反应堆堆外核测量系统的实时仿真

堆外核测量系统实时仿真是核电厂全范围培训模拟器的重要组成部分。本文给出一种基于测量原理的功能仿真处理方法,利用堆芯物理仿真计算出堆芯中子通量密度．建立了堆外核测量值与反应堆内三维中子通量密度分布之间的拟合公式．根据反应堆物理计算或功率刻度实验确定拟合系数．可以实时准确仿真堆外核测量系统,满足核电厂全范围培训模拟器的要求．     

裂变室输出信号数字化处理的仿真研究

中子通量密度是核反应堆工程中的一个重要参数,利用裂变室进行宽量程中子通量密度测量的数字化处理系统较传统的模拟电路有更大优势。本文基于数字化中子通量测量方案进行仿真研究,首先用计算机模拟带电子学噪声的裂变室输出信号仿真波形,提出在低通量和高通量的中子通量密度情况下,用数字梯形成形滤波和数字自适应参数滤波算法,不仅可以实现抗堆积和脉冲噪声有效甄别(脉冲模式)处理,提高计数率的准确度,而且能够提高均方值计算(坎贝尔模式)的准确度。     

核径迹热释中子探测器测量高中子通量密度

本文提出一种用于高中子通量密度测量的方法,即使用核径迹热释中子探测器测量中子通量密度,该方法在低中子通量密度测量方面已成功在微型中子源反应堆上得到验证。为了测试其在高中子通量密度测量方面的适用性,在中国先进研究堆辐照孔道内进行了应用研究。结果表明:孔道内中子通量密度相对分布总体趋势与MCNP的计算结果符合较好,此种方法测量高中子通量密度有效可行。     

动态参数形状函数和权重函数对加速器驱动次临界反应堆中子动力学的影响

在准静态框架下,动态参数由权重函数、动力学量算符、形状函数的卷积得到。传统方法的形状函数和权重函数并不能满足外源驱动次临界系统的中子动力学分析。本文分别采用λ基波中子通量密度、α基波中子通量密度、加速器驱动次临界系统(Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System,ADS)反应堆稳态中子通量密度作为初始形状函数,采用共轭λ基波中子通量密度、共轭瞬发α基波中子通量密度、ADS反应堆稳态共轭中子通量密度作为权重函数,通过改进的准静态方法对外源驱动次临界系统的启堆过程和断束工况中子动力学进行模拟。通过与时空动力学方程直接求解结果对比发现:权重函数是影响中子动力学结果的主要因素;对于启堆过程,适合采用ADS反应堆稳态中子通量密度作为初始形状函数、共轭λ基波中子通量密度作为权重函数;对于断束工况,适合采用ADS反应堆稳态共轭中子通量密度作为权重函数。权重函数相对于外源瞬变的滞后现象表明,在外源瞬变后的短时间内,外源中子对中子价值和权重函数的影响具有非均匀性,在建立优化的权重函数模型时,需要将共轭外源项的非均匀分布纳入考虑。     

基于改进变分节块法的共轭中子通量密度计算技术

共轭中子通量密度对于核安全和压水堆（PWR）中的探测器计算有着重要的意义,为了消除现有节块方法在处理由于控制棒移动带来的非均匀节块（包括非均匀的截面和不连续因子）时所造成的较大误差,本文提出一种改进的变分节块法（VNM）。确定了不同于前向方程的共轭节块方法的连续条件,不同于传统VNM在全局建立泛函,本文方法为每一个节块建立泛函;构建了含非均匀不连续因子的乘子项,以显式处理表面不连续的共轭中子通量密度;除共轭体中子通量密度、截面和表面分中子流密度外,将表面不连续因子展开为分段正交多项式来构造响应矩阵。含有非均匀节块的BEAVRS基准题数值结果证明,同传统VNM相比,改进的VNM可以将非均匀问题的有效共轭增殖系数和燃料区共轭中子通量密度偏差降低2个量级,有利于实现前向与共轭中子通量密度的高精度内积计算。     

环形燃料反应堆通量密度分布测量

相对中子通量密度分布是反应堆的重要物理参数之一,测量环形燃料零功率反应堆堆芯相对中子通量密度分布对了解环形燃料堆芯反应堆物理特性及开展安全分析具有指导意义。本文在环形燃料堆芯多边形装载下,采用箔活化法对辐照后燃料元件外表面不同位置金箔的γ活度进行测量,得到不同位置燃料元件轴向、径向的相对中子通量密度分布,并将测量值与蒙特卡罗理论计算值进行比对。结果表明：实验测量值与理论计算值最大相对偏差在12%以内,相对中子通量密度分布测量结果符合实验设计预期,现有蒙特卡罗分析手段可较好地分析堆内元件轴向通量密度分布情况。本文结果可为环形燃料的工程化应用提供重要的数据支撑。     

数字化多通道宽量程ITER中子通量密度测量系统研制

针对国际热核聚变实验堆(ITER)对中子通量密度测量宽量程、高集成度、实时性的要求,设计了一套基于PXI架构的多通道中子通量密度测量系统。该系统包括新研制的电流灵敏前置放大器及基于高速模数转换器(ADC)和可编程逻辑器件(FPGA)的主电子学插件。通过全数字化信号处理技术衔接脉冲计数和坎贝尔两种测量模式,大幅拓展了测量量程和提高了系统集成度。该系统通过使用脉冲堆积率估算算法,实现了测量模式的精确自动切换。实验结果表明,该系统具备单一裂变室大于1.7×10~(10)cm~(-2)·s~(-1)中子通量密度实时测量能力,全量程相对误差低于7.1%。     

西安脉冲堆燃耗对中子代时间的影响研究

本文研究了计算反应堆中子代时间(Λ)的瞬发中子通量密度衰减法,基于反应堆仅释放瞬发中子的假设条件,研究了瞬发中子动力学方程,将Λ的计算转变为α本征值的计算问题,采用MCNP程序模拟瞬发中子通量密度的衰减特性以拟合出α值。该方法避免了抽样计算中子价值函数的复杂问题,实现相对容易。并根据西安脉冲堆(XAPR)堆芯三维燃耗分布拟合出不同燃耗深度下瞬发中子通量密度衰减系数α,计算出堆芯中子代时间。结果表明:随着XAPR堆芯燃耗的加深,中子代时间呈增大趋势,从新堆芯到第一循环末(120EFPD),Λ增大幅度为8.93%。     

利用测热技术测量核反应堆中子通量密度

一种新型中子探测器被研究,其原理是利用带电离子在矿物中沉积的能量退火时会以热量的方式释放出来,通过测量释放的热量而确定中子通量密度。对新型中子探测器进行刻度,在反应堆内某位置测量的热中子通量密度为5.108×10¹¹ cm^-2•s^-1,与标定的热中子通量密度(5.000×10¹¹ cm^-2•s^-1)在2%内符合,说明该探测器可测量中子通量密度。本文方法制作的探测器体积小,可制作成不同形状,便于反应堆不同环境下的中子通量密度测量。选取相应中子能量反应截面较大的元素,该探测器还可测量不同中子能量的通量密度。     

原型微堆辐照座物理特性参数模拟测定

文章给出了原型微堆辐照座同的某些物理特性参数；相对中子通量密度分布，绝对中子通量密度，能谱能数（镉比、超热指标和中子温度），某些样品在辐照座内对反应性的影响以及各辐照座之间的相互关系，实验研究在原型微堆的零功率实验装置上完成。     

负荷跟踪过程中优化移动棒栅以实现三维功率分布的控制

核反应堆的负荷跟踪问题通常采用一维中子通量模型来处理,但采用一维模型并不总是适合的,尤其是当反应堆的功率控制过程完全采用中子通量的强吸收体－－控制棒控制时。本文提出采用三维中子通量模型,并且采用谐波综合法与节块法结合用于负荷跟踪的优化计算,以实现有效的三维功率分布控制。为此,控制棒采用分组调节的策略。从对200MW核供热堆的计算结果可以看出：由于能够充分利用三维功率控制的优势,这种棒动策略可以较其他动棒方式有较好的跟踪效果,例如使功率峰因子下降约4％。     

反应堆堆内部件振动中子噪声物理模型研究

中子噪声分析对反应堆堆内部件振动监测有重要意义。本文采用微扰理论 (系统方程和扰动源项 )、控制理论 (传递函数 )、反应堆动力学方程 (点堆动力学方程 )建立了堆内部件振动中子噪声物理模型 ,并且用它来解释实验 ,较好地解释了实验测量得到的功率谱密度。在理论模型中通过引入一低频噪声项 ,较好地描述了实验测量功率谱密度低频端的抬高。另外对于吊篮梁式振动 ,则采用四个堆外探测器来实现监测。通过这种方法 ,可以较好地监测吊篮梁式振动和进行计算机仿真模拟。     

Analytical solution of point kinetics equations for linear reactivity variation during the start-up of a nuclear reactor

The analytical solution of point kinetics equations with a group of delayed neutrons is useful in predicting the variation of neutron density during the start-up of a nuclear reactor. In the practical case of an increase of nuclear reactor power resulting from the linear insertion of reactivity, the exact analytical solution cannot be obtained. Approximate solutions have been obtained in previous articles, based on considerations that need to be verifiable in practice. In the present article, an alternative analytic solution is presented for point kinetics equations in which the only approximation consists of disregarding the term of the second derivative for neutron density in relation to time. The results proved satisfactory when applied to practical situations in the start-up of a nuclear reactor through the control rods withdraw.     

Feasibility analysis of ~(60)Co production in pressurized water reactors

The radioactive isotope ~(60)Co is used in many applications and is typically produced in heavy water reactors. As most of the commercial reactors in operation are pressurized light water reactors(PWRs), the world supply of high level radioactive cobalt would be greatly increased if~(60)Co could be produced in them. Currently,~(60)Co production in PWRs has not been extensively studied;for the ~(59)Co(n, c)~(60)Co reaction, the positioning of ~(59)Co rods in the reactor determines the rate of production. This article primarily uses the models of~(60)Co production in Canadian CANDU power reactors and American boiling water reactors; based on relevant data from the pressurized water Daya Bay nuclear power plant, a PWR core model is constructed with the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code; this model suggests changes to existing fuel assemblies to enhance ~(60)Co production. In addition, the plug rods are replaced with ~(59)Co rods in the improved fuel assemblies in the simulation model to calculate critical parameters including the effective multiplication factor,neutron flux density, and distribution of energy deposition.By considering different numbers of ~(59)Co rods, the simulation indicates that different layout schemes have different impact levels, but the impact is not large. As a whole, the components with four~(59)Co rods have a small impact, andthe parameters of the reactor remain almost unchanged when four ~(59)Co rods replace the secondary neutron source.Therefore, in theory, the use of a PWR to produce ~(60)Co is feasible.     

Optimal Control of Distributed Parameter Reactor Core by Function Space Method and Some Numerical Experiences

Abstract

An optimal dynamical control of a linear reactor as a distributed parameter system is obtained numerically along with an analytical expression of the integral equation that should be satisfied by the optimal control. The function space method is employed to derive the equation, and it is known from the numerical experience that only the fundamental of expanding modes is enough to describe the integral kernel of the equation. Space-dependence is collected in the forcing term of the equation. The reactor core model is of two groups of neutrons in steady state and one group of precursors. Two performance functionals are tried. Both are quadratic but one is of the precursor history and the control, whereas another is of the neutron flux density and the control. The latter formulation partly dissolves the weighting problem in the quadratic performance functional.     

Numerical analysis of startup PWR with fractional neutron point kinetic equation

In this paper we present the numerical analysis of the neutron density behavior when the nuclear reactor power is increased during startup of a PWR. The fractional neutron point kinetic (FNPK) equation with one-group delayed neutron precursor and external neutron source was used for this analysis. It is considered that there is a relaxation time associated with a rapid variation in the neutron flux and this effect is considered with the FNPK which have a physical interpretation of the fractional order is related with the sub-diffusive process, i.e., non-Fickian effects from the neutron diffusion equation point of view. In order to study the relaxation time effects during start-up of a PWR, a numerical analysis with FNPK is carried out, which it is assumed that during the ith step of control rod withdrawal the way of reactivity insertion is step to step, where the neutron source strength was defined as a constant in terms of a known initial stable sub-criticality and the neutron signal from a steady state condition. The results of the FNPK were compared with the classical neutron point kinetics (CNPK), for different values of the anomalous relaxation time.     

核反应堆中通量密度的一种非线性控制方法

针对核反应堆动态非线性模型模型,提出一种非线性状态反馈的中子通量密度恒值控制的新方法。与传统的古典控制方法相比,此方法不必对模型进行近似线性化处理,因而,控制精度较讥,适用的时域范围较广,控制律也不太复杂。仿真结果验证了这种非线性控制律的有效性和优越性。     

Stochastic point-kinetics equations in nuclear reactor dynamics

A system of Itô stochastic differential equations is derived that model the dynamics of the neutron density and the delayed neutron precursors in a point nuclear reactor. The stochastic model is tested against Monte Carlo calculations and experimental data. The results demonstrate that the stochastic differential equation model accurately describes the random behavior of the neutron density and the precursor concentrations in a point reactor.     

A neutron balance approach in flux shape control

Among the procedures built to verify the reactor power capability there is the determination of the value of parameters constrained to the control of the neutron flux shape. The most common of this kind of problem is the search of the axial position of a control bank leading the axial offset of the power distribution to a target value. The most used procedures to solve this kind of problem are based on the iterative Newton–Raphson method. We present here another way to solve these problems where an equation, derived from the neutron balance, is set and the parameter controlling the shape is the unknown. This method has the advantage to reduce considerably the computation time in situations where changes on the control parameter induce a high distortion on the flux distribution, as is the case of the control rods. CPU time gains of a factor 3 are attained. As an example the case of control of the axial offset of the power distribution is presented, showing its performance and the gain in stability.