Preparation and Structure of Mg2-xRExNi （RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Y） Ternary Alloys

A series of Mg2-xNdxNi (x =0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) alloys and Mg1.95RE0.05Ni (RE= La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Y)ternary alloys were prepared by ball milling of mixted powder of Mg, Ni, RE and sintering under the protection of argon. XRD analysis shows that Mg2-xNdxNi (x = 0.05, 0.1 ) and Mg1.95RE0.05Ni consist of single phase with the same crystal structure as Mg2Ni. While three-phase alloys including Mg2Ni, NdNi and NdMgNi4 were formed in Mg1.8Nd0.2Ni and Mg1.7Nd0.3Ni alloys respectively. The lattice constants of Mg2Ni in those ternary alloys were calculated. The decomposition of Mg2Ni occurs in the milling process of Mg2Ni and Mg1.95RE0.05Ni alloys respectively. For the latter, another earlier reaction occurs in milling process, which means that atoms of RE are separated from crystal structure of Mg2Ni and form relevant oxides by combination with oxygen existed in argon atmosphere.     

Nd替代La对R-Mg-Ni基储氢合金结构和电化学性能的影响

用感应熔炼法制备了(La1-xNdx)0.8Mg0.2Ni3.4Al0.1(x=0~0.4)储氢合金。采用XRD、恒电流充放电技术研究了Nd部分替代La对合金结构和电化学性能的影响。XRD分析表明该合金为多相结构,合金主相由(La,Mg)2Ni7相变成(La,Mg)5Ni19。电化学性能研究表明,随着Nd的加入,合金电极放电容量先增加后减小。当x=0.1时,放电容量达到最大值365.0 m Ah·g-1。同时Nd的加入导致合金电极电化学循环性能和高倍率放电性能下降。     

稀土含量对La0.7)(Pr0.75Nd0.25)xMg0.3Ni3.3(Co0.7Al0.3)0.3（x=0.0～0.3）合金电极电化学性能影响

在氩气保护条件下用高频感应悬浮熔炼法制备La0.7(Pr0.75Nd0.25)xMg0.3Ni3.3(Co0.7Al0.3)0.3(x=0.0,0.1,0.2,0.3)合金,研究混合稀土含量对合金储氢和电化学性能的影响。合金XRD相分析结果表明,合金相主要由LaNi5,(La,Pr)Mg2Ni9,(La,Nd)2Ni7和LaNi3相组成。随着Pr和Nd含量的增加,合金吸氢量先增加后减小,最大吸氢量为1.42%(质量分数)(x=0.2),放氢平台变短坪斜增加。合金电极电化学测试表明,电极最大放电容量为378 mAh·g-1(x=0.2),放电容量保持率S100从53.2%(x=0.0)增加到56.2%(x=0.3),增加Pr和Nd的含量可以提高电极的循环稳定性。合金电极电化学阻抗谱、线性极化、Tafel极化和循环伏安特性研究表明,添加适量的Pr和Nd可以提高电极动力学性能。当x=0.1时,合金电极电荷传递电阻Rct和极化电阻Rp较小,交换电流密度I0、极限电流密度IL以及阳极峰电流密度Ip较大,合金电极动力学性能较好。     

镁基非晶电极合金的容量衰减机制探讨

采用熔体快淬法制备了(Mg70.6Ni29.4)100-xNdx(x=2,5,10,15)电极合金带,用恒流充放电的方法在三电极电池测试仪上测定其电化学循环性能。用X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电镜和高分辨电镜对合金在充放电循环过程中的组织结构变化进行了动态检测。结果表明:(Mg70.6Ni29.4)90Nd10非晶电极合金拥有最高的放电容量(580.5 mAh·g-1),经过20个循环以后,合金表面存在严重的氧化(含氧量为26.7%)和开裂粉化现象;在充放电循环过程中,合金内部逐渐形核长大,形核的初生相NdMg2Ni9最终转化为Mg2Ni,α-Mg和Nd2H5相;非晶态Mg-Ni-Nd电极合金在充放电循环过程中放电容量的衰减来自于内外两个方面的综合效应:合金表面碱液的氧化腐蚀和开裂粉化以及非晶合金的晶化导致其贮氢机制失效,反应动力学性能下降,从而引起放电容量的衰减。     

Nd元素部分取代对La_(0.8-x)Nd_xMg_(0.2)Ni_(3.3)Co_(0.5)(x=0～0.15)储氢合金结构和电化学性能影响

研究了Nd元素部分取代对La0.8-xNdxMg0.2Ni3.3Co0.5(x=0～0.15)合金的相结构和电化学性能影响。研究发现,由X射线衍射图谱分析,合金主要由CaCu5型相、PuNi3型相及少量Pr5Co19型相组成,随着Nd含量的增加,合金物相晶胞参数和晶胞体积在逐渐降低。合金电极电化学测试显示,随着Nd含量的增加,La0.8-xNdxMg0.2Ni3.3Co0.5(x=0～0.15)合金电极电化学容量从370.5 mAh.g-1(x=0)增加到最大容量377.7 mAh.g-1(x=0.05),然后下降369.2 mAh.g-1(x=0.15);合金电极电化学容量经过100次循环的容量保持率S100从65.9%(x=0)增加到最大至72.8%(x=0.15);合金电极的高倍率性能HRD1200逐渐从83%(x=0)增加到88%(x=0.15),动力学测试分析结果显示合金高倍率性能是由电催化活性和氢在合金体内的扩散两个过程控制共同控制的。综合考虑,Nd取代量为0.15时,合金电极电化学性能较好。     

La0.55Pr0.05NdxMg0.4-xNi3.3Al0.1(x = 0.10～0.20)储氢合金的研究Ⅱ:电化学性能

研究了La0.55Pr0.05NdxMg0.4-xNi3.3Al0.1(x=0.10,0.15,0.20)储氢合金的电化学性能.随着合金中Nd/Mg比的增加,合金电极的放电平台逐渐降低,电极极化减小.x=0.15的合金具有较高的电化学容量(372mAh·g-1),而x=0.10的合金具有较好的倍率放电能力(HRD1800=73.1%).合金电极的循环寿命随着Nd含量的增加而逐渐改善.合金电极的电化学阻抗谱(EIS)表明,随Nd含量减小,合金电极的电荷迁移电阻逐渐减小,动力学性能增强.线性极化测试表明,随着Nd/Mg比的减小,合金电极表面的电化学反应速率增加.通过合金电极阳极电流对时间响应的半对数曲线计算的氢扩散系数随着Nd/Mg比降低而增加,说明合金内部的氢扩散能力也提高.     

Co含量对La0.55Pr0.05Nd0.15Mg0.25Ni3.5-xCoxAl0.25（x=0～0.4）储氢合金电极性能的影响

采用电磁感应悬浮炉制备La0.55Pr0.05Nd0.15Mg0.25Ni3.5-xCoxAl0.25(x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4)系列合金,研究Co含量对合金的相结构、吸放氢性能和电化学性能的影响。研究结果表明,该系列合金主要由LaNi5、Nd2Ni7相组成。当Co含量大于0.2时,合金中出现La2Ni7相。压强-吸氢量-温度(Pressure-Content-Temprature)测试显示在303 K温度下,合金具有良好的吸氢性能,当x=0.4时合金的最大吸氢量为1.29(质量分数,%)。电化学测试表明:随x值变化,合金电极的最大放电容量分别为340.0(x=0.0)、346.6(x=0.1)、370.0(x=0.2)、320.0(x=0.3)和346.6(mA.h)/g(x=0.4);随Co含量增加,合金电极容量保持率不断增加,高倍率放电性能先增加后减小,循环伏安曲线、氢在合金体中的扩散系数D共同反映了合金电极的动力学特性。     

A_2B_7型La_(0.64)Gd_(0.2)Mg_(0.16(1+x))Ni_(3.1)Co_(0.3)Al_(0.1)储氢合金微观组织和电化学性能

以综合电化学性能较佳的低镁含量合金La0.64Gd0.2Mg0.16Ni3.1Co0.3Al0.1为基础,通过改变Mg元素含量的添加方式,用感应熔炼方法与热处理制备了La0.64Gd0.2Mg0.16(1+x)Ni3.1Co0.3Al0.1系列合金,系统研究了该条件下镁元素成分波动(Mg过量值x)对La-Mg-Ni系A2B7型合金微观结构和电化学性能的影响规律。合金相结构分析表明,合金退火组织由主相Ce2Ni7(Gd2Co7)型以及Pr5Co19型、Pu Ni3型和Ca Cu5型多相组成,随Mg过量值x增加,合金中主相Ce2Ni7型相丰度呈现先增加后减小的趋势;当Mg过量值0x≤50%时,合金组织的Ce2Ni7型主相相丰度达到81.04%~87.18%;x=0,80%时,Ce2Ni7型主相丰度减小至76.3%以下。电化学测试结果表明,随Mg过量值x增加,合金电极最大放电容量呈先增加后降低趋势,x=10%时合金具有最高电化学放电容量(384.6 m Ah·g-1);当Mg过量值x在5%~50%范围内变化时,其电极循环稳定性均保持在S100≥90%,此时镁元素成分波动变化对合金电极循环稳定性的影响不敏感。合金电极的高倍率放电性能(HRD)随Mg过量值的增加呈先增大后减小趋势,其中电极表面的电荷转移速率是影响合金电化学反应动力学性能的主要控制步骤。     

La_(15-x)Nd_xFe_(14)Ni_(64)Mn_5B_2(x=0～6)储氢合金的结构和电化学性能

采用中频感应熔炼-快淬炉制备了La15-xNdxFe14Ni64Mn5B2(x=0、2、4、6)储氢合金。扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱(EDS)分析表明,这些合金由(La,Nd)Ni5相、(Fe,Ni)相和(La,Nd)3Ni13B2相组成。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,Nd含量对合金的相组成没有影响,但随Nd含量的增加,衍射峰向高角度方向轻微位移。电化学测试表明,随x值的增大,合金电极的放电容量及高倍率放电能力(HRD)先增加后减小,x=2时的放电容量(302mAh.g-1)最高,HRD值(1050 mA.g-1放电时为65.6%)最大。充放电循环稳定性随x值的增大而增加。适量的Nd替代La有利于改善LaFeNiMnB储氢合金的综合电化学性能。     

Sn替代Ni对R-Mg-Ni基合金结构和电化学性能的影响

采用元素替代的方法,研究了Sn元素部分替代Ni元素对La0.72Nd0.08Mg0.2Ni3.4-xSnxAl0.1(x=0~0.14)电极合金结构和电化学性能的影响。通过感应熔炼、退火处理、粉碎过筛后得到合金样品。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明该合金为多相结构,包括(La,Mg)2Ni7(Gd2Co7型和Ce2Ni7型)、(La,Mg)5Ni19(Pr5Co19型)、(La,Mg)Ni3(Pu Ni3型)和La Ni5相(Ca Cu5型)。结构精修显示合金主相由Gd2Co7型(La,Mg)2Ni7相依次变化为(La,Mg)5Ni19,La Ni5相。恒电流充放电测试表明,合金放电容量最大值为387.4 m Ah·g-1。加入Sn后合金电极的放电容量下降,这与合金中相含量的变化是有关系的。Sn的加入导致合金中高吸氢相(La,Mg)2Ni7相的减少,而吸氢能力相对小的(La,Mg)5Ni19相和La Ni5相含量不断增加。高倍率放电测试表明随着Sn元素加入,高倍率放电性能下降。电化学循环稳定性测试表明随着Sn元素含量的增加,合金电极循环寿命先增加后下降。当Sn含量x=0.06时,在100次电化学循环后放电容量保持率达到最高水平83.8%。     

Effect of Yttrium on Microstructures and Preparation and Structure of Mg2-xRExNi (RE=La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Y) Ternary Alloys

A series of Mg2-xNdxNi(x=0.05,0.1,0.2,0.3)alloys and Mg1.95RE0.05Ni(RE= La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Y)ternary alloys were prepared by ball milling of mixted powder of Mg,Ni,RE and sintering under the protection of argon.XRD analysis shows that Mg2-xNdxNi(x=0.05,0.1)and Mg1.95RE0.05Ni consist of single phase with the same crystal structure as Mg2Ni.While three-phase alloys including Mg2Ni,NdNi and NdMgNi4 were formed in Mg1.8Nd0.2Ni and Mg1.7Nd0.3Ni alloys respectively.The lattice constants of Mg2Ni in those ternary alloys were calculated.The decomposition of Mg2Ni occurs in the milling process of Mg2Ni and Mg1.95RE0.05 Ni alloys respectively.For the latter,another earlier reaction occurs in milling process,which means that atoms of RE are separated from crystal structure of Mg2Ni and form relevant oxides by combination with oxygen existed in argon atmosphere.     

A study on hydrogen storage and electrochemical properties of La_（0.55）Pr_（0.05）Nd_（0.15）Mg_（0.25）Ni_（3.5） （Co_（0.5）Al_（0.5））_x （x=0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5） alloys

The La0.55Pr0.05Nd0.15Mg0.25Ni3.5(Co0.5Al0.5)x(x=0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5) alloys were prepared by magnetic levitation melting under an Ar atmosphere, and the effects of Co and Al on the hydrogen storage and electrochemical properties were systematically investigated by pressure composition isotherms, cyclic voltammetry, Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy testing. The results showed that the alloy phases were mainly consisted of (La,Pr)(Ni,Co)5, LaMg2Ni9, (La,Nd)2Ni7 and LaNi3 phases, and the cell volumes of (La,Pr)(Ni,Co)5, LaMg2Ni9, (La,Nd)2Ni7 and LaNi3 phases expanded with Co and Al element added. The hydrogen storage capacity initially increased from 1.36 (x=0) to 1.47 wt.% (x=0.3) and then decreased to 1.22 wt.% (x=0.5). The discharge capacity retention and cycle stability of the alloy electrodes were improved with the increase of Co and Al contents. The La0.55Pr0.05Nd0.15Mg0.25Ni3.5(Co0.5Al0.5)0.3 alloy electrode possessed better electrochemical kinetic characteristic.     

Structure and electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of Ce-Mg-Ni-based alloys synthesized by mechanical milling

The substituting Mg with Ni and milling as-cast alloy with Ni were adopted to obtain nanocrystalline/amorphous CeMgnNi+x wt.%Ni(x=100,200) alloys and promote the electrochemical hydrogen storage performances of CeMg_(12)-type alloys.Analyzing the structural features of the alloys provided a mechanism for ameliorating the electrochemical hydrogen storage properties.The electrochemical tests demonstrated that all the alloys just needed one cycle to be activated.Rising Ni proportion had an obvious role on charge-discharge reaction.The discharge capacities of the as-milled(60 h) alloys increased sharply from 182.0 mAh/gfor x=100 alloy to 1010.2 mAh/gfor x=200 alloy at current density of 60 mAh/g.Furthermore,milling time largely determined the performances of electrochemical reaction.The discharge capacity continued to grow along with prolonging milling time,while the cycle stability obviously decreased for x=100 alloy,and first declined and then augmented for the x=200 alloy with milling time extending.In addition,there was an optimal value with milling time varying for the high rate discharge abilities(HRD),which was 80.3%for x=100 alloys and 86.73%for x=200,respectively.     

Structure and electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of the as-cast and annealed La0.8-xSmxMg0.2Ni3.15Co0.2Al0.1Si0.05 （x=0-0.4） alloys

In order to ameliorate the electrochemical cycle stability of the RE-Mg-Ni based A2B7-type electrode alloys, the Mg content in the alloy was reduced and La in the alloy was partially substituted by Sm. The La0.8-xSmxMg0.2Ni3.15Co0.2Al0.1Si0.05 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) elec-trode alloys were fabricated by casting and annealing. The microstructures of the as-cast and annealed alloys were characterized by XRD and SEM. The electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of the as-cast and annealed alloys were measured. The results revealed that all of the experimental alloys mainly consisted of two phases: (La,Mg)2Ni7 phase with the hexagonal Ce2Ni7-type structure and LaNi5 phase with the hexagonal CaCu5-type structure. As Sm content grew from 0 to 0.4, the discharge capacity and the high rate discharge ability (HRD) first in-creased and then decreased for the as-cast and annealed alloys, whereas the capacity retaining rate (S100) after 100 cycles increased continuously.     

Influence of rapid quenching on cyclic stability of La-Mg-Ni system （AB3-type） electrode alloys

Aiming at the improvement of the cyclic stability of La-Mg-Ni system （PuNi3-type） hydrogen storage alloy, Ni in the alloy was partly substituted by Fe. The electrode alloys of La0.7Mg0.3Co0.45Ni255-xFex （x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4） were prepared by casting and rapid quenching. The influence of the quenching on cyclic stability as well as structure of the alloys was investigated in detail. The results of electrochemical measurement indicated that rapid quenching significantly improved cyclic stability. When the quenching rate rose from 0 （As-cast was defined as a quenching rate of 0 m/s） to 30 m/s, the cyclic life of Fe-free alloy （x=-0） increased from 81 to 105 cycles, and for alloy containing Fe（x=0.4）, it grew from 106 to 166 cycles at a current density of 600 mA/g. The results obtained by XRD, TEM and SEM revealed that the as-cast and quenched alloys had multiphase structures, including two major phases （La, Mg）Ni3 and LaNi5 as well as an imptLrity phase LaNi2. Rapid quenching helped the formation of an amorphous-like structure in Fe containing alloys.     

Effect of Ni/（La＋Mg） Ratio on Structure and Electrochemical Performance of La-Mg-Ni Alloy System

As the alloy with the most suitable Ni/(La+ Mg) ratio has higher capacity and good cycle stability,theeffects of Ni/(La+Mg) ratios on the electrochemical performances of the La0.80 Mg0.20 Nix (x= 3.5 to 5.0) alloys have been investigated to find the most suitable Ni/(La+ Mg) ratio.The results of XRD and SEM observations show that the phase composition of the alloys varies with different Ni/(La+Mg) ratios.When Ni/(La+Mg) is notmore than 4.25,all the alloys contain LaNi5 and (La,Mg)2Ni7 phases,in addition,the LaMg and (La,Mg)Ni3 phases exist in the x=3.5 and 3.75 alloys,respectively.The LaMg2Ni9 phase exists in the x=4.25 alloy.There are the LaNi5 and LaMg2 Ni9 phases in the x= 4.5,4.75,and 5.0 alloys.The phase abundance and cell volume change with different Ni content.When the Ni/(La+Mg) ratio is not more than 4.25,the alloys possess excellent activation capability,however,the activation capabilities of the alloys decrease with a further increase in the Ni/(La+Mg)ratio.With increasing the Ni/(La+ Mg) ratio,the maximum discharge capacities,the medium voltages,and the cycle stabilities of the alloys first increase and then decrease.When the Ni/(La+Mg) ratio is 3.75,the corresponding alloyhas the maximum discharge capacity among all the alloys.However,the cycle stability of the Ni/(La+ Mg)= 4.0 alloy is better than that of the others.     

Phase Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Rare Earth Based Hydrogen Storage Alloys

The rare earth based hydrogen storage alloys MmxM1 1 - x ( Ni3.55 Co0.75 Mn0.4 A10.3 ) ( x = 0 ～ 0.5 ) were investigated in this work.Adjusted Ml: Mm ratio to change the content of La,Ce,Pr and Nd in the alloys and then to change the phase structure, the influences of phase structure on the electrochemical properties were analyzed.The results indicate that the main phase of all alloys is LaNi5 with CaCu5 type structure and the crystal lattices constants of LaNi5 are changed with increasing x value, i.e, decreased a-axis, increased c-axis and axis ratio and nonlinear decreased crystal volume.The crystal volume of the alloy with x = 0.3 is larger than others.There is second phase A1LaNi4 in alloys when x≥0.3, which decrease the discharge capacity, but increase the cycling stability and high rate discharge ability.Compared comprehensively, the alloy with x = 0.3 shows the higher discharge capacity and the better cycling stability.     

(La_xNd_y)_(0.90)Mg_(0.10)Ni_(3.09)Mn_(0.12)Co_(0.60)Al_(0.13)贮氢合金自放电性能研究

为了提高La-Mg-Ni基贮氢合金的荷电保持率,本文研究了La/Nd比的变化对La-Mg-Ni基贮氢合金自放电性能的影响。随着Nd替代La量的增加,(LaxNdy)0.9Mg0.10Ni3.09Mn0.12Co0.60Al0.13(x/y=5,4,3,2,1)合金的荷电保持率先增大后减小,当x/y=4时,其荷电保持率达到最大值80.8%(318 K)。合金电极贮存后,FESEM-EDS和XRD分析表明,合金颗粒表面形成了Mg(OH)2和Nd(OH)3。P-C-T曲线和Tafel极化测试表明,随着Nd含量的增加,金属氢化物的稳定性呈现先增加后降低和腐蚀电流先减小后增大的规律。