应对气候变化的侵蚀海岸管理与防护技术探讨

全球气候变化导致了海平面上升与登陆台风强度增加,加之我国河流流域实施环保措施引发河流入海泥沙量的减少,使得我国海岸侵蚀灾害加剧。因此,按照以往防护标准营造的海堤等海岸防护工程已经面临严峻的考验,导致沿海地区自然环境、社会、经济面临重灾的风险加大。本文分析了全球气候变暖背景下引发我国海岸侵蚀的主要原因和发展态势,提出了应对海岸侵蚀管理措施的建议;基于海岸防护现状,结合未来面临海平面变化与海岸水动力环境、泥沙的变化趋势,探讨了值得关注研发的永久性与应急性新型海岸工程防护技术,为我国海岸管理部门及海岸工程研究机构提供参考。     

辽东湾绥中海岸侵蚀研究

通过不同时期海图对比、分析遥感图像和多年现场监测资料,分析了辽东湾绥中沙质海岸侵蚀的特点,认为海岸组成物质松散与海岸动力作用强烈是本区现代海岸侵蚀的基本条件;陆源物质入海量减少、海动力作用、沿岸工程建筑和海上采砂是其海岸蚀退的主要影响因素。     

砂质海岸资源开发及保护浅析

我国砂质海岸资源非常丰富,但随近些年海洋开发利用活动不断开展,砂质海岸的资源与功能遭到不同层面的破坏,其中海岸蚀退是最为突出的问题。本研究通过阐述砂质海岸资源利用中所呈现的问题,提出相应保护措施与管理建议。     

秦皇岛市的海岸类型与功能区划研究

依据实地调研资料及科学合理地利用海岸资源、经济效益、社会效益和环境效益平衡与最优化的原则,系统研究了秦皇岛市境内的海岸类型与特点,提出了秦皇岛海岸功能区的划分方案。通过对六大类海岸功能区的分布、资源优势、主要功能、环境保护、开发现状等方面深入研究,针对性提出了秦皇岛海岸开发存在的问题及未来开发方向的建议,为海岸资源的科学利用,沿海经济的可持续发展提供依据,推动河北省环渤海战略的有效实施。     

我国海岸工程技术展望

从海岸动力监测体系、河口海岸侵蚀及防护、海岸工程深水和离岸趋势、极端条件下海岸工程结构安全、岛礁工程开发技术、海岸管理与数字海岸、亲水工程、海洋能技术利用开发和海岸工程研究等九个方面对我国海岸工程中面临的问题,以及国外相关工程技术进展情况进行了分析,并指出我国未来海岸工程领域需要加以关注的重点问题和发展趋势。     

韩国海岸港口工程概况

简要介绍了韩国海岸和海洋环境、港口发展、海岸和港口工程的有关机构和团体，并综述其近年来海岸动力方面研究的课题和成果。内容包括海洋动力因素、海岸波浪观测和设计波浪的确定、波浪的传播变形、不规则波理论、非线性波和波浪破碎、波浪与建筑物相互作用、泥沙运动、海岸演变和环境影响分析等方面。     

螺线海岸判定准则及其在华南弧形海岸形态中的应用

弧形海岸形态规律的研究是岬湾沙质海岸稳定与演变研究的重要内容。在简要回顾螺线海岸理论及其应用研究状况的基础上．根据Silvester 1970、1974年及Hsu等1989年提出的螺线海岸平衡判定准则，计算了华南34个典型弧形海岸的平面形态要素，并对判定准则在华南弧形海岸中的适应性进行了评价。结果表明，由于华南弧形海岸遮蔽岸段发育有潮汐通道，湾内存在少量沿岸输沙等因素，致使判定准则并不能用于预测华南弧形海岸的稳定与侵蚀状况。     

日本的海岸建设与城市设计

日本海岸线漫长曲折,沿海城市众多,在城市建设中,注重海岸利用与交通组织,注重自然环境与人文文化的结合,从城市管理、基础设施、建筑文化以及设计理念几个方面论述了日本滨海城市建设的经验教训,对我国滨海城市建设的土地利用、海岸的保护、规划和建设具有借鉴意义。     

海口市海岸侵蚀及其防护治理

针对海口市海岸侵蚀较为严重和特殊的政治、经济地位、从自然条件角度客以分析了诱发该地区海岸侵蚀的主要原因，分析了当前在海岸治理过程中遇到的现实问题，提出治理海口市侵蚀岸段的基本思路和主要措施，为政府决策部门提供依据。     

基于系统动力学的海岸建筑后退线划定方法研究与应用

文章明确海岸建筑后退线划定的基本原则：坚持以人为本的可持续发展理念;保障资源存量开发红线、环境与生态安全红线不可触;考虑资源开发和环境污染的代际效应,为后代永续发展留有储备和空间。在此基础上,构建海岸系统运动模型,作为海岸建筑后退线的划定依据。该模型在台州市的实践结果表明：沿海县（市、区）的海岸系统运动量由大到小依次为三门县、临海市、路桥区、椒江区、温岭市和玉环市;陆、海资源开发量与海岸系统运动量呈正相关,且与产值呈负相关,即海岸系统运动量越大,资源开发效率越低;海岸系统运动量与海岸建筑后退距离呈正相关。研究结果对于丰富海岸建筑后退线理论内涵和完善海岸建筑后退距离测算方法,具有一定的参考意义。     

Influence of the Kuroshio Fluctuations on Sea Level Variations along the South Coast of Japan

The correlation between the Kuroshio and coastal sea level south of Japan has been examined using the altimetry and tide gauge data during the period 1992–2000. The sea level varies uniformly in a region bounded by the coast and the mean Kuroshio axis, which stretches for several hundred kilometers along the coast. These variations are related with the Kuroshio velocity, as coastal sea level decreases (or increases) when the Kuroshio is faster (or slower). To the east of the Kii Peninsula, where sea level variations are different from these to the west, movement of the Kuroshio axis additionally affects coastal sea level variations.     

山东省围填海造地管理浅探——以胶州湾为例

在分析全国围填海造地形势的基础上,探讨了胶州湾的围填海造地情况及引发的生态问题。从韩国新万金计划和日本关西机场的案例得到启示,回顾了山东省的围填海造地进程,提出了山东省应对海洋围垦过度现象的管理建议。     

Refined Modeling of Water Temperature and Salinity in Coastal Areas

The prediction of water temperature and salinity in coastal areas is one of the essential tasksin water quality control and management.This paper takes a refined forecasting model of water tempera-ture and salinity in coastal areas as a basic target.Based on the Navier-Stokes equation and κ-ε turbu-lence model,taking the characteristics of coastal areas into account,a refined model for water temperatureand salinity in coastal areas has been developed to simulate the seasonal variations of water temperatureand salinity fields in the Hakata Bay,Japan.The model takes into account the effects of a variety ofhydrodynamic and meteorological factors on water temperature and salinity.It predicts daily fluctuationsin water temperature and salinity at different depths throughout the year.The model has been calibratedwell against the data set of historical water temperature and salinity observations in the Hakata Bay,Japan.     

Processes influencing iron distribution in the coastal waters of the Tsugaru Strait,Japan

We report measurements of iron, nutrients, dissolved oxygen, humic-type fluorescence intensity and chlorophyll a concentrations in the coastal waters at the inflow (western) and outflow (eastern) ends of Tsugaru Strait (Japan) in June 2003 and 2004. Two different water masses (intensive eastward flow “subtropical Tsugaru Warm Current Water (TWCw)” and weak westward flow “subarctic Oyashio Water (OW)”) were observed at the eastern end of the strait. TWCw at the southern part of the eastern strait was vertically homogeneous with a uniform concentrations of iron (0.7–1.1 nM for labile dissolved Fe and 14–20 nM for total dissolvable Fe in 2003) as well as other chemical, biological and physical components throughout the water column of 200 m due to strong vertical mixing in the strait. The degree of mixing in the Tsugaru Warm Current (TWC) is predominantly affected by diurnal tidal current, which is strong during the period of tropical tides and weak during the period of equinoctial ones. The especially strong vertical water mixing in 2003 is caused by large dissipation energy input due to the bottom friction of passage-flow through the strait and tidal current. At the northern part of the eastern strait, the fresh surface layer overlying the OW and the deep-bottom waters in 2003 contained large concentrations of dissolved iron, resulting from iron supplied from river runoff and shelf sediments, respectively. These results suggest that the most important mechanism for transporting iron in the strait is the strong vertical water mixing due to the tidal current, and that the iron sources in the coastal waters are the organic-associated, iron-rich freshwater input into the surface water.     

围海工程对邻近港区泥沙回淤的影响研究—以漳州港招商局中银码头区为例

针对港区附近围海造地造成的港区泥沙回淤量增大问题，以漳州港招商局中银码头区为例，全面分析了漳州港海域的地形地貌、水动力特征、泥沙特性和岸滩自然演变。根据工程建设前后地形变化，结合岸线回填量和九龙江输沙资料，分析了围海造地对岸滩演变及港区码头回淤的影响。研究表明，围海工程实施后，邻近港区的泥沙回淤由自然回淤、滩地抬高和回填引起的浑水回淤三部分组成。当围海工程结束，新岸滩调整达平衡后，泊位及港池的回淤将逐渐降至正常自然回淤强度。     

The Formation and Circulation of the Intermediate Water in the Japan Sea

In order to clarify the formation and circulation of the Japan/East Sea Intermediate Water (JESIW) and the Upper portion of the Japan Sea Proper Water (UJSPW), numerical experiments have been carried out using a 3-D ocean circulation model. The UJSPW is formed in the region southeast off Vladivostok between 41°N and 42°N west of 136°E. Taking the coastal orography near Vladivostok into account, the formation of the UJSPW results from the deep water convection in winter which is generated by the orchestration of fresh water supplied from the Amur River and saline water from the Tsushima Warm Current under very cold conditions. The UJSPW formed is advected by the current at depth near the bottom of the convection and penetrates into the layer below the JESIW. The origin of the JESIW is the low salinity coastal water along the Russian coast originated by the fresh water from the Amur River. The coastal low salinity water is advected by the current system in the northwestern Japan Sea and penetrates into the subsurface below the Tsushima Warm Current region forming a subsurface salinity minimum layer. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Open Ocean Originated Phosphorus and Nitrogen in the Seto Inland Sea,Japan

The ratios of phosphorus and nitrogen originating from land and the open ocean in the Seto Inland Sea, which is the largest semi-enclosed coastal sea in Japan, have been estimated from data on total phosphorus and nitrogen loads and observed concentrations of total phosphorus and nitrogen. The ratios of land-origin and open-ocean-origin total phosphorus and nitrogen in the Seto Inland Sea are 0.28:0.72 and 0.19:0.81, respectively.