铜对钢/铝激光-MIG复合焊接头组织及性能的影响

采用激光-MIG复合焊方法研究了铜对SYG960E超高强度度钢/6061铝合金焊接接头微观组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,与MIG焊相比,激光-MIG复合焊有利于改善焊缝成形及焊接质量.钢/铝界面层具有双层结构,靠近铝焊缝侧为针状的FeAl₃金属间化合物,而靠近钢母材侧为条状的Fe₂Al₅金属间化合物.铜对钢/铝界面层及接头的力学性能具有显著的影响.添加铜后可以有效地减小界面层厚度和裂纹敏感性,降低钢/铝接头的最高硬度,明显提高接头的抗拉强度,接头强度可以提高110%,这主要与铜抑制界面层生长和改善界面层中Fe-Al金属化合物的脆硬性有关.     

Interface properties and thermodynamic analysis of laser–arc hybrid welded Al/steel joint

Abstract

Fibre laser–cold metal transfer hybrid welding was introduced to join AA 6061 aluminium alloy with AISI 304 stainless steel using Al–12Si filler wire. Interface properties and microstructure of welded joints were observed by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction techniques. A serrated intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was found at the interface between fusion zone and stainless steel. The morphology of IMC layer was uniform from the top to the bottom, and its average thickness was 3 μm. The IMC layer consisted of two layers: Al₈(Fe,Cr)₂Si layer close to fusion zone and (Al,Si)₁₃Fe₄ layer close to stainless steel. The joint fractured at the IMC layer and presented a tensile strength of 165 MPa. The formation of the IMC layer was closely related with the thermodynamic and kinetic behaviours of the interface and fast cooling rate of hybrid welding.     

Interfacial microstructure and strength of steel/aluminum alloy joints welded by resistance spot welding with cover plate

We joined aluminum alloy A5052 to cold-rolled steel SPCC (Steel Plate Cold Commercial) and austenitic stainless steel SUS304 using resistance spot welding with a cover plate. The interfacial microstructure was observed using transmission electron microscopy. A thick two-layered reaction layer contains Fe₂Al₅ and FeAl₃ and a thin serration reaction layer contains Fe₂Al₅ and FeAl₃ were observed at the A5052/SPCC and A5052/SUS304 interface, respectively. Mechanical property analysis suggested that the reaction layer has no effect on the tensile shear strength of the A5052/SUS304 joint and that the tensile shear strength of the A5052/SPCC joint is influenced by the reaction layer formed at its interface.     

高强铝合金的MIG以及激光-MIG焊接工艺对比

以20 mm厚的2519-T87高强铝合金为研究对象,研究了熔化极惰性气体保护焊 (MIG焊)和CO2激光-MIG复合焊的焊接效率、组织以及力学性能之间的区别.结果表明,激光-MIG复合焊的焊接效率是MIG焊的5倍,焊接熔深更大,接头的抗拉强度也提高到母材的70%以上,而MIG焊接头抗拉强度仅仅只有母材的60%左右.由于复合焊的热输入比较小,而且熔池的熔融金属的流动情况以及温度梯度与MIG焊有很大的不同,复合焊的焊缝组织比MIG焊的更加细小,接头处的也没有发现MIG焊接头中出现的等轴晶区.     

辅助TIG电弧对铝合金/不锈钢MIG熔-钎焊接头形成机制及显微组织的影响

利用一种新型的复合熔-钎焊工艺焊接铝合金和不锈钢。在MIG熔-钎焊工艺中,因钢的导热性差而导致焊缝钢侧的温度梯度变化剧烈,利用TIG电弧加热钢侧可改善这一现象。TIG辅助电弧改善了熔融金属在钢基体上的润湿性,使熔融金属能充分地在钢侧焊接坡口区正面及背面充分润湿,所得接头成形良好;增加了金属间化合物层内Cr、Ni的含量,提高了其力学性能;同时,改变了化合物层的形貌,增强了其与焊缝的结合强度。TIG辅助焊接工艺下获得接头的平均拉伸强度（146.7 MPa）明显高于无辅助TIG电弧下接头的拉伸强度（96.7 MPa）。     

不锈钢与耐候钢MIG电弧钎焊工艺

采用手工MIG电弧钎焊工艺对SUS304不锈钢与Q355GNHD耐候钢薄板对接接头进行工艺试验,按照相关技术标准进行焊接工艺评定。结果表明,MIG电弧钎焊工艺能够成功用于SUS304不锈钢和Q355GNHD耐候钢薄板对接接头的钎焊,焊缝成形质量良好,经X射线探伤无缺陷;接头的抗拉强度平均值为339.58 MPa,接头强度系数为78.97%。采用光学显微镜观察SUS304不锈钢与铜基钎料间产生的渗透裂纹,讨论渗透裂纹的产生机理。     

In Situ SEM Observations of Fracture Behavior of Laser Welded–Brazed Al/Steel Dissimilar Joint

Laser welding–brazing of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy to DP590 dual-phase steel with Al-Si12 flux-cored filler wire was performed. The microstructure at the brazing interface was characterized. Fracture behavior was observed and analyzed by in situ scanning electron microscope. The microstructure of the brazing interface showed that inhomogeneous intermetallic compounds formed along the thickness direction, which had a great influence on the crack initiation and propagation. In the top region, the reaction layer at the interface consisted of scattered needle-like Fe(Al,Si)₃ and serration-shaped Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si. In the middle region, the compound at the interface was only serration-shaped Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si. In the bottom region, the interface was composed of lamellar-shaped Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si. The cracks were first detected in the bottom region and propagated from bottom to top along the interface. At the bottom region, the crack initiated and propagated along the Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si/weld seam interface during the in situ tensile test. When the crack propagated into the middle region, a deflection of crack propagation appeared. The crack first propagated along the steel/Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si interface and then moved along the weld seam until the failure of the joint. The tensile strength of the joint was 146.5 MPa. Some micro-cracks were detected at Fe(Al,Si)₃ and the interface between the steel substrate and Fe(Al,Si)₃ in the top region while the interface was still connected.     

铝/镀锌钢异种金属旁路分流MIG电弧熔钎焊界面区组织与接头性能

以2 mm厚6061铝合金与镀锌钢板为试验材料,进行旁路分流MIG电弧熔钎焊工艺试验.采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和拉伸试验机对接头组织及力学性能进行研究,分析了不同焊接速度时界面层组织和接头性能的变化规律.结果表明,随焊接速度增加焊接热输入减少,界面温度下降,元素扩散速度降低,导致接头界面结合层变薄.另外接头强度随焊接速度与界面层厚度增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,最高强度达135.32 MPa.当焊接速度较低时,界面温度高,易形成脆性金属间化合物,导致其接头性能下降;高速焊接时,铝/钢界面反应不充分,甚至存在未钎合和气孔等缺陷,影响了接头性能.     

Contact Reactive Joining of TA15 and 304 Stainless Steel Via a Copper Interlayer Heated by Electron Beam with a Beam Deflection

TA15 titanium alloy and 304 stainless steel were joined via a copper interlayer heated by electron beam with a beam deflection towards the stainless steel. Microstructures of the joints were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The tensile strengths of the joints and the ultramicrohardness of the intermetallic compounds were also measured. The results showed that the joint was formed by three kinds of metallurgical processes. Copper interlayer and TA15 were joined by contact reaction with the reaction products of CuTi, Cu₄Ti₃, and Cu₂Ti. While copper interlayer and 304 stainless steel were joined by fusion and solid state diffusion process. Tensile strength of the joint can reach to 300?MPa, equivalent to 55% of that of 304 stainless steel. Furthermore, the tensile strength was mostly dependent on the volume of the unmelted copper sheet, although the intermetallics layer was the weakest location in the joint.     

Analysis of intermetallic layer in dissimilar TIG welding–brazing butt joint of aluminium alloy to stainless steel

Abstract

Intermetallic layer of dissimilar tungsten inert gas welding–brazing butt joint of aluminium alloy/ stainless steel has been studied. A visible unequal thickness intermetallic layer has formed in welded seam/steel interface, and the thickness of the whole layer is <10 μm. The interface with Al–12Si filler metal consists of τ ₅-Al₈Fe₂Si layer in welded seam side and θ-(Al,Si)₁₃Fe₄ layer in steel side with the hardness values of 1025 and 835 HV respectively, while the interface with Al–6Cu filler metal consists of θ-Al₁₃(Fe,Cu)₄ layer with the hardness of 645 HV. The average tensile strength of the joint with Al–12Si filler metal is 100–120 MPa, and the fracture occurs at θ-(Al,Si)₁₃Fe₄ layer, while the joint with Al–6%Cu filler metal presents high crack resistance with tensile strength of 155–175 MPa, which reaches more than 50% of aluminium base metal strength.     

铝/钢异种金属火焰钎焊接头组织和性能

通过扫描电镜、能谱分析和X射线衍射等方法研究了火焰钎焊时Zn-xAl钎料的润湿性能、铝/钢钎焊接头界面显微组织、金属间化合物层以及接头抗剪强度.结果表明,Zn-xAl钎料配合改性CsF-RbF-AlF₃钎剂,可以有效地去除母材表面氧化膜,从而提高钎焊接头力学性能.随着Al元素含量增加,钎料铺展性和填缝性随之提高,但是钎焊接头强度先升后降,Al元素含量为15%时,钎焊接头力学性能最佳.钎焊接头显微组织分析结果表明,金属间化合物主要为Fe₄Al₁₃相. Zn-xAl钎料中Al元素含量较低时,界面层由富锌相和Fe₄Al₁₃相组成.随着Al元素含量的增加,在Zn-25Al钎焊接头界面出现第二层金属间化合物Fe₂Al₅相.     

高速列车6N01侧墙激光复合焊接头软化行为分析

采用激光-电弧复合焊工艺焊接高速列车侧墙6N01铝合金型材,并对焊接接头的软化行为进行分析. 通过拉伸试验、显微硬度测试、微观金相试验和拉伸断口SEM试验,系统分析激光-电弧复合焊焊接接头软化行为,并与目前生产中应用的MIG焊接头的性能进行对比. 结果表明,采用复合焊,焊接接头强度均较MIG焊接头的强度提升10%以上,HAZ的软化区较MIG焊的减小了40%～60%;激光复合焊接头金相组织晶粒更细小,第二相质点数量多而且弥散细小,MIG焊热影响区晶粒长大倾向较大,强化相质点数量少并且尺寸较大. 采用激光-电弧复合焊方法对高速列车车体的侧墙所发生的焊接接头软化有较大的改善.     

工业纯钛光纤激光-MIG复合焊接工艺及性能

采用光纤激光与熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊(MIG焊)复合焊接工业纯钛,分别对激光焊、MIG焊和复合焊接头的焊缝表面成形、横断面进行了观察,并进行了激光焊和复合焊接头的拉伸试验及杯突试验.结果表明,复合焊的电弧稳定性比MIG焊显著提高,焊接速度可提高7倍;复合焊与激光焊接头的抗拉强度高于母材;复合焊接头的杯突值优于激光焊接头的杯突值,这是因为复合焊焊缝的微观组织有利于接头的塑性.因此,采用光纤激光-MIG电弧复合焊接方法很好地实现了工业纯钛的高速焊接,焊缝成形良好,接头的塑性优于单一激光焊的塑性.

Abstract：

Fiber laser-metal inert gas (MIG) arc hybrid welding was used to weld the commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti). The weld appearance, cross section, tensile strength, Erichsen value and microstructure of the CP-Ti welded joints were studied. The results show that the arc stability is substantially improved and the welding speed can be increased to 7 times by fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding. The welded joints by laser welding and the hybrid welding exhibit the higher ultimate tensile strength than those of the base metal. In addition, the welded joint by the fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding has higher Erichsen values than that by laser joints. The difference in plasticity is attributed to the microstructure changes in the welded joint of hybrid welding. Thus, the fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding of CP-Ti can be carried out suecessfully at higher welding speed with a good combination of weld bead appearance and plasticity.     

Influence of resistance heating on self-piercing riveted dissimilar joints of AA6061-T6 and galvanized DP590

The hybrid use of aluminum alloy and advanced high strength steel (AHSS) has become an inevitable trend for fabricating a lightweight auto-body. Self-piercing riveting (SPR) as a preferred cold-forming fastening method is facing problem like weak interlocking when joining dissimilar combinations with considerably unequal thickness. In this study, a hybrid joining method, named rivet-welding (RW) was proposed to improve the robustness and strength of the SPR joint, by applying an electric current to it. For better evaluating the new process, the effects of heating time and electrode design on the microstructure, micro-hardness distribution, and mechanical performance of the RW joints were studied and compared systematically with the traditional SPR ones. The results showed that the electric current could improve the microstructure of the steel rivet and bottom DP590, and under long heating time, the inter-metallic compounds (IMC) could be formed at the interface of trapped AA6061-T6 and bottom DP590. Meanwhile, the electric current could increase the micro-hardness of the rivet and bottom DP590, and soften the AA6061-T6 around the rivet leg. In addition, the RW process using lower annular electrode A (LAE_A) could obtain 12.1% higher tensile-shear strength compared with the traditional SPR process.     

Influence of alloy elements on microstructure and mechanical property of aluminum–steel lap joint made by gas metal arc welding

5052 aluminum alloy sheets and galvanized mild steel sheets were joined in lap configuration by alternate-current double pulse gas metal arc welding with pure Al, Al–5Si, Al–12Si and Al–4.5Mg (wt%) filler wires. The effect of alloying elements on the microstructure of intermetallic compounds (IMC) layers formed between weld seam and steel, and tensile strength of the resultant joints were investigated. The thickness of IMC layer in all samples varied along the cross-section of the joint, the intermediate part of the IMC layer was thicker than the head and root parts. The diffusion of Si into Fe₂Al₅ sub-layer could restrain the growth of Fe₂Al₅ sub-layer and IMC layer, and joint's mechanical property improved with the increasing Si content in Fe₂Al₅ phase. Due to the high hot crack sensitivity of Al–4.5Mg alloy, cracks generated at the root of joint made with Al–4.5Mg filler, resulting in poor mechanical property.     

铝合金/不锈钢预涂层钨极氩弧熔钎焊接头的特性

通过在不锈钢表面预涂钎剂层,采用铝硅共晶钎料实现铝合金/不锈钢TIG熔钎焊连接,获得具有熔焊与钎焊双重性质的对接接头,运用OM、SEM、EDS分析接头的微观组织及成分,通过拉伸实验评定接头的力学性能.结果表明:铝母材局部熔化,与液态钎料混合后凝固形成焊缝,焊缝组织主要由α(Al)基体和在晶界析出的Al-Si共晶相组成;不锈钢不发生熔化,液态钎料与不锈钢在界面反应形成不均匀分布的金属间化合物层,最大厚度不超过10 μm,界面上部金属间化合物较厚,呈锯齿状,主要相成分为α(τ5)-Al7.4Fe2Si;界面下部金属间化合物较薄,呈细须状,由α(τ5)-Al7.4Fe2Si+α(Al)混合相构成;接头的平均抗拉强度为90.6 MPa,焊缝/不锈钢界面下部为连接的薄弱环节,成为断裂的起始位置.     

High strength lap joint of aluminium and stainless steels fabricated by friction stir welding with cutting pin

Abstract

Dissimilar lap joints of aluminium and stainless steel were first friction stir welded by the tool with a cutting pin. The results showed that sound joints could be obtained by this method. When the pin was inserted into the lower steel sheet, macrointerlocks were formed by the steel flashes plugging into the upper aluminium at both sides of the nugget bottom. At the aluminium/steel interface, a thin intermetallic compound (IMC) layer and the mechanical bonding of microinterlocks were formed. In addition, the aluminium near the interface was also strengthened by grain refinement and IMC particles. Therefore, the beneficial effect of the macrointerlocks provided by the steel flashes was removed, the shear strength of the joint reached 89·7 MPa, which was even higher than that of the base metal of aluminium.     

铟对低银Ag-Cu-Zn钎料显微组织和性能的影响

研究了低银Ag-Cu-Zn钎料(ωAg≤20%)的熔化特性、铺展性能、钎料显微组织。以黄铜/304不锈钢作为母材,采用火焰钎焊方法,进行了搭接钎焊试验。结果表明,低银Ag-Cu-Zn钎料显微组织主要由铜基固溶体、银基固溶体、Cu Zn化合物相构成。In的添加降低了Ag-Cu-Zn钎料的固、液相线温度,改善了钎料润湿性能;添加In的低银Ag-Cu-Zn钎料在凝固过程中析出富In的银基固溶体,起到了固溶强化的效果,改善了钎焊接头的显微组织,从而提高了钎缝接头的力学性能。使用17Ag Cu Zn-1In火焰钎焊黄铜/304不锈钢,钎焊接头成形美观、组织致密、无缺陷存在,综合性能与含银量为25%的BAg25Cu Zn Sn银钎料的性能相当,节银效果显著。     

铝合金/不锈钢惯性摩擦焊接头的组织特性和力学性能研究

惯性摩擦焊是一种连接异种金属理想的焊接方法,对铝合金/不锈钢采用惯性摩擦焊进行焊接,并详细研究了焊接接头的形貌、组织、界面成分和力学性能.结果表明,在惯性摩擦焊接头的界面处形成了很薄的金属间化合物(IMC)反应层,该反应层主要由Al、Fe 元素组成,是富集Si 元素的FeAl3相.惯性摩擦焊接头组织由焊核区、完全动态再...     

45钢/304不锈钢连续驱动摩擦焊接工艺

异种材料焊接结构以其在力学性能、耐腐蚀性等多方面的综合优势,而被广泛应用到装备制造中.针对电机行业中的应用需求,采用连续驱动摩擦焊接实现了45钢和304不锈钢异种钢棒材的优质高效连接,通过工艺优化试验获得了成形以及性能良好的焊接接头.结果表明,在焊接界面处有碳化物层的形成,45钢侧有很薄的铁素体层出现,304不锈钢侧奥氏体晶粒发生了细化,但热影响区内晶粒发生粗化.焊态试样抗拉强度达到870 MPa,拉伸断裂在焊缝界面,为脆性断裂,但微观上有韧窝断裂和准解理断裂两种断裂机制.