PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOTIVE RECIPROCATING ENGINES WITH DIFFERENT FUELS

ABSTRACT

A single cylinder reciprocating engine test rig was used to measure power output, specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature and energy balance for different speeds, air-fuel ratios and compression ratios with gasoline and diesel oil as fuels. Comparison of the results for the same compression ratios and range of running speeds shows that gasoline produces higher power and exhaust temperatures than diesel oil. However, it produced less thermal efficiency up to 2000 rpm speed. The energy balance shows slightly higher percentage in power and exhaust energy but markedly less radiation energy to the atmosphere with diesel oil.     

车用替代燃料能源消费和温室气体排放对比研究

为了定量解释以天然气为原料的不同车用替代燃料的节能和温室气体减排潜力，使用国际流行的Well to Wheel研究方法，依靠来自石油天然气开采、处理和加工工业的大量一线数据，对中国目前正在使用和拟议开发的4种来自天然气的车用燃料与传统汽柴油燃料进行了对比研究。从全生命周期的角度来看，天然气制备的液体燃料--甲醇、二甲醚和天然气合成油在能源消耗量和温室气体排放量方面明显高于汽柴油，压缩天然气是唯一可以在上述两个方面与传统燃料竞争的天然气基车用燃料。天然气基车用燃料的一个优势是全生命周期的石油消耗远低于汽柴油，对短期石油安全问题有一定缓解作用。在目前技术水平下，在我国大规模推广以天然气为原料的合成液体燃料应该慎重。如果从节能和温室气体减排的角度来看，发展混合动力车，提高车辆的燃料经济性水平，则是更有吸引力的选择。     

Strategy on Development of Gasoline and Diesel Standards in China with Reference to Overseas Practice for Upgrading Gasoline and Diesel Quality

This article analyzes the standards for car exhaust emissions and gasoline and diesel quality in Europe and the US. As revealed by the evolution of gasoline and diesel standards in China, the gasoline and diesel compositions of China and the exhaust gas emissions standard are closely related with the specifics of the petroleum refining industry and automotive industry in China. After studying the current situations of gasoline and diesel quality in China while taking into account the commonly accepted practice in the overseas this article raises some suggestions on development of gasoline and diesel standards in compliance with the actual conditions of China.     

Effect of waste cooking-oil biodiesel on performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine

The ever increase in global energy demand, consumption of depletable fossil fuels, exhaust emissions and global warming, all these led to search about alternative fuels. Biodiesel was produced from waste cooking-oil by transesterification process. Blends of waste cooking-oil biodiesel and diesel oil were prepared in volume percentages of 10, 20 and 30% as B10, B20 and B30. Biodiesel blends have ASTM standards of physical and chemical characterization near to diesel fuel. Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions were studied experimentally for burning waste cooking-oil blend with diesel fuel. This experimental was applied on a diesel engine at different engine loads from zero to full load. Thermal efficiencies for waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends were lower than diesel oil. Specific fuel consumptions of biodieselblends were higher than diesel fuel. Higher exhaust gas temperatures were recorded for biodiesel blends compared to diesel oil. CO₂ emissions for waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends were higher than diesel oil. CO, smoke opacity and HC emissions for biodiesel blends were lower than diesel fuel. NO_x emissions for biodiesel blends were higher than diesel fuel.     

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机动船大多数以汽油、柴油为燃料，不仅消耗了大量汽油和柴油，而且发动机废气还加剧了江河湖泊流域的大气污染。因此以天然气替代汽油和柴油，缓解液体燃料的紧张状况，减少环境污染是我国一项长期的能源政策和环境保护政策。为此，提出了天然气—汽油和天然气—柴油双燃料机动船及其船运CNG充气装置等配套技术方案，并对采用该系统的社会、经济效益及其实施方案进行了详细的分析研究。结果表明：采用天然气双燃料机动船及船运CNG充气装置在技术上可行；可节约燃料30%～50%，经济性较好；排放废气中有害物质大幅度减少，环保效果明显；值得推广与应用。     

半干化含聚油泥的微波热处理过程研究

采用微波加热技术对半干化含聚油泥的热处理过程进行了研究。实验结果表明：在微波作用下,半干化含聚油泥的热处理过程分为五个阶段：快速升温区段、微波干化区段、烃类物质微波蒸发区段、微波热解区段和微波焚烧区段。其中,半干化含聚油泥的热解温度一般为370℃～450℃。含聚油泥质量的增加,对半干化含聚油泥的微波热处理过程特征没有影响;随着含水率的减少,半干化含聚油泥的微波干化过程将消失;而微波功率的增加,含聚油泥的微波热处理过程加快。在半干化含聚油泥微波热处理过程中,所冷凝回收的液相油品主要成分为汽油、柴油和重油,并且汽油、柴油的总含量达到70%,回收油的品质较好。含聚油泥微波800℃焚烧残渣的重金属离子溶出量大大低于国家标准值,作为微波吸收剂,加入到含聚油泥中可使微波热处理过程显著加快,说明残渣炭作为微波吸收剂是微波技术处理半干化含聚油泥的有效节能方法,值得进一步研究。     

EFFECT OF METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) AS A GASOLINE ADDITIVE ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS

The effect of blending unleaded gasoline with different proportions of methyl-t-butyl ether MTBE (10, 15 and 20 vol % ) on engine performance was studied using a fixed compression ratio SI engine (Opel 4 -cylinder ). The exhaust gases were analyzed for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and the hydrocarbons emitted. The results have shown that MTBE blends gave slightly better engine performance than the unleaded gasoline as evidenced by the power output. Analysis of exhaust gases shows better carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions for all MTBE blends tested than unleaded gasoline. A higher carbon dioxide exhaust emission of the blends than the unleaded gasoline also confirms their better combustion. The 20 vol % MTBE blend gave the lowest carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions of all blends used. A comparison was also made between a     

EFFECT OF METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) AS A GASOLINE ADDITIVE ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS

ABSTRACT

The effect of blending unleaded gasoline with different proportions of methyl-t-butyl ether MTBE (10, 15 and 20 vol % ) on engine performance was studied using a fixed compression ratio SI engine (Opel 4 -cylinder ). The exhaust gases were analyzed for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and the hydrocarbons emitted. The results have shown that MTBE blends gave slightly better engine performance than the unleaded gasoline as evidenced by the power output. Analysis of exhaust gases shows better carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions for all MTBE blends tested than unleaded gasoline. A higher carbon dioxide exhaust emission of the blends than the unleaded gasoline also confirms their better combustion. The 20 vol % MTBE blend gave the lowest carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions of all blends used. A comparison was also made between a     

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为了改善汽车能源结构和降低排放量，根据对天然气、石油气、汽油和柴油理化特性的分析，在理论上预测了不同燃料发动机的特性，并结合试验结果，研究了不同气体双燃料发动机的运行模式。结果表明：燃用气体燃料是降低一氧化碳和颗粒物质排放量的有效手段，但并不存在降低NO_X排放量的机理；其中，CNG/柴油混用双燃料发动机是最佳的运行模式，其次是汽油/LPG双燃料发动机；另外，并非所有的模式都值得开发，相关研究也值得商榷。     

FC超级风冷二冲程汽油机油的研究

通过对不同配比的基础油、不同相对分子质量的聚异丁烯及不同的添加剂组成进行排烟性、润滑性、清净性及排气堵塞等测试，确定了配方。评定结果表明，研制的ＦＣ超级风冷二冲程汽油机油性能达到中国石化总公司暂定技术标准和ＩＳＯ规格。该汽油机油还具有排放低、环境污染小的优点     

北海炼化产品质量升级及消瓶颈方案的优化与实施

为满足汽油、柴油产品的质量升级及中国西南地区的市场需求,中国石油化工股份有限公司北海分公司以三个不同原油加工量为比选方案,对各方案下的全厂加工负荷、全厂产品结构、新增工程内容、投资估算及财务评价等进行了优化比选,并对各工艺装置技术改造方案及工程内容进行了研究,提出了北海炼化产品质量升级及消瓶颈改造优化方案。方案实施后,北海炼化全厂汽油、柴油产品质量可由国Ⅳ升级到国Ⅴ标准、原油加工能力由5 000 kt/a提高到6 500 kt/a,轻油收率由74.8%提高到75.7%,炼油综合能耗由2 357 MJ/t降低至2 340 MJ/t,吨油利润增加16.6元,达到了改造的预期目标。     

汽车排放控制和对发动机油规格发展的影响

从环境保护的角度,阐述了控制汽车尾气排放的要求和措施,以及对发动机润滑油规格发展的影响。针对汽油机油、柴油机油、二冲程发动机油和天然气发动机油如何适应日益严格的汽车尾气排放规范,论述了具体的性能要求和规格发展的趋势。     

AUSTRALIAN BROWN COAL/OIL MIXTURES AS A FUEL FOR DIESEL ENGINES; ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY

CSIRO Division of Energy Technology has used mixtures of finely ground, chemically beneficiated, Australian brown coal (up to 30% by weight, maximum particle size less than 13 microns) and automotive diesel oil (ADO) to fuel an essentially unmodified single cylinder diesel engine operating at 800, 1200 and 1500 r/min. Engine performance tests indicate that brown coal can be used as a fuel extender to reduce consumption of the conventional liquid diesel fuel (ADO). Partially burnt coal agglomerates were identified in the engine exhaust and there were indications of late burning at the higher engine speeds and coal concentrations. Engine brake thermal efficiency ratio is identified as an important parameter when evaluating the thermal performance and economic viability of new fuels for internal combustion engines. A simple economic model based on 'payback period' is developed and used to assess the viability of converting an existing diesel engine powered plant to operate on the coal/oil mixture fuels (COM). The simple economic analysis technique can also be applied to other fuel formulations and fuel extenders. Conversion of large, slow speed stationary diesel engines to operate on brown COM fuels is shown to be uneconomical, given a projected brown coal cost of 215 $A/t (including processing).     

汽油与柴油掺兑用作柴油机应急燃料的试验研究

将不同比例的车用汽油掺入柴油中，进行实验室理化性能分析和发动机台架外特性试验分析。结果表明，柴油中掺入车用汽油后，对发动机功率、扭矩、平均爆发压力影响较大，使动力性能下降，燃料消耗率升高，排气烟度降低。对于柴油机来说，汽油与柴油混合油只能作为应急燃料使用，不能长期使用。应急燃料对于提高战时油料保障能力具有重要意义。     

Outlook of Demand for Oil Products in China

It is estimated that in the coming years,the rate of consumption of oil products in China will increase at an energy-saving,environmentally-friendly,and slow pace.However,the increasing speed of the demand may vary according to the types of the products:gasoline and kerosene may be needed more while diesel may be needed less.It is also estimated that before 2020,there will be an oil products glut in the country.Export of oil products,especially diesel,will become a new norm or trend.Alternative energy forms,such as natural gas and electricity,will be developed rapidly to attain a goal of replacing 130 million tons of oil in 2030.Even with a more conservative scenario,oil demand in China is estimated to peak at either about 810 million tons or even less at 680 million tons by 2030 if the effect of alternative energy is considered     

Investigation on performance and emission characteristics of a variable compression multi fuel engine fuelled with Karanja biodiesel–diesel blend

The performance and emission of a single cylinder four stroke variable compression multi fuel engines when fueled with 20%, 25% and 30% of Karanja blended with diesel are investigated and compared with standard diesel. Experiment has been conducted at compression ratios of 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, and 18:1. The impact of compression ratio on fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas emissions has been investigated and presented. Experimental analysis on the performance of biodiesel over diesel was evaluated by response surface methodology to find out the optimized working condition. The overall optimum is found to be 25% biodiesel–diesel blended with a compression ratio of 18.     

Review and Outlook of China's Oil Market in 2015

Growth rate of oil demand rose again in China in the first half of 2015. Demand for oil products went on differentiating, and the demand growth of most products sped up. Growth rate of oil production rose again, oil imports increased rapidly, and external dependence of crude oil and oil broke through 60% separately. The State adjusted the prices of gasoline and diesel timely and frequently, based on pricing mechanism. Price hike was higher than reduction. Oil market got weak, yet more stable. China increased the pace of reforms in marketization. In the second half, oil demand will increase continuously but with lower growth rate, oil production will rise more slowly, imports of crude oil and oil will keep on rising rapidly, gasoline and kerosene as well as diesel will witness a net import, and the market of gasoline, kerosene and diesel will be more stable.     

AUSTRALIAN BROWN COAL/OIL MIXTURES AS A FUEL FOR DIESEL ENGINES; ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY

ABSTRACT

CSIRO Division of Energy Technology has used mixtures of finely ground, chemically beneficiated, Australian brown coal (up to 30% by weight, maximum particle size less than 13 microns) and automotive diesel oil (ADO) to fuel an essentially unmodified single cylinder diesel engine operating at 800, 1200 and 1500 r/min. Engine performance tests indicate that brown coal can be used as a fuel extender to reduce consumption of the conventional liquid diesel fuel (ADO). Partially burnt coal agglomerates were identified in the engine exhaust and there were indications of late burning at the higher engine speeds and coal concentrations. Engine brake thermal efficiency ratio is identified as an important parameter when evaluating the thermal performance and economic viability of new fuels for internal combustion engines. A simple economic model based on ‘payback period’ is developed and used to assess the viability of converting an existing diesel engine powered plant to operate on the coal/oil mixture fuels (COM). The simple economic analysis technique can also be applied to other fuel formulations and fuel extenders. Conversion of large, slow speed stationary diesel engines to operate on brown COM fuels is shown to be uneconomical, given a projected brown coal cost of 215 $A/t (including processing).     

耦合加氢反应动力学和FCC杂质分配作用的生物质油与蜡油共炼过程的操作优化

为降低生物质油和蜡油共炼过程的能耗和氢耗,提出了耦合加氢反应动力学和催化裂化(FCC)装置杂质分配作用的共炼过程操作优化模型,将优化模型应用于生物质油和蜡油的共炼过程。结果表明：基于加氢反应动力学,可优化各加氢装置的操作条件进而降低过程的公用工程消耗量;而通过耦合FCC装置对杂质的分配作用,可将更多的难脱除含硫杂质和含氮杂质在操作条件相对苛刻的蜡油加氢装置中脱除,即降低了后续汽柴油加氢装置中的难脱除杂质含量,从而缓和了汽柴油加氢装置的操作条件。通过优化,生物质油和蜡油共炼过程的操作费用从178.69×10.6 CNY/a降低至174.71×10.6 CNY/a,降低幅度为2.23%。因此,在考虑对共炼过程优化时,需要考虑加氢装置的加氢反应动力学和FCC装置的杂质分配能力。     

降低柴汽比的技术措施在某炼油厂的实践与认识

柴汽比是炼油企业的重要技术经济指标,近年来受经济增长减缓的影响,柴油消费放缓,汽油消费增长,柴汽比呈下降趋势.为适应市场需求,某炼油厂结合自身加工流程,通过采取优化常减压装置、催化裂化装置、柴油加氢装置操作条件、优化常减压装置重柴油加工流程、应用新型催化裂化催化剂、对催化裂化装置进行MIP技术改造、对烷基化装置进行扩能...