抗冻糖蛋白(AFGP1-5)溶液中自由生长条件下冰晶生长激活能的计算

根据冰晶生长速率理论，计算了抗冻糖蛋白（ＡＦＧＰ１－５）溶液中自由生长条件下冰晶生长的激活能．这种定量计算对研究抗冻糖蛋白溶液中冰晶生长习性有重要意义．     

低过冷度下抗冻糖蛋白(AFGP8)溶液中冰晶生长速率的理论模型

抗冻糖蛋白是一种具有抗冻作用的特殊生物功能蛋白质分子，可以防止低温环境中生物细胞被冻伤。通过与冰晶的某些晶面相结合，抗冻糖蛋白分子能降低冰晶的生长点温度，而对冰晶的熔点温度无明显影响。冰晶在抗冻蛋白溶液中的生长行为与冰晶在纯水中生长有明显区别。根据晶体生长理论，分析了抗冻糖蛋白溶液中冰晶基面上水分子发生固-液相转变概率与纯水中冰晶棱面上水分子发生固-液相转变概率的差异。在此基础上，结合Jackson理论并将其推广应用于抗冻糖蛋白溶液中冰晶的生长，提出了在低过冷度下抗冻糖蛋白溶液中冰晶沿c轴生长速率的理论模型，应用该理论模型的计算结果与实验数据更加符合。     

抗冻糖蛋白（AFGP1—5）溶液中自由生长条件下冰晶生长激…

根据冰晶生长速率理论，计算了抗冻糖蛋白（ＡＦＧＰ１－５）溶液中自由生长条件下冰晶生长的激活能，这种定量计算对研究抗冻糖蛋白溶液中冻晶生长习性的有重要意义。     

鱼抗冻蛋白溶液的热滞与蛋白分子量的关系

分析了鱼抗冻糖蛋白的抗冻机理，根据冰晶生长理论和Ｆｌｏｒｙ的大分子溶液理论，导出了抗冻糖蛋白的热滞（熔点与冰晶生长点之差）与抗冻糖蛋白的分子量的关系，结果与实验数据较好地符合。     

抗冻蛋白活性的吸附动力学模型

根据抗冻蛋白溶液中抗冻蛋白分子与冰晶表面相耳作用特点，提出抗冻蛋白与冰晶表面相互作用模型。进而，利用饱和分数与抗冻活性之间的关系，给出抗冻活性与抗冻蛋白浓度的理论关系。根据此关系做出了与实验数据符合较好的抗冻活性与抗冻蛋白浓度关系的理论曲线。另外，对抗冻蛋白分子与冰晶表面相互作用的特点作了进一步的讨论．     

热滞蛋白活性的化学动力学的进一步研究

根据热滞蛋白溶液中抗冻分子与冰晶表面相互作用特点，提出了热滞蛋白在冰晶表面吸附的动力学理论，导出了热滞蛋白活性的表达式．计算了各种热滞蛋白溶液的热滞值，得到了与实验结果符合较好的结论，并讨论了热滞蛋白分子在冰晶表面吸附反应过程中的协同效应     

冬鲽血清蛋白的抗冷冻机理

在南极和北极的一类鱼的血清中，有一种抗冷冻蛋白（ＡＦＰ）．它们能够保护这类鱼在低于一般鱼的冰点以下生存．这是一种非依数性效应．为了解释观测到的热滞（冰晶生长点和溶点的差），本文提出一个吸附的抗冷冻蛋白能够在冰晶生长方向引起冰晶表面弯曲的模型，在生长动力学的基础上并考虑抗冷冻蛋白在溶液和冰晶中的不同溶解度，计算了冬鲽抗冷冻蛋白溶液的热滞，得出与实验较符合的结论．     

抗冻（糖）蛋白聚合吸收模型（部分二）：热滞的定量结果和生长速率

分析了抗冻溶液中冰晶界面层的特性，给出了热滞的定理结果，定量计算了冰晶生速率，解释了抗蛋白溶液中冰晶生长的各向异性特点和生长速率，这些结果与实验数据很好地符合。     

鱼抗冻糖蛋白AFGP7－8的热滞研究

分析了鱼抗冻糖蛋白（ＡＦＧＰ７－８）的结构特点及在溶液中的特性，计算了ＡＦＧＰ７－８溶液的热滞，理论结果与实验数据较好地符合．     

在低过冷度HPLC-6溶液中冰晶生长习性的研究

通过推广冰晶在纯水中的生长理论 ,结合冰晶的空间结构及 HPLC-6分子在冰晶表面的吸附模式 ,计算了在低过冷度条件下 ,冰晶在 HPLC-6溶液中沿 a轴和 c轴两个不同方向的生长速率 ,得到的结果与实验结果符合较好 .     

Inhibition of bacterial ice nucleators by fish antifreeze glycoproteins

Certain bacteria promote the formation of ice in super-cooled water by means of ice nucleators which contain a unique protein associated with the cell membrane. Ice nucleators in general are believed to act by mimicking the structure of an ice crystal surface, thus imposing an ice-like arrangement on the water molecules in contact with the nucleating surface and lowering the energy necessary for the initiation of ice formation. Quantitative investigation of the bacterial ice-nucleating process has recently been made possible by the discovery of certain bacteria that shed stable membrane vesicles with ice nucleating activity. The opposite effect, inhibition of ice formation, has been described for a group of glycoproteins found in different fish and insect species. This group of substances, termed antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), promotes the supercooling of water with no appreciable effect on the equilibrium freezing point or melting temperature. Substantial evidence now indicates that AFGPs act by binding to a growing ice crystal and slowing crystal growth. As the ice-nucleating protein surface is believed to have a structure similar to an embryonic ice crystal, AFGPs might be predicted to interact directly with a bacterial ice-nucleating site. We report here that AFGPs from the antarctic fish Dissostichus mawsoni inhibit the ice-nucleating activity of membrane vesicles from the bacterium Erwinia herbicola. The inhibition effect shows saturation at high concentration of AFGP and conforms to a simple binding reaction between the AFGP and the nucleation centre.     

Beta-helix structure and ice-binding properties of a hyperactive antifreeze protein from an insect

Insect antifreeze proteins (AFP) are considerably more active at inhibiting ice crystal growth than AFP from fish or plants. Several insect AFPs, also known as thermal hysteresis proteins, have been cloned and expressed. Their maximum activity is 3-4 times that of fish AFPs and they are 10-100 times more effective at micromolar concentrations. Here we report the solution structure of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) AFP and characterize its ice-binding properties. The 9-kDa AFP is a beta-helix with a triangular cross-section and rectangular sides that form stacked parallel beta-sheets; a fold which is distinct from the three known fish AFP structures. The ice-binding side contains 9 of the 14 surface-accessible threonines organized in a regular array of TXT motifs that match the ice lattice on both prism and basal planes. In support of this model, ice crystal morphology and ice-etching experiments are consistent with AFP binding to both of these planes and thus may explain the greater activity of the spruce budworm antifreeze.     

第一类鱼抗冻蛋白分子对冰晶表面平衡结构的影响

根据冰晶生长理论,在一定的生长驱动力作用下,冰晶界面生长机制和动力学规律决定于冰晶界面的微观结构.从大分子溶液热力学性质出发,得到了结合抗冻蛋白后冰晶表面微观平衡结构的变化,并讨论了这种变化对冰晶生长形态的影响.结果显示抗冻蛋白造成冰晶表面微观平衡结构改变,是抗冻蛋白溶液中冰晶生长的形态与纯水中冰晶生长的形态有显著区别的原因之一.     

Mimicry of ice structure by surface hydroxyls and water of a beta-helix antifreeze protein

Insect antifreeze proteins (AFP) are much more effective than fish AFPs at depressing solution freezing points by ice-growth inhibition. AFP from the beetle Tenebrio molitor is a small protein (8.4 kDa) composed of tandem 12-residue repeats (TCTxSxxCxxAx). Here we report its 1.4-A resolution crystal structure, showing that this repetitive sequence translates into an exceptionally regular beta-helix. Not only are the 12-amino-acid loops almost identical in the backbone, but also the conserved side chains are positioned in essentially identical orientations, making this AFP perhaps the most regular protein structure yet observed. The protein has almost no hydrophobic core but is stabilized by numerous disulphide and hydrogen bonds. On the conserved side of the protein, threonine-cysteine-threonine motifs are arrayed to form a flat beta-sheet, the putative ice-binding surface. The threonine side chains have exactly the same rotameric conformation and the spacing between OH groups is a near-perfect match to the ice lattice. Together with tightly bound co-planar external water, three ranks of oxygen atoms form a two-dimensional array, mimicking an ice section.     

生物组织冻结相变过程的数值模拟

建立了生物组织(含正常生物组织和肿瘤)冻结过程的传热模型.生物组织作为一种多孔介质,其相变发生在一个温度范围内,且存在一个固相与液相共存的糊状过渡区.采用显热容法模拟了生物组织冻结过程中的传热和冰晶增长过程.模拟结果显示,在冻结过程中,冷刀的初始温度越低,冷刀的降温速率越快,生物组织内温度下降和冰晶增长的速率越快.结果还表明组织中液相流动会增加生物组织内传热和冰晶生长的速度.计算结果为冷刀设计和冷冻外科手术提供了理论依据.     

吸水性涂层在霜层生长初期的抑霜

研究吸水性涂层对霜层生长过程的影响,以寻求抑制结霜的有效方法.通过自行设计的试验设备对吸水性涂层表面上霜层生长特性进行试验研究,获取了不同时段霜层的显微图片,采用数字图像处理方法对其分析,与无涂层的铜表面进行对比.结果表明,吸水性涂层使得结霜时间推迟,霜层高度下降,冰晶体分布稀疏.此外霜层生长初期冰晶体的结构发生了变化,晶体呈倒立状,在某个时段内持续这种状态.对列固含率的分析表明,吸水性涂层的表面在初期有些位置冰晶体含量较高,但有些位置则接近于零,这样的霜层在生长初期甚至加强了热传递.最后通过对比不同表面霜层高度随时间的变化规律发现:吸水性涂层在初期抑霜效果最好,随着时间的推移其抑霜能力逐渐下降.     

疏水冷面霜晶生长的有限扩散凝聚模型

为了深入了解霜晶的动态生长过程,以有限扩散凝聚模型为基础建立了疏水冷面霜晶二维生长模型.通过在表面上设置不同冰珠数量来模拟冷面不同疏水性能,无涂层金属表面则布满冰珠;采用粒子在网格节点上随机移动来描述水蒸气分子的运动,粒子沿各方向移动的概率相同.数值结果表明,霜晶动态生长的可视化结果与实验图像在形态上保持一致;树枝状霜晶具有分形特征,相应的分形维数为1.44～1.78,与实验值相近.疏水冷面霜晶生长缓慢且分布稀疏;采用疏水效果不好的冷面的结霜情况与金属表面相似.