布氏田鼠种群繁殖的研究

布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti Radde)是一种数量变化幅度大的小型鼠类。研究布氏田鼠种群繁殖及年度变化的特征,对于探索其种群数量变动规律、进而实行有效的预报是很必要的。国内外有关布氏田鼠生态学的研究报道,如内蒙锡盟卫生防疫站(1975)、呼伦贝尔草原鼠害调查组(1975)、罗泽珣等(1975)、黑龙江省革命委员会草原灭鼠办公室(1976)、Reichstein(1962)、(1949,1952A,1952B)、(1948)、(1954)等,涉及上述工作的甚少。近年来,中国科学院动物研究所动物生态室一组(1978,1979)研究了布氏田鼠的种群年龄、性周期、活动领域以及种群密度和肾上腺、生殖腺重量之间的相互关系,对研究布氏田鼠的种群数量变动规律,积累了一些资料。本文着重讨论种群繁殖特征,并在上述研究的基础上,探讨呼伦贝尔草原布氏田鼠的种群周期及其主要支配因素。     

大鵟对不同数量布氏田鼠越冬洞群的选择偏好

布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)在冬季会形成数量不同的越冬集群,不同大小的集群会面临着不同的捕食风险。2004年秋季在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型鼠害草场,采用鼠洞口数量多少作为布氏田鼠秋季集群大小的指标,分析了大鵟(Buteo hemilasius)对不同大小集群的布氏田鼠集群的捕食选择偏好。结果表明：大鵟优先选择集群数量高的布氏田鼠集群,这表明数量高的布氏田鼠集群更容易吸引猛禽类天敌的捕食,该结果可以解释布氏田鼠在秋季出现的分群行为。由于捕食风险的存在,布氏田鼠借助秋季的分群行为以降低冬季集群大小和被捕食风险,从而避免成为捕食性天敌首要攻击的目标,该结果验证了最优集群理论。     

布氏田鼠对主要贮草种类的选储嗜好

布氏田鼠 (Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓｂｒａｎｄｔｉ)为内蒙古典型草原区的主要害鼠 ,其危害主要表现在与牲畜争夺牧草资源[1,3 ,5,6,9] 。该鼠属不冬眠种类 ,冬季主要以洞群贮草仓库中的贮草为食 ,因此 ,研究其秋季集群的贮草习性 ,对于分析和了解该鼠的越冬生态特征具有一定的意义。有关布氏田鼠的贮草习性 ,已有一些报道[4 ,7] 。研究表明 ,在羊草 冷蒿 隐子草草场 ,布氏田鼠的越冬贮草以蒿属 (Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ)植物为主 ,其中冷蒿 (Ａ .ｆｒｉｇｉｄａ)与黄蒿 (Ａ .ｓｃｏｐａｒｉａ)占贮草比例超过 90 % [2 ] ,但上述研究均未涉及布氏田鼠…     

大■对不同数量布氏田鼠越冬洞群的选择偏好

2004年10月2~7日在内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗额和宝力格苏木鼠害草场采用鼠洞口数量作为布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)秋季集群大小的指标,分析了大■(Buteo hemilasius)对不同大小布氏田鼠集群的捕食选择偏好。统计了实验样地内可以观察到的大■蹲守布氏田鼠洞群鼠洞口数量,以及样地内大■没有蹲守的布氏田鼠洞群的鼠洞口数量。运用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验进行分析,大■没有蹲守的布氏田鼠洞群的洞口数量秩和统计量为1 753.5,而大■蹲守的布氏田鼠洞群的洞口数量总秩和为1 406.5,统计量U值为213.5,校正之后的Z值为﹣4.764 26,这表明,两组差异达到极显著水平(P=0.000 002),大■蹲守次数(B)与田鼠洞群洞口数量(N)呈显著的正相关关系,相关式为B=﹣0.733 2+0.044 36 N(r=0.592 65,P0.05)。结果表明,大■优先选择集群数量高的布氏田鼠集群,该结果可以解释布氏田鼠在秋季出现的分群行为。由于捕食风险的存在,布氏田鼠借助秋季的分群行为以降低冬季集群大小和被捕食风险,从而避免成为捕食性天敌首要攻击的目标,该结果从捕食风险角度支持了鼠类最优集群理论。     

布氏田鼠洞群内群体结构的研究

布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti Radde)是一种以洞群为单位进行群居生活的草原害鼠,分布在我国内蒙,以及蒙古和苏联的一些干草原地区。对分布在我国境内布氏田鼠的研究,早期见Reichstein(1962)有零星记载,70年代以来,我国动物学工作者开展了较多的工作,也有不少报道(中国科学院动物研究所动物生态室1979;张洁、钟文勤,1979),但关于洞群内群体结构方面,尚未见研究报道。     

布氏田鼠动情周期的初步研究

布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti Radde)是我国呼伦贝尔草原的害鼠之一。为配合布氏田鼠的防治工作,我们对该鼠的动情周期进行了研究。关于这个问题,迄今,尚未见国内外有过报道。动情周期的出现,是决定动物是否具繁殖能力的一个因素,弄清这个问题,对阐明布氏田鼠的繁殖规律,具有一定意义。     

布氏田鼠G带染色体研究

布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti Radde)是田鼠亚科中的一种小型野鼠,分布在我国内蒙古东部地区,对牧草和农田危害甚大,同时又是鼠疫的贮存宿主。有关布氏田鼠的染色体研究国内外未见报道。作者得到内蒙古锡盟鼠防     

布氏田鼠婚配制度的研究进展

简述了动物婚配制度的分类、适应意义及研究方法,然后从布氏田鼠的巢域行为、双亲行为、配偶选择、嗅觉通讯和其他相关方面回顾了已有的研究工作,最后结合布氏田鼠的野外生态和社会因素探讨了该鼠的婚配制度,提出该鼠为兼性的一雄多雌制种类。     

内蒙古草原布氏田鼠与绵羊的营养生态位研究

放牧活动对小型啮齿动物种群数量的影响是草原生态系统研究中的热点问题,确定绵羊和小型啮齿动物的营养生态位关系对于草原生态系统的管理具有重要的作用。运用粪便显微分析法分析了内蒙古草原动物生态研究站大型野外围栏内布氏田鼠和绵羊在6-9月份的食谱组成,确定两种草食动物食性选择和营养生态位的变化,从食物利用途径揭示放牧活动对布氏田鼠种群数量的影响方式及二者之间的竞争与共存关系。研究结果表明：围栏中共有23种植物,其中糙隐子草、克氏针茅、羊草和刺藜是围栏中的优势植物;布氏田鼠共取食10种植物,绵羊共取食8种植物,禾本植物为两种动物的主要采食植物。布氏田鼠和绵羊的喜食植物种类都存在季节性变化;除7月外,两种动物的食物多样性与围栏植物多样性有显著的正相关关系,表明动物的食性选择受植物资源变化的影响。布氏田鼠和绵羊具有很高的营养生态位重叠度,除8月（0.691）外,6、7、9月份的营养生态位重叠度均高于0.9,表明二者之间存在激烈的食物竞争;放牧活动极显著地降低了禾本科植物的地上生物量,导致布氏田鼠的食物数量减少;放牧处理下布氏田鼠的喜食植物的物种数和营养生态位宽度（除9月）增加,导致布氏田鼠的食物质量下降。以上研究结果说明,较高的营养生态位重叠度引起动物间激烈的食物竞争;放牧会影响围栏中植物资源的变化,进而影响布氏田鼠的食性选择,放牧活动可能通过降低布氏田鼠的食物数量和质量对其种群数量产生负面效应;这也说明适度的放牧活动在增加人类对草场利用的同时,又可降低小型啮齿动物的数量及危害。     

储草期增加食物对布氏田鼠越冬存活率的影响北大核心CSCD

布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)是内蒙古典型草原区主要鼠种之一。该鼠种在秋季将食物储存在储草仓内,以此来度过植被贫瘠的冬季。为探究储草期增加食物对布氏田鼠越冬存活率的影响,2004年10月,于内蒙古阿巴嘎旗白音图噶苏木的布氏田鼠鼠害草场随机选取两块100 m×200 m的样地,分别设为增食样地和对照样地。增食样地内给每个布氏田鼠洞群补充食物,每天补充500 g小麦,连续补充2 d共计1000 g。对照样地内则不做任何处理。2004年10月,采用标志重捕法调查两块样地内布氏田鼠种群数量,调查显示,增食样地和对照样地内,布氏田鼠数量分别为310只和318只,以该结果作为计算其越冬存活率的基数。2005年5月,返回样地再次进行标志重捕,分别计算两样地布氏田鼠的越冬存活率。卡方检验显示,储草期增加食物能显著提高布氏田鼠越冬存活率。增食样地布氏田鼠越冬存活率为41.3%,显著高于对照样地布氏田鼠越冬存活率(24.2%,P<0.01)。增食样地雌性和雄性布氏田鼠越冬存活率分别为45.4%和37.3%,均显著高于对照样地雌性和雄性布氏田鼠越冬存活率(25.8%和22.6%,P<0.01)。但样地内雌性和雄性越冬存活率均无明显差异(P>0.05)。本研究结果表明,补充食物可大幅度提升布氏田鼠冬季存活率,增加布氏田鼠越冬存活基数,对来年种群增长起重要作用。     

布氏田鼠肝毛细线虫感染率与其体重的关系

2005年5月和8月,在内蒙古锡林郭勒北部典型草原调查了肝毛细线虫对布氏田鼠种群的感染特征,分析肝毛细线虫对布氏田鼠的感染率与其性别、年龄、体重及种群密度的关系。结果表明:肝毛细线虫对布氏田鼠感染率没有性别差异,雄鼠与雌鼠的感染率相当;但是与布氏田鼠体重/年龄密切相关:幼鼠的感染率较低,成鼠感染率较高,感染率和平均感染度均随着个体年龄的增长而增高。布氏田鼠达到一定的年龄(或体重)后才可感染肝毛细线虫病,其最低感染体重为24.3 g。布氏田鼠的种群密度对肝毛细线虫的感染率和平均感染度没有明显的影响,但同一样地不同季节感染率不同,本次调查显示,2005年5月份感染率高于8月份群体感染率,同一样地的春季感染率与秋季感染率之间呈现出显著的正相关。     

Redundancy, synergism, and active inhibitory range of non-host volatiles in reducing pheromone attraction in European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus

Brandt's voles ( Microtus brandti ) are small native mammals that inhabit the grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China. The species is considered a pest, particularly during population outbreaks, which have increased in frequency since 1970 from 1 every 7 years to 1 every 3 to 5 years. Using historical records taken between 1948 and 1998, we found that there was significant correlation between years for which the monthly averages of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) were consistently high, and years in which outbreaks occurred. Also there was a tendency for outbreaks not to occur in years with precipitation above or below average. For some years at some sites, annual or biannual estimates are available for the density of Brandt's vole populations. We found that the seasonal rate of increase over the non-breeding season from autumn to spring was negatively correlated with the density in autumn. The rate of increase over the breeding season from spring to autumn was independent of the density in spring but instead, reflects the species' preference for habitat with short, sparse grass; populations do not persist in highly degraded grasslands or in tall, dense grassland. The link between outbreaks and climatic indices, and the numerical response of Brandt's voles to particular habitat characteristics, suggest that current grazing intensity tends to maintain grass at low height in years with average precipitation. The substantial increase in livestock numbers over the last 50 years appears to have increased the number of years when the balance of grazing and plant growth favours high rates of increase in Brandt's vole populations, and hence, there has been an increase in the frequency of outbreaks.     

Winter herbivory by voles during a population peak: the relative importance of local factors and landscape pattern

1. We studied the relative role of local habitat variables and landscape pattern on vole–plant interactions in a system with grey-sided voles ( Clethrionomys rufocanus (Sund.)) and their favourite winter food plant, bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.). The study was conducted during a vole peak year (1992–93) in a tundra area in northern Norway.
2. Using Mantel statistics we were able to separate the direct effects of the spatial patterning of habitats and the indirect effects due to spatial aggregations of similar habitats.
3. Results indicate that knowledge about the explicit spatial patterning of patches does not improve our understanding of the system. Instead, two local factors, vegetation height and bilberry biomass, explained more than 50% of the variation in cutting intensity in winter (defined as the proportion of above-ground shoots cut). Increasing vegetation height increased, and increasing bilberry biomass decreased, the cutting intensity.
4. The conclusion that grey-sided voles are able to distribute themselves relative to habitat quality was also partially supported by our estimated over-winter persistence by voles in the various habitats. Vole persistence was uncorrelated with vegetation height, the important predictor of autumn vole density, but tended to correlate with the deviation from the relation between vegetation height and autumn vole density. This conforms to the expectations from the theory of ideal-free habitat distribution.
5. The cue for vole habitat choice, i.e. vegetation height, indicates that either predation or freezing risk is important for voles when selecting over-wintering habitat.     

Vegetation analysis in colonies of an endangered rodent, the Cabrera vole (Microtus cabrerae), in southern Portugal

The Cabrera vole (Microtus cabrerae) is a threatened rodent endemic in the Iberian Peninsula with a patchy distribution and specific microhabitat requirements. This aim of this study was to document the composition of plant communities in habitats of Cabrera vole colonies in southern Portugal. Differences observed in plant species composition were also compared with vegetation structure, taxonomic and life form groups, species and group diversity, disturbance, topography and soil properties. Vegetation was sampled between March and July 2004, in 26 colonies occurring in five geographical areas. Grasses were the most abundant, common and diverse family in the colonies, and the perennial grass Agrostis castellana was present in 92% of colonies, with a mean cover of 16% of the site. Other frequently occurring species were Briza maxima (85%), Vulpia myuros (85%), Gaudinia fragilis (81%), Leontodon spp. (81%), Avena barbata (77%), Bromus hordeaceus (77%) and Tolpis barbata (77%). Colonies were classified in eight vegetation groups that included meadows, tall perennial grasslands, manured meadows with tall sedges, annual grasslands and ruderal and nitrophilous grasslands. Main gradients associated with composition differences were grass richness, annual and perennial grass cover, vegetation structure (herbaceous vegetation height), soil properties (texture and moisture), disturbance (ruderal species) and colony dimensions (area). Results suggest that the Cabrera vole is able to exploit a wide variety of grasslands, with a varying degree of ecological disturbance. Meadows and perennial grassland communities seem to be higher-quality microhabitats for voles.     

雄性不育对布氏田鼠交配行为和繁殖的影响

利用雄性结扎不育方法研究雄性结扎不育对布氏田鼠交配行为和繁殖的影响。结果表明：雄性结扎不育后不影响布氏田鼠雌雄两性的交配行为;不育雄性的存在对雌性的正常交配产生了干扰,降低了雌性的有效交配次数,并导致雌性怀孕率和产仔数的下降。结果一方面说明结扎不育雄性方法可用于布氏田鼠的不育控制研究,另一方面为不育后的竞争性繁殖干扰假设提供了实验证据。     

猫气味重复暴露对青春期布氏田鼠反捕食和焦虑样行为的影响

捕食者气味对猎物的行为和生理有重要的影响。本研究主要确定猫气味重复暴露对青春期布氏田鼠（Lasiopodomys brandtii）的反捕食行为、焦虑样行为和内分泌水平的影响,以探讨青春期布氏田鼠对猫气味的反应对策。研究结果表明,猫气味暴露1 d,青春期布氏田鼠隐藏行为显著增加,而移动行为、跳跃行为、修饰行为和接触行为均显著减少;随着暴露时间延长至18 d,其反捕食行为与对照组间无显著差异,青春期布氏田鼠对猫气味产生了行为适应。旷场实验结果表明,猫气味重复暴露后,青春期布氏田鼠在旷场中的移动总距离和总平均速度显著减少,但其在旷场中的静止时间显著增加。明暗箱实验结果表明,猫气味组雌性布氏田鼠进入明箱次数显著高于雄性个体,不同性别与处理之间的布氏田鼠在明箱中停留时间比例没有显著差异。长期猫气味重复暴露对青春期布氏田鼠血浆中促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）和皮质酮（CORT）浓度无显著影响。以上结果表明,初次猫气味暴露对青春期布氏田鼠的反捕食行为有显著的影响,随着暴露时间的延长,其影响程度逐渐降低,存在明显的适应性。     

Spatio-temporal patterns of habitat use in voles and shrews modified by density, season and predators

1.?Although the intrinsic habitat preferences of a species can be considered to be fixed, the realized habitat use depends on the prevailing abiotic and biotic conditions. Often the core habitats are occupied by dense and stable populations, while marginal habitats become occupied only at times of high density. In a community of interacting species, habitat uses of different species become inter-related, for example an increased density of a strong competitor forcing a weaker competitor to use more marginal habitats. 2.?We studied the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of three common small mammal species, the bank vole Myodes glareolus; the field vole Microtus agrestis; and the common shrew Sorex araneus, in a 4-year trapping study carried out on six large islands, each containing a mixture of three main habitat types (forest, field and clear-cut). We experimentally released least weasels (Mustela n. nivalis) to some of the islands to see how the focal species respond to increased predation pressure. 3.?Both vole species were largely restricted to their core habitats (bank voles to forests and field voles to fields) at times of low population density. With increasing density, the relative habitat use of both species increased in the clear-cut areas. The common shrew was a generalist in its habitat use at all population densities. 4.?The release of the weasels changed the habitat use of all study species. 5.?The vole species showed a stronger aggregated pattern than the common shrew, especially at low population density. The vole aggregations remained in the same localities between seasons, except in the case of bank voles after the weasels were released. 6.?Bank voles and field voles avoided each other at high density. 7.?We conclude that intrinsically differential habitat requirements and flexibility to modify habitat use facilitate the coexistence of the two competing vole species in mosaic landscapes consisting of boreal forests and open habitats.     

根田鼠栖息地选择的影响因素

2002 年7～9 月在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区对根田鼠的栖息地选择进行了研究。对根田鼠栖息地利用强度变量(一定面积内的跑道长度、跑道分叉数、洞口数) 与12 个栖息地特征变量进行多元线性逐步回归分析表明: 显著影响跑道长度的变量为灌丛高度、竞争性啮齿类、电线杆、早熟禾、围栏、灌丛间距和双子叶植物生物量; 显著影响跑道分叉数的变量为灌丛高度、竞争性啮齿类、电线杆、早熟禾和围栏; 显著影响洞口数的变量为灌丛高度、土壤含水率和围栏。对影响利用强度变量的因素进行综合生态学分析表明,在小生境尺度上, 研究期间影响根田鼠栖息地选择的因素主要为捕食风险和种间竞争, 食物资源和土壤硬度也有一定程度的影响。     

布氏田鼠数量和空间分布的年际动态及周期性初步分析

布氏田鼠的分布特点是避开山丘，季节河河床和芨芨草滩；主要分布在季节河两侧，分布区缩小时，向季节河两侧收缩，布氏田鼠年动态是否有周期性尚难以下最后的结论，但存在季节动态是可以肯定的，布氏田鼠在其地理分布中心区和边缘区的种群年际动态可能存在差异，中心区的种群动态相对可能稳定些，边缘区的种群波动可能大些。