纳米花/棒SnO2的水热法制备及其气敏性

以SnCl4和NaOH为原料,200℃水热条件下在预引入SnO2晶种的FTO导电玻璃上一步制备纳米花/棒多级结构SnO2.利用SEM,XRD,N2吸附-脱附和气敏测试仪等测试产物的形貌、晶相组成和气敏性能.结果显示:产物为四方晶相,多级结构中垂直于基底的纳米棒阵列形成"纳米地毯",其上生长球形纳米花,纳米棒和花瓣均由绒状纤维聚集而成;其比表面积为109.8 m2/g,是普通沉淀法SnO2粉体的13倍;其具有较高的气敏性,对1000×10-6浓度丙酮的灵敏度达36.1,是普通沉淀法SnO2粉体的7.9倍.     

花状SnO2的制备及其气敏特性的研究

以乙二醇(C2H6O2)为有机溶剂,采用溶剂热法制备了花状SnO2纳米材料,并将制备的SnO2制成旁热式气敏元件.通过XRD,SEM等测试手段对SnO2纳米材料进行了表征,并初步分析了气敏元件对丙酮的敏感机理.制备的SnO2材料是由粒径约为10 nm的颗粒有规则的堆叠而成的直径约为3～4μm的花瓣清晰的多孔分级花状结构.研究发现,气敏元件对丙酮气体有很好的响应灵敏度.在最佳工作温度(350℃)时,检测的丙酮体积分数最低为1×10-6.对100 ppm丙酮的响应及恢复时间分别为40和50 s.且气敏元件对丙酮气体的响应灵敏度远高于对苯、甲苯、甲醇、甲醛、氨等气体的响应灵敏度.     

SoI-GeI法制备SnO2纳米晶薄膜

以Sn(OH)4水合胶体为原料，采用简单的旋转涂覆与烧结工艺在Si片上成功制备出了表面形貌平整、光亮的SnO2纳米晶薄膜，为该种材料制作实用的气敏元件打下了很好的基础。     

ZnO纳米棒的制备与气敏性能的研究

以Zn(NO3)2·6H2O和NaOH为原料,CTAB为表面活性剂,通过微波辅助液相反应过程在低温下成功地制备了ZnO纳米棒.X射线衍射谱和扫描电镜结果表明,产物是六方纤锌矿结构ZnO纳米棒,长度为5～30μm,直径为0.1～1μm.气敏性能测试表明,所制备的ZnO纳米棒对H2S气体具有较好的选择性,但灵敏度不高.对ZnO纳米棒进行In掺杂后,对H2S气体的灵敏度和选择性大幅提高,在工作温度为332℃时,对体积分数为50X10-5的H2S灵敏度为29.217,说明In掺杂的ZnO纳米棒是有潜力的探测H2S气体的气敏传感器材料.     

MWCNTs/多孔ZnO纳米材料的制备及室温NO气敏性研究

为开发室温气敏传感器材料,以Zn(NO3)2.6H2O为锌源、尿素为沉淀剂,在制备水合碱式碳酸锌(Zn4CO3(OH)6.H2O)的过程中加入羧基化的MWCNTs(MWCNT-COOH),焙烧制备了MWCNTs/ZnO复合材料.采用XRD,SEM和TEM等对其进行了分析.结果表明:复合材料中MWCNTs分散均匀,ZnO呈多孔纳米片状,纳米片由多个尺寸在10～20 nm的ZnO颗粒组成;在室温、空气湿度为50%的氛围中测试复合材料对NO的气敏响应发现,复合材料对体积浓度1×10-4的NO气敏响应灵敏度大约是MWCNT-COOH的3倍,明显高于MWCNT-COOH;对比加入不同量MWCNT-COOH制备的3种复合材料对NO的气敏性可知,加入200 mg MWCNT-COOH所制备的复合材料对低浓度(体积浓度≤50×10-6)的NO气体表现出较高的灵敏度.     

少量氧化锡掺杂提高三氧化钨探测H2S气体的气敏性能

为改善WO3基敏感材料的气敏性能,先采用液相还原法制备得到WO3粉体,再通过微波辅助液相法制备了SnO2掺杂量为0.5%、1%、3%、5%、10%(质量分数,下同)的SnO2-WO3复合材料。采用XRD和SEM对材料的物相、形貌进行了表征,并研究了掺杂SnO2对WO3气敏性能的影响。结果表明,掺杂3%的SnO2可显著提高WO3对H2S的灵敏度和选择性,在工作温度为160℃时,元件对体积浓度为10×10-6 H2S的灵敏度达65,对体积浓度为50×10-6 H2S的灵敏度高达169,且灵敏度与气体浓度呈现良好的线性关系。此外,纯WO3和SnO2(3%)-WO3材料在相对湿度RH=22%～64%时有良好的抗湿性。     

精细结构SnO2纳米球的制备与表征

以SnCl4·5H2O为主要原料,用溶剂热技术在油酸体系中成功地合成了具有精细结构的SnO2纳米球.X射线衍射(XRD)和选区电子衍射(SAED)结果表明,制备出的SnO2微晶具有良好的结晶性;透射电镜(TEM)结果表明,得到的产物中含有尺寸约为50-80nm的SnO2纳米球,放大的17EM照片进一步揭示了此纳米球含有粒度为2-6nm超细粒子的精细结构.这种结构趋向于高的比表面积,适合于气敏探测器方面的应用.     

SnO2纳米晶体的液相法可控合成研究进展

SnO2纳米晶体广泛应用于电极材料、气敏材料及催化材料.概述了纳米SnO2结构液相法可控合成技术的研究现状及进展,重点介绍了均匀沉淀法、微乳液法、溶胶-凝胶法和水热法4种主要合成方法,并结合各种方法的特点对其在纳米SnO2各应用领域的发展前景进行了分析.     

CeO_2纳米棒及纳米八面体的制备及生长机理分析

以Ce(NO3)3·6H2O为起始原料、Na5P3O10和Na3PO4·12H2O分别为矿化剂,采用水热法制备了CeO2纳米八面体和纳米棒,并且对Na5P3O10和Na3PO4·12H2O不同体系中pH值的影响作了分析研究。通过XRD、FESEM、TEM等方法对CeO2纳米棒和纳米八面体样品分析结果表明,在Na5P3O10和Na3PO4·12H2O系统中,初始时CeO2八面体与纳米棒共存,但随着水热时间的延长,在Na5P3O10体系中以CeO2八面体成为主要产物,而在Na3PO4·12H2O体系中以CeO2纳米棒为主要产物;在pH值约为2的条件下,两系统中均只有纳米棒生成。研究得出,Na5P3O10水解产生的HPO2-4是CeO2纳米八面体形成的主要原因,而Na3PO4·12H2O水解产生的H2PO-4是纳米棒形成的主要原因。     

ZnWO4纳米棒的可控生长及其光催化性能

以Na2WO4·2H2O和Zn(COOCH3)2·2H2O为原材料,采用水热法制备了具有优良光催化性能的ZnWO4纳米棒。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)研究了不同起始反应物比例(W和Zn的摩尔比)对反应产物的物相结构和微观形貌的影响;选择罗丹明B(RhB)作为降解目标物,研究了ZnWO4纳米棒的光催化性能。结果表明:反应物中,过量的WO2-4有利于ZnWO4纳米棒沿长度方向的定向生长及光催化性能的增强;W和Zn的摩尔比为1.5∶1.0时,反应制备的ZnWO4纳米棒在紫外-可见光催化反应10 min内,对RhB的降解率达到了96.5%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.