桩间距对桩筏基础结构性能影响的模型试验研究

 为研究桩间距对桩筏基础结构性能的影响,设计并进行不同桩间距的桩筏基础系列模型试验。结果表明,设置不同的桩间距可调配群桩基础中桩与筏板的分担作用,调整桩筏基础的受力性能。常规桩距桩筏基础以桩为承载主体,地基土的荷载分担次之;当桩间距大于6倍桩径后,桩较早进入塑性支承状态,地基土分担荷载能力增强,桩与筏板荷载分担的主次作用发生转换,筏板逐渐转换为基础的承载主体。随着桩间距增大,筏板内力分布由整体弯曲过渡到以局部弯曲为主。桩筏基础桩顶荷载分布规律受桩间距的影响,随着桩间距增大,桩顶荷载由角桩最大逐渐转化为中间桩最大。建议桩筏基础设计方法应考虑桩间距设置对筏板与桩土体系相对刚度、筏板内力和桩顶荷载不均匀特征的影响。     

极限荷载下桩筏基础共同作用性状的室内模型试验研究

利用自制模型槽,通过设计系列单桩带台与群桩的桩筏基础模型试验,研究了极限荷载下桩–筏板–地基土的应力与变形性状。试验结果表明,常规桩距桩筏基础极限荷载下表现出实体深基础性状;而大桩距桩筏基础,基桩先于板下土体达到承载力极限状态,后续荷载基本由板下土体分担,验证了塑性支承桩理论。加载过程中,桩–土的荷载分担比不断变化,6d及以上桩距时,桩达到极限荷载后即趋于稳定。利用桩的极限承载力的桩筏基础设计,应考虑极限荷载与工作荷载下桩–土荷载分担比的不同性状差别。桩间距越大,桩对土体的侧向位移的"遮帘作用"逐渐弱化,板下土体的位移特征趋于天然地基的特征,桩端平面以下土体应力受板下土体分担荷载的影响越明显,6倍桩距可视为常规桩基与复合桩基的分界点。     

桩筏基础承载过程的安全度分析

利用桩筏基础系列模型试验数据,整理出桩与地基土荷载分担百分比与总荷载关系曲线,桩、地基土及桩筏整体安全系数与总荷载关系曲线。分析表明:桩间距不同,桩筏基础承载过程中桩与地基土荷载分担比不同,分担比的不同是承载主体不同的量化表现;桩筏基础承载过程中桩、地基土及桩筏基础整体安全系数是不一样的,桩筏基础整体安全系数更多的取决于承载主体的安全系数;建议了能够反映桩筏基础承载过程中桩与地基土各自承载状态及荷载分担的桩筏基础安全度计算式。     

位移调节器用于端承型桩筏基础的模型试验研究

位移调节器是用于调节物体支承接触点之间位移的特殊装置,可用来保证端承型桩筏基础桩–土的变形协调和共同作用。为研究端承型桩筏基础中位移调节器的设置对桩–土–筏相互作用的影响,进行了位移调节器设置前后端承型桩筏基础的室内模型对比试验。试验测量了桩身轴力、筏板沉降及桩间土反力,分析了不同荷载级别下端承型桩筏基础的荷载传递规律、整体沉降与差异沉降分布特征以及桩土荷载分担比等内容,结果表明：与常规端承型桩筏基础相比,位移调节器的设置改变了桩筏基础的荷载传递规律,顺利实现了桩土的共同作用,同时适当支承刚度的调节器可优先且充分地发挥筏底土体承载能力,优化桩土荷载分担比。结论可为进一步理论研究提供试验依据。     

用于调整差异沉降的预留净空桩筏基础模型试验研究

预留净空桩筏基础是一种新的利用桩土相互作用的形式,可用于调整建筑物筏板–桩–土相互作用和减少差异沉降。进行了砂土中常规桩筏基础和桩顶预留净空桩筏基础的模型试验研究。分析表明:在相同荷载作用下,在试验条件下,相对于常规桩筏基础来说,预留净空桩筏基础的实质作用在于可使桩间土压缩提前发生,显著提高桩间土分担荷载的比例,在可压密土中可强化桩土相互作用,桩端刺入量显著下降,使得桩土更趋于整体沉降。预留净空桩筏基础可有效利用土的承载力,减小桩顶应力过分集中,且对桩端阻力有显著的强化作用。     

桩顶与筏板多种连接构造方式工作性状对比试验研究

针对桩顶与筏板之间不同构造形式下的相互作用,对可压密土中刚性桩复合地基、常规桩筏基础和桩顶预留净空桩筏基础进行了现场模型试验,测量了筏板沉降、筏板内外不同深度地基土沉降、桩身轴力和桩间土反力,分析了不同荷载级别下筏板沉降、筏板内外不同深度地基土沉降、桩土荷载传递特性和桩土荷载分担比分布规律。与刚性桩复合地基和常规桩筏基础相比,对于桩顶预留净空桩筏基础工作性状,研究发现在桩顶与筏板接触前,桩顶预留净空桩筏基础工作性状与刚性桩复合地基相似;桩顶与筏板接触后,其工作性状与常规桩筏基础相似。试验条件下,桩顶与筏板之间接触、设置褥垫层、预留净空(或可压缩垫块)不同连接方式可显著影响桩间土的压缩及桩土相对滑移,对上述三者来说,桩身下部桩、土相对滑移量(桩端刺入量)依次减小。     

基础刚度对刚性桩复合地基桩土荷载分担比的影响

结合甲醇储罐基础的现场试验,对不同基础刚度条件下的刚性桩复合地基桩、土承载力发挥系数和桩、土荷载分担比进行了研究。试验表明:基础刚度对桩、土承载力的发挥和荷载分担比具有显著的影响,在给定褥垫厚度、相同桩长、相同桩距条件下,基础刚度较大的桩承载力能充分发挥,柔性基础条件下桩间土承载力能充分发挥,桩承载力发挥很少。基础刚度较大的刚性桩复合地基的桩荷载分担比比柔性基础桩荷载分担比大,而柔性基础土荷载分担比比刚性基础土荷载分担比大。     

超高层筒中筒结构桩筏基础共同作用现场实测与数值分析

通过对陕西省邮政电信网管中心大楼桩筏基础的沉降观测及反力的部分现场实测结果的分析,利用大型有限元软件ANSYS ,地基土采用弹塑性本构关系,筏板采用中厚板理论,建立了超高层筒中筒结构、桩筏基础和地基土的三维有限元模型,进行了三者在竖向荷载作用下共同作用的非线性数值分析,对黄土地区超高层建筑桩筏基础的沉降、受力和桩土分担比进行了探讨。分析表明:基础沉降、桩土荷载分担比等实测结果与数值分析吻合较好,在黄土地区建设超高层建筑采用超长灌注桩对于减小基础沉降有显著效果;筒体结构对基础刚度贡献的影响范围约为8层;筏板内力分布复杂,与上部结构形式和布桩方式等因素密切相关,且筏板悬挑端部弯矩很大。     

筏板-桩-土相互作用的三维弹塑性有限元分析

通过无厚度的接触面单元模拟筏板–桩–土之间的非线性接触特性,同时采用Drucker-Prager弹塑性本构模型描述土的非线性特性,对桩筏基础进行了三维弹塑性有限元分析,得到了筏板–桩–土接触表面上法向应力和摩擦应力的分布以及桩周土体塑性变形发展情况。在此基础上,对筏形基础中筏板和桩的承载力分担比进行了分析。计算结果表明,随外荷载的增大,桩的承载力分担比增大,筏板的承载力分担比减小,但两者的变化幅度不大。     

拉压模量不同理论在桩筏基础分析中的应用

将拉压模量不同的概念引入到桩筏基础柔度矩阵中,建立了桩筏基础简化分析模型,板单元采用基于广义协调元思想的厚薄板通用单元,解决了剪切闭锁现象;桩周土体的作用采用荷载传递法,能够考虑由于沉桩、土固结引起的有效应力变化以及桩的加载过程对荷载传递函数的影响。讨论了地基土拉压模量比对桩筏基础沉降、地基土分担比和筏板内力的影响规律。提出现有工程设计中,对于多层、小高层建筑筏板较薄的情况,不考虑拉压模量不同,会低估筏板的实际弯矩,存在安全隐患。     

Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level, the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pile–soil–raft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.     

高层建筑应用长-短桩复合地基的现场试验研究

对采用带垫层的长-短桩复合地基的1幢14层小高层建筑,在建造和使用过程中观测了长桩、短桩和地基土的受力状况以及基础沉降的变化,并由此分析了长-短桩复合地基中的桩-土荷载分担特性、桩-土共同作用机理和荷载-沉降特性,所得结论可为进一步的理论研究及工程设计提供有益的参考依据。     

变刚度布桩复合地基模型试验研究

以模型试验方法研究了变刚度复合地基的承载特征、沉降分布、变形影响范围、桩土荷载分担比及基桩荷载传递特性。试验数据表明:在荷载较大的核心筒区密集布桩而在荷载较小的边角区稀疏布桩或不布桩,能有效地减少基础沉降差,同时减少基桩工程量,复合地基筏下布桩的平均桩顶反力应小于基桩的单桩极限承载力以保证基础总体沉降满足安全要求。     

可控刚度桩筏基础桩土共同作用的工程实践

端承型桩等支承刚度较大的桩基础,在正常工作荷载作用下,桩顶较小的竖向变形无法保证桩土共同作用的实现,这可能导致良好的天然地基承载力得不到充分利用,造成极大的浪费。介绍的典型工程成功解决了支承刚度较大的桩基础难以实现桩土共同作用的问题,同时还实现了桩筏基础的变刚度调平,通过对工程设计及数值分析过程的详细论述与描写,并将现场测试数据与分析结果进行对比分析,验证可控刚度桩筏基础应用于该项目的合理性与可靠性。数值分析及现场实测结果显示,本工程采用可控刚度桩筏基础后,建筑物总沉降和差异沉降均满足设计要求,地基土分担了上部结构63%的的荷载,桩基数量大幅度降低,减少了高能耗建材的使用和桩基施工对周边环境的影响,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。本工程可控刚度桩筏基础实施所取得的相关经验与成果可供类似工程借鉴与参考。     

Automatic optimization of piled raft design based on branch and bound method

Piled rafts are foundation systems that combine a shallow raft with the minimum number of piles beneath the raft, in order to achieve the necessary bearing capacity and the acceptable settlement restrictions. Its use is increasing in many countries, especially in skyscrapers in Europe and Asia, for which the foundation design can result in hundreds of piles due to the high load magnitude. However, controlling the most influencing variables on the foundation behaviour, while achieving an acceptable cost, is a challenge for designers. This paper presents an optimization procedure to determine the best raft thickness, number of piles and their location. The branch and bound optimization method was combined with a specific computational programme for piled raft analysis (GARP) providing an automatic technique to obtain the lower cost design. A building in Brazil and theoretical examples of a piled raft with different load sets are presented and analysed using this numerical approach. The results show that the presented automatic procedure provides interesting solutions, economically enhancing the design of piled raft foundation systems. The optimization process provides arrangements using lower number of piles while satisfying the constraints in both analysed cases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大间距桩筏基础地震响应离心模型试验研究

针对饱和软土地基中大间距摩擦型桩筏基础抗震问题,采用离心振动台开展了桩筏基础地震响应的试验研究。为模拟实际软土场地浅部超固结黏土和深部正常固结黏土的地层特征,试验在高岭土土样表面预铺砂层,然后在50g离心加速度下进行固结。上部结构简化为质点和杆构件,基础形式包括桩头刚接和桩头自由2种类型的大间距桩筏基础模型。试验分析了模型的加速度和位移、土层内部孔隙水压力以及桩身应变等响应。试验结果表明:在软土场地自振频率范围内,结构–基础–地基三者相互作用十分明显,基础与结构加速度放大系数高于其它频率范围;桩头刚接与桩头自由的基础在地震时均产生了较周围地表土体更大的竖向沉降,但震后较长时间内基础与地表沉降速率基本一致;地震结束时,桩头刚接的上部结构侧向位移与基础倾斜值均较桩头自由时减少一半以上,但上部结构加速度放大作用更加明显;桩筏基础承载能力因土体软化行为有所降低,震后部分上部荷载由群桩转移到筏板,但桩筏荷载分担比例总体变化不大。试验揭示了软土震陷时桩基的变形控制机理,为软土地基减沉桩基础的抗震设计提供参考。     

Centrifuge model tests on piled raft foundation in sand subjected to lateral and moment loads

Piled raft foundation has been widely recognized as a rational and economical foundation system with the combined effects of raft and piles. However, the behavior of laterally loaded piled raft foundation has not been well understood due to the complicated interaction of raft–ground–piles. A series of static horizontal loading tests were carried out on three types of foundation models, i.e., piled raft, pile group and raft alone models, on sand using a geotechnical centrifuge. In this paper, the influences of relatively large moment load and rotation on the overall performance of laterally loaded piled raft foundation were examined. From the centrifuge model tests, it is found that the vertical displacement due to horizontal loads is different between piled raft and pile group foundation, and this vertical displacement has significant influences on the performance of laterally loaded piled raft foundation. The horizontal resistance of the pile part in the piled raft foundation is higher than those observed in the pile group foundation due to raft base contact pressure. The vertical displacement of the foundation due to the horizontal loads affects the vertical resistances of piles, which results in the different mobilization of moment resistances between the piled raft and pile group foundations.