果的影响，探讨了其脱色机理，并试验了与PAC复配的脱色效果。实验结果表明：絮凝剂的特性粘度越高，阳离子度越高，脱色效果越好；絮凝剂结构中引入乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷（VTMS）可使脱色效果胡所提高；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂处理活性染料废水的机理是通过电中和作用，使染料分子从水中析出，然后通过吸附架桥作用使之聚集、沉降除去；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂在处理分散染料废水时，吸附架桥为主导作用；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂与PAC复配可使脱色效果更佳而且可以降低处理成本。     

PDMDAAC-膨润土对对硝基苯酚吸附特性的研究

以聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为改性剂,对天然钙基膨润土进行有机改性,比较PDMDAAC-膨润土与膨润土对对硝基苯酚废水的处理性能,研究了改性剂用量以及对硝基苯酚浓度、pH值、反应时间等因素对膨润土吸附去除率的影响．结果表明：PDMDAAC改性膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附效果比膨润土有较大提高,吸附去除率达84％;吸附后的PDMDAAC-膨润土可用酸进行再生,再生后对对硝基苯酚的吸附去除率没有明显下降;PDMDAAC-膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附行为可用Freundlieh型吸附等温线较好地进行拟合．     

Fe-C-H_2O_2协同催化氧化处理印染废水

用Fe-C-H2O2协同催化氧化体系对印染工业废水的降解脱色处理进行了研究。对影响印染废水降解的几种因素如铁屑/碳粒质量比、双氧水的质量分数、废水pH等进行考察。试验结果表明,对于色度为650度和ρ（COD）为468mg·L-1的印染废水,在废水pH=4.8的情况下,当铁屑/碳粒质量比为25∶1、H2O2用量为150mg·L-1、催化反应30min时,印染废水的脱色率达98%以上,CODCr去除率可达78%。与Fe-C微电解法相比,Fe-C-H2O2协同催化氧化方法对印染废水的脱色能力和去除COD,表现出了更好的处理效果。     

活性炭吸附对印染废水生化出水中不同种类有机物的去除效果

染料废水是含有一定量有毒物质的有机废水,具有高COD和高色度.传统的生化方法能够去除纺织印染废水中的大部分有机物,然而出水仍有相当大的色度,因此后续处理是必要的.活性炭是使用最广泛和最有效的吸附剂,能很好地去除色度.本文以印染废水生化出水中的溶解性有机物为研究对象,     

印染废水处理过程及排放水对草履虫遗传毒性评价

草履虫作为指示生物评估印染废水处理过程及排放水的毒性效应。急性毒性结果显示,原水、厌氧工段印染废水、好氧工段印染废水对草履虫的半数致死浓度(24h-LC₅₀)分别为54%、41%、98%;遗传毒性结果显示,印染废水原水、经处理的排放水在6.25%、12.25%稀释梯度下对草履虫造成的DNA损伤较对照组呈显著升高(p<0.01),而排放水对草履虫的DNA损伤较原水无显著性差异;草履虫增殖速率结果显示,印染废水排放水50%稀释梯度下对草履虫增殖速率有抑制作用。暴露于印染废水排放水中10%的草履虫其游动行为发生改变。以上结果表明,印染废水在经过处理后,理化指标均达到国家印染废水行业排放标准,但排放水仍对草履虫产生急性毒性,且遗传毒性较原水没有显著降低。水生生物毒性测试能有效补充理化指标评价,为印染废水行业全面达标排放提供依据。     

Fe0体系降解2,4-二氯酚的影响因素及其反应机理

采用铁屑、炉渣及河砂混合介质降解2,4-二氯酚(2,4 - DCP)模拟废水,研究铁屑粒径、铁屑投加量、铁屑与炉渣配比、pH值等因素对2,4- DCP脱氯效果的影响,探讨Feo体系降解2,4- DCP的反应机理.结果表明,铁屑粒径、铁屑投加量、铁屑与炉渣配比、pH对2,4- DCP脱氯效果均有显著影响,在铁屑粒径为2～5mm、不改变废水pH、铁屑与炉渣质量比为31:9条件下,Feo体系对2,4- DCP去除率高达97％.2,4- DCP经脱氯后主要产物为2-氯酚、4-氯酚和苯酚,反应后废水的可生化性明显提高,利于后续的生物处理.     

一锅法溶液缩聚制备高效阳离子絮凝剂及其絮凝性能

以丙酮、二甲胺和甲醛为原料,采用一锅法溶液缩聚制备了一种新型阳离子高分子絮凝剂CPF.通过红外、核磁共振氢谱、凝胶渗透色谱和元素分析对CPF的分子结构进行了表征,通过絮凝实验研究了CPF对水中阴离子染料的絮凝脱色效果并探讨了絮凝机理.研究表明,CPF重均分子量为1.81×10~4,拥有胺基、醇羟基、羰基和醚键等极性官能团,大量质子化胺基赋予其很高的阳离子度.CPF对酸性、直接和活性阴离子染料的絮凝脱色率均达95%以上,脱色率随溶液pH降低而升高且不受水中无机盐的影响.该絮凝行为是"吸附电中和"与"吸附架桥"效应共同作用的结果.CPF对实际印染废水同样具有良好的絮凝脱色效果,但对组分复杂的混合印染废水化学需氧量(COD)的去除率较低,因此可作为一种高效的物化处理手段与生化处理配合用于印染废水的工业化处理.     

壳聚糖改性膨润土处理焦化废水的实验研究

焦化废水是煤制焦炭、煤气净化及焦化产品回收过程中产生的废水,其成分复杂多变,属于难处理的工业废水。利用壳聚糖对膨润土进行改性,制备了壳聚糖改性膨润土,并应用于焦化废水的处理,并对影响处理效果的工艺参数进行了优化,结果表明：在pH=8.6,投加量为10g·mL-1,搅拌时间为30min,离心时间为12min条件下,改性膨润土对焦化废水CODcr的去除率达到82.5%以上,处理效果明显优于原土和壳聚糖。此外,通过对原土和壳聚糖改性膨润土进行的比表面积和扫描电镜等表征测定分析可知,壳聚糖的加入并没有改变膨润土的基本框架,只是增大了膨润土的比表面积,从而提高吸附性能。     

聚合铝基复合混凝剂残余铝及混凝性能的初步研究

以不同碱化度(B)的聚合氯化铝(PAC)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)制备聚合氯化铝-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物复合混凝剂(PAC-PDMDAAC)，试验了其处理模拟水的除浊效果及水体的残余铝量。结果表明：PAG-PDMDAAC较PAC具有更低的投加量，更好的除浊效果，处理后水体具有更低的残余铝量。B和PDMDAAC质量百分含量(P％)对PAC-PDMDAAC除浊效果及水体的残余铝量有不同程度的影响。     

PDMDAAC-阳离子膨润土的比表面积和吸蓝量的研究

以工业聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和钠基膨润土为原料,采用水溶液吸附的方法和高温活化法合成阳离子膨润土复合材料,用次甲基蓝滴定法测定膨润土与阳离子膨润土的吸蓝量;用BET氮气吸附法测定比表面积,最后用阳离子膨润土处理染料废水．结果表明,与膨润土相比,阳离子膨润土的吸蓝量和比表面积有了不同程度的提高,随着吸附量的增加,吸蓝量和比表面积都增大,对废水的处理效果表明,阳离子膨润土的脱色率和COD的去除率都有较大的提高．     

Waste control by waste: efficient removal of bisphenol A with steel slag,a novel activator of peroxydisulfate

Activated persulfates are efficient reagents for oxidation of organic contaminants and water treatment. Various compounds are currently used to activate persulfates, but there is a need for cheap and efficient activators. Here, we report the first use of steel slag, an industrial solid waste, as a solid activator for peroxydisulfate activation. We tested this system for bisphenol A degradation. Results indicate that about 70% of bisphenol A can be removed within 1 h. Conditions were 50 μg/L of bisphenol A, 2 g/L of peroxydisulfate, 3 g/L of steel slag and temperature of 298 K. The components and surface morphology of unused and recycled steel slag were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, whereas the main reactive oxygen species were elucidated by using radical scavengers. Findings show that both base oxides and iron oxides are responsible for peroxydisulfate activation. A redox mechanism involving liquid and solid phases is proposed. Overall, this study reveals the successful recycling of steel slag to activate persulfates for water treatment, following the principle of ‘waste control by waste.’     

Untersuchung von Abfällen mit biologischen Testverfahren zur Bewertung der Wassergefährdung

Wastes from three different types of waste treatment facilities (slag from a municipal waste incineration plant, slag granules from a pilot plant combining carbonization and incineration, mechanical and biological treated wastes) were examined to determine their hazard potential to different waters sites. The process temperature is seen to be the main difference between the three treatment processes. The wastes were extracted with water according to the German standard DIN 38414 S 4 and additionally at a constant pH value of 4. The leachates were investigated in a battery of aquatic bioassays and characterised physically and chemically. Every leachate revealed in a toxic effect at least in one test. The toxicity of the leachates prepared at a pH of 4 was significantly higher than the toxicity of the leachates prepared by extraction with water without pH adjustment. The leachates of the slag granules showed the lowest toxicity. On the basis of these experimental results, a scheme to derive Water Hazard Classes of wastes, which is presented in part II of this publication, was developed.     

铁盐类无机有机复合絮凝剂的水解特性及脱色效能

研究氯化铁(FeCl3)-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)和聚合氯化铁(PFC)-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)复合絮凝剂的水解历程、水解产物的特性和电荷特性,考察絮凝剂的水解对脱色效果的影响.结果表明,复合絮凝剂与FeCl3和PFC相比,具有水解速度快,水解稳定期长,表面电荷高,pH适用范围广的特点.     

Environmental protection by utilization of the slag from magnesium production in building materials

This paper presents the results of research on the utilization of slag produced as the waste material of metallic magnesium production. This material is a fine powder with a high magnesium content. The characterization of slag was performed by XRD, DTA and TG analysis. Chemical composition and mechanical properties of slag were also determined. By using a mixture this slag and limestone aggregate, it is possible to obtain dry mortar which, mixed with water, gives a material fully satisfying for plastering mortar. By adding inorganic pigments (Fe₂O₃, Ca₂O3, etc.) decorative mortars are obtained, and when they are spread over the foundation made of brick or concrete, they retain their colour on the entire coating and surface of the mortar.     

Heavy metals fraction and ecological risk evaluation in municipal solid waste gasification slag non-burnt bricks

The heavy metals in non-burnt bricks made from municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification slags with a modified European Bureau Community of Reference procedure were studied. Heavy metals were present in the form of oxidizable and residual fractions, which were stable and not easy to dissolve. The preparation process of non-burnt bricks displayed prominent solidification effect for some heavy metals in the gasification slag. The solidified rate for metals, such as As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn reached 89.82%, 79.57%, 73.64%, 66.73%, and 88.05%, respectively. Moreover, the leaching concentrations of eight heavy metals were all below 8 mg/kg. On the basis of these observations, the risk of exposure to heavy metals in non-burnt bricks was evaluated using the solidification formula and the leaching concentration of heavy metals combined with the assessments of the Hakanson potential ecological risk and pollution ratio of secondary phase and primary phase. Results showed that the preparation of MSW gasification slag non-burnt bricks was not harmful to the environment, but attention is warranted for possible migration of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in the long term, which may result in an impact on the ecological environment.     

Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years, with control of the main municipal and industrial point pollution sources and implementation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body, the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually, while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catchments. As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control, an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and management system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area. As the key technology in rural solid waste treatment, both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely benefits in efficiency, large handling capacity, high quality of the end product, as well as good economic return. Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-composting such as pathogens, high moisture content, asynchronism in the decomposition of different substrates, and low quality of the end product can all be tackled. 92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area, while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%, which prevented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after implementation of the project.