煤层气井采气机理分析

从水文地质的角度分析了稳定状态和非稳定状态下煤层气井的生产过程，揭示了煤层气井生产的实质就是通过排水达到降压、采气，以地下水运移规律为指导进行排采是煤层气井持续、稳定、高产的关键。同时结合不同地质情况分析了煤层气井的产气规律及趋势，为煤层气井的预测生产提供了理论依据。     

三交地区煤层气井产量的拟合分析

以河东煤田三交区块煤层气井生产资料为基础,利用煤层气地质学和地下水动力学原理对煤层气井的生产曲线进行了拟合分析,并最终确定了两口煤层气井的水文地质参数。利用Ja-cob公式获得了既定水文地质条件下的产气量及产水量的理论曲线。对比分析结果表明,生产曲线和理论曲线拟合较好,用理论模型进行煤层气井的产能预报是可行的;理论产水量及产气量偏低的原因是由于煤层气开采过程中压裂的影响,开采初期压裂增强了煤层的渗流能力,使得实际值大于理论值。     

三交区块煤层气井煤粉产出动态规律及管控措施

为查明煤粉产出对煤层气井开发的影响,揭示煤粉产出的动态规律,制定合理的煤粉管控措施;以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘三交区块8口煤层气井和典型井SJ23-1的现场煤粉体积分数监测和排采数据为依据,分析了煤粉对煤层气井排采的影响,划分了煤层气井排采煤粉的4个阶段,根据三交区块产出煤粉的动态特征和地质条件制定了合理的煤粉管控措施;实践表明:煤粉的产出是多种因素综合的结果,排采初期和产气量快速上升期是煤层气井发生卡泵的高发期,制定的管控措施能有效地减少卡泵事故的发生,减少煤粉对储层的伤害,更好地保护煤储层,延长煤层气井的生产周期,提高煤层气井的产气能力.     

成庄矿5303工作面煤层气井观测分析

分析了煤层气井压裂层位的准确性,论述了煤层气井压裂煤层对附近巷道瓦斯及涌水的影响规律、原始煤层裂隙发育规律及煤层气井压裂对裂隙的影响规律。     

试论煤层气地面开发的规模性

从水文地质的角度，介绍了煤层气井的生产机理及井间干扰对煤层气井组排采的影响，论证了煤层气地面开发的规模性，根据叠加原理，初步确定了煤层气地面开发的最小合理规模井数。     

零维煤层气模拟软件的研制

提出了煤层气井水产量的拟压力解公式、气水产能比公式，得出气水两相双直线段式的相渗规律．在此基础上，结合J．P．Seidle等人提出的煤层气井气产量拟压力解公式，根据物质平衡原理，研制出了一个零维的煤层气藏模拟软件，并作了实例模拟与分析．该软件在煤成气井的整个开采期内都适用．应用此软件可对煤层气井的生产进行预测，以此制定合理的开发方案和决策意见，也可据此快速评价各种增产措施、井底压力和其它作业条件的影响，从而优化煤层气的开采．对此模型稍作修改后可完全适用于干煤层气井的参数预测．     

煤层气井有杆泵优化设计方法研究

目前煤层气井多采用有杆泵的方式生产,但目前还没有针对煤层气井的有杆泵优化设计方法。从流入动态、下泵深度、载荷计算、冲程冲次的选择等几个方面比较了煤层气井与常规油气井有杆泵优化设计的差别,并给出了煤层气井定产量优化设计方法。最后以河东煤田柳林区块两口井为例进行了优化设计,结果表明优化后的抽油机的生产情况明显好于优化前。     

利用生产动态数据计算煤层气井单井动态控制储量

煤层气藏单井的生产动态数据是收集最齐全、资料最丰富的一类现场数据。如何从上述数据中挖掘出开发者关心的单井动态控制储量以及相应的地层参数,是目前的一个研究热点问题。从渗流力学基本原理出发,建立煤层气藏气井目前地层压力的求取公式、井口产量计算公式、井底流压计算公式基础上,建立了利用生产动态数据计算煤层气井单井动态控制储量的具体步骤和方法。研究对摸清煤层气井的单井产能,对煤层气藏的合理高效开发具有一定的指导作用。     

多因素影响下煤层气井生产初期合理排水量确定

生产初期排水量合理与否影响煤层气井整个生产过程中的排水采气效果,无因次含气率为0.25时,认为排水初期阶段结束。为确定新投产煤层气井生产初期合理排水量,建立考虑压敏效应、基质收缩和煤粉剥离、堵塞效应对煤储层物性的影响模型,研究生产初期不同排水量对煤储层物性的影响;并编制了新投产煤层气井合理排水量确定软件。研究结果表明:生产初期结束时的煤储层孔隙度和渗透率随着排水量的加大先增大后减小,峰值处对应的排水量确定为合理排水量。利用该软件确定了某煤层气井排采初期的合理排水量,结合数值模拟结果分析在该排水量控制下该煤层气井的排采效果较好,该模型对新投产井生产初期合理排水量的确定提供理论依据。     

气井产量递减类型及气藏地质工程因素分析——以柿庄南矿区煤层气井为例

为提高煤层气井单井产能,有必要弄清气井产量下降阶段时间的长短,递减速率的快慢,遵循何种递减类型等.在研究柿庄南煤层物性的基础上,结合区块内43口进入递减期的典型气井,利用Aprs递减分析方法,拟合出各井的递减模型,计算出各井的递减速率,从气藏地质和气藏工程两个角度研究煤层气井产量递减的控制因素.结果表明,煤层气井产量以指数递减和调和递减为主,初始递减率较小.影响煤层气单井产能的气藏地质因素主要包括煤层厚度、孔隙度、渗透率、相对渗透率、含气量、吸附常数、煤层压力和临界解析压力;气藏工程因素主要包括井底流压、表皮因子、边界半径和裂缝参数.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-