工业计算机断层扫描仪(工业CT)研制报告

工业CT(ICT)是用于工业产品进行无损检测和探伤的先进仪器。ICT技术能紧密、准确地再现物体内部的三维立体结构,能够定量地提供物体内部的物理、力学等特性,如缺陷的位置及尺寸、密度的变化及水平,异型结构的形状及精确尺寸,物体内部的杂质及分布等。ICT的功能和特性在许多方面越过X光和超声检测,为航空、航天、兵器等工业领域的精密零部件的无损检测提供了新的手段。该技术研制成功并荣获1994年度亚洲CT技术十大科技进展成果奖。有关专家认为该技术居国内先进水平,与国际水平相当。我们研制开发的工业CT机已经为中国航空材料研究所、中国运载火箭技术研究院、兵器工业总公司等多家科研、生产单位进行了各种零件的测试。     

导线线圈的射线层析检测

本文选用不同的方法对两个导线线圈进行了射线检测,主要采用透射式工业CT检测和康普顿背散射成像检测两种射线层析检测方法,有效检测了导线线圈内部的缺陷隋况,并指出射线层析检测作为一项新技术和新手段,可充分应用在航天产品的无损检测中。     

工业CT在增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料无损检测中的应用

为提高作为结构材料使用时硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料(RPUF)的力学性能,在基体材料中添加增强材料形成了增强RPUF(RRPUF),RRPUF内部的材料组成及结构特征影响其力学性能.本文应用微焦点锥束体式工业CT技术,进行了玻璃纤维RRPUF三维结构的工业CT检测,获得了高分辨率的RRPUF三维结构CT图像,并解析了RRPUF内部结构特征,包括玻璃纤维及泡孔的形状、位置、尺寸、体积含量以及分布状况等.研究表明微焦点VCT技术可有效地实现RRPUF内部结构特征的检测及分析,为进一步研究RRPUF的性能提供了重要方法.     

大型工业CT在机车关键部件无损检测中的应用

摇枕、侧架作为列车转向架的重要组成部分,对列车行驶安全起到至关重要的作用,各生产厂家亟须具有高穿透力的检测设备对其进行大批量的检测.本文介绍了应用于铁路机车关键部件无损检测的大型工业CT系统,论述了系统设计和扫描工作流程,并通过实例展示大型工业CT在摇枕、侧架等无损检测的应用情况.实际应用说明大型工业CT系统可对摇枕、侧架等关键部件的内部结构及内部的气孔、砂眼、夹杂物、缩孔、疏松、冷隔、裂纹等铸造缺陷进行快速有效检测,能够很好地满足该行业的需求.     

大型高能工业CT在固体火箭发动机检测方面的应用

随着国内大型高能工业CT技术的进步,这种直观、可靠和快捷的无损检测技术正逐步应用于航天飞行器固体发动机的装药质量检测.本文主要介绍了大型高能工业CT在固体火箭发动机装药质量检测方面的应用现状、适用范围及工艺特点.     

碳纤维复合材料气瓶的CT检测实验研究

目前国内碳纤维复合材料气瓶的定期检验对于内部缺陷还没有成熟的无损检测方法,射线检测可以对内部缺陷进行定性检测,CT检测技术可实现缺陷的精确定位和定量。针对某型号呼吸器用碳纤维复合材料气瓶的结构特点,依据有关定期检验标准,制作各种缺陷,开展CT检测实验研究。结果表明该技术对表面缺陷和纤维层内部缺陷都有很好的检出效果。以厚度2姗的铝内胆为基础,对缺陷的位置和深度进行了估算。     

高能射线工业CT最新进展

本文主要介绍了清华大学在高能射线工业CT研究及产业化方面的新进展,介绍了其中的多项成果:小体积、大功率的直线加速器,低噪声、高效率的阵列固体探测器,旋转极坐标反投影快速图像重建算法等.高能工业CT技术的研制成功及产业化,使我国高能工业CT技术达到国际先进水平,结束了我国无自主研制大型工业CT检测系统的历史,解决了我国大型工件无损检测难题,对提高我国高能无损检测技术水平具有重大意义.     

小型工业CT检测系统

系统简介IPT系列小型工业CT无损检测系统是一种新型三维辐射成像产品。它通过测量在不同的方位角下X射线穿透被检测工件后的投影强度,计算出工件横截面上的衰减系数分布,转换成像屏显示的断层成像。其优势在于三维空间成像、定位,是绝对尺寸和成像物理量绝对值的测量。它涵盖了清华大学在直线加速器、核探测器、核电子学、核信息处理等研究领域最前沿的科研成果。该系统能消除传统射线透视成像所形成的影像重叠问题,可检测出各类大小型复杂工件内部的微小缺陷。广泛用于航天、航空、工业品等制造业。系统参数环境温度:5~35℃环境湿度:≤8…     

“能谱CT”专栏编者按

随着CT技术和其他专业学科的发展,CT理论与技术在工业、地球物理、医学影像、工程勘探、无损探测、现代农业、安全检测等领域得到了广泛的应用。纵观CT的发展,经历了从非螺旋CT到螺旋CT、从单排CT到多排CT等几个发展阶段,目前能谱CT的研究已成为新的热点。     

特设“能谱CT”专栏 诚邀专家投稿

随着CT技术和其他专业学科的发展,CT理论与技术在工业、地球物理、医学影像、工程勘探、无损探测、现代农业、安全检测等领域得到了广泛的应用。纵观CT的发展,经历了从非螺旋CT到螺旋CT、从单排CT到多排CT等几个发展阶段,目前能谱CT的研究已成为新的热点。     

APOD mission status and preliminary results

On September 20 th, 2015, twenty satellites were successfully deployed into a near-polar circular orbit at 520 km altitude by the Chinese CZ-6 test rocket, which was launched from the Tai Yuan Satellite Launch Center. Among these satellites, a set of 4 Cube Sats conform the atmospheric density detection and precise orbit determination(APOD) mission, which is projected for atmospheric density estimation from in-situ detection and precise orbit products. The APOD satellites are manufactured by China Spacesat Co. Ltd. and the payload instruments include an atmospheric density detector(ADD), a dual-frequency dualmode global navigation satellite system(GNSS) receiver(GPS and Beidou), a satellite laser ranging(SLR) reflector, and an S/Xband very long baseline interferometry(VLBI) beacon. In this paper, we compare the GNSS precise orbit products with colocated SLR observations, and the 3 D orbit accuracy shows better than 10 cm RMS. These results reveal the great potential of the onboard micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS) GNSS receiver. After calibrating ADD density estimates with precise orbit products, the accuracy of our density products can reach about 10% with respect to the background density. Density estimates from APOD are of a great importance for scientific studies on upper atmosphere variations and useful for model data assimilation.     

基于REOF的两种卫星降水产品(IMERG和MSWEP)在金沙江流域降水分区尺度精度评估

高时空分辨率降水产品的精度评估是卫星降水用于水文气象干旱等研究的前提。本研究提出在降水分区尺度下评估IMERG和MSWEP两种卫星降水产品的精度,并与不分区尺度(即流域尺度)进行比较。首先采用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)对金沙江流域(JSB)进行降水分区,通过贡献率得出8个分区较为适合。然后识别降水的空间分布特征,发现2种降水产品都可以很好地捕捉降水呈现出的从上游到下游逐渐增加的趋势。最后在日尺度、降水发生概率和极端降水探测能力3个方面对降水产品在分区尺度和不分区尺度的性能进行评估。结果表明,在日尺度上,MSWEP的精度在多数降水分区优于IMERG,被推荐5次(1、3、6、7和8区),集中在流域的中游。同时流域尺度也推荐MSWEP。在降水事件发生概率方面,MSWEP能再现不同等级降水强度的概率密度分布,但过高估计0.1~1 mm/d降水事件的发生概率;而IMERG过高估计小于0.1 mm/d降水事件的概率。在极端降水探测能力方面,流域尺度的KGE值都是正值,且IMERG优于MSWEP,但分区尺度上,KGE值在部分降水分区中存在负值,表明IMERG和MSWEP均不能很好地探测出该区的极端降水事件。本研究成果表明降水分区尺度是必需的,能够更加精细地评估降水产品。研究结果可为具有类似气候条件的卫星降水评估提供参考。     

地球物理探测卫星数据分析处理技术与地震预测应用研究项目及研究进展

地震监测预警和预测预报是当前地球科学及相关学科所面临的最艰巨的问题之一,是关系到人类社会安全与国计民生的亟待攻克的科学难题.为进一步提高地震预测科学研究水平,推进地震监测预测能力建设,我国于世纪之交提出了建立地震立体观测体系的战略发展思路,并希望突破三维地球物理场获取能力瓶颈,发展地球多圈层耦合模型,通过卫星观测获取全...     

Simultaneous measurements from the Millstone Hill radar and the Active satellite during the SAID/SAR arc event of the March 1990 CEDAR storm

During a nearby passage of the Active satellite above the Millstone Hill radar on 21 March 1990 at local sunset, the satellite and the radar performed simultaneous measurements of upper ionospheric parameters in nearly the same spatial volume. For this purpose the radar carried out a special azimuth-elevation scan to track the satellite. Direct comparisons of radar data and in situ satellite measurements have been carried out quite rarely. In this case, the coincidence of co-ordinated measurements and active ionospheric-magnetospheric processes during an extended storm recovery phase presents a unique occasion resulting in a very valuable data set. The measurements show generally good agreement both during quiet prestorm and storm conditions and the combination of radar and satellite observations gives a more comprehensive picture of the physical processes involved. We find a close relationship between the rapid westward ion drift peak at subauroral latitudes (SAID event) and the occurrence of a stable auroral red (SAR) arc observed after sunset by an all-sky imager and reported in an earlier study of this event. The SAID electric field is caused by the penetration of energetic ions with energies between about 1 keV and 100 keV into the outer plasmasphere to a latitude equatorward of the extent of the plasmasheet electrons. Charge separation results in the observed polarisation field and the SAID. Unusually high molecular ion densities measured by the satellite at altitudes of 700–870 km at subauroral and auroral latitudes point on strong upward-directed ion acceleration processes and an intense neutral gas upwelling. These structures are collocated with a narrow trough in electron density and an electron temperature peak as observed simultaneously by the radar and the satellite probes.     

Could operational hydrological models be made compatible with satellite soil moisture observations?

Soil moisture is a significant state variable in flood forecasting. Nowadays more and more satellite soil moisture products are available, yet their usage in the operational hydrology is still limited. This is because the soil moisture state variables in most operational hydrological models (mostly conceptual models) are over‐simplified—resulting in poor compatibility with the satellite soil moisture observations. A case study is provided to discuss this in more detail, with the adoption of the XAJ model and the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) level‐3 soil moisture observation to illustrate the relevant issues. It is found that there are three distinct deficiencies existed in the XAJ model that could cause the mismatch issues with the SMOS soil moisture observation: (i) it is based on runoff generation via the field capacity excess mechanism (interestingly, such a runoff mechanism is called the saturation excess in XAJ while in fact it is clearly a misnomer); (ii) evaporation occurs at the potential rate in its upper soil layer until the water storage in the upper layer is exhausted, and then the evapotranspiration process from the lower layers will commence – leading to an abrupt soil water depletion in the upper soil layer; (iii) it uses the multi‐bucket concept at each soil layer – hence the model has varied soil layers. Therefore, it is a huge challenge to make an operational hydrological model compatible with the satellite soil moisture data. The paper argues that this is possible and some new ideas have been explored and discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GPS接收机仪器偏差的短期时变特征提取与建模

卫星和接收机仪器偏差(Differential Code Biases,DCB)是利用GPS(Global Positioning System)研究电离层的两类主要误差源.由于所处的空间环境恒定,且可被全球跟踪站连续观测,GPS卫星的DCB具备长期稳定性和较高的估计精度.但针对各类型接收机而言,受测站环境、硬件设施等影响,其DCB可能会呈现明显的短期变化.精确地模型化接收机DCB的短期变化特征,将有助于提高GPS电离层产品的可靠性,以及基于这些产品反演空间和地球科学现象的准确性.采用零/短基线GPS数据,本文改进了提取和分析接收机DCB变化的现有方案.随后,本文推导了一种能直接估计接收机DCB的函数模型.当检验出接收机DCB的短期变化服从随机游走时,通过对比接收机DCB的直接估值与间接提取值之间的符合程度,可"试探出"过程噪声标准差的最优经验值.实验分析选用4台双频接收机(共形成1条零基线和2条短基线,间距最大为15m)多天的观测数据,主要结论包括:1)改进的接收机DCB提取方案能较好地克服低频伪距噪声和多路径效应的影响;2)针对零基线,其接收机DCB在各天内的变化量级小于1TECu,变化趋势则可采用过程噪声标准差为1.0~1.5mm的随机游走加以描述;3)对应于某短基线的接收机DCB在某天内的变化可达12TECu,当采用随机游走描述其趋势时,过程噪声标准差的经验值超过2mm.     

小波基在GPS-IR反演土壤湿度中优选方法的研究

全球定位系统多径干涉遥感技术(Global Positioning System-Interference Reflection,GPS-IR)是一种基于卫星反射信号的新遥感技术,可实现土壤湿度、雪深、海平面等方面的监测.针对卫星反射信号分离问题,本文利用小波分析对信噪比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio,SNR)中的卫星反射信号进行分离.小波基的选择直接影响到卫星反射信号分离的效果,本文通过对比低阶多项式、sym10、bior6.8、dmey和coif5这5种方法的实际消趋和反演效果来优选.经实验表明:利用coif5小波基分解6层能够有效提高卫星反射信号的分离精度和信号的分辨率,获取的相对延迟相位与土壤湿度之间的线性关系显著增强.     

一种新型重力测量卫星系统确定全球重力场的性能分析

本文设计了一种高-低卫星跟踪卫星、低-低卫星跟踪卫星和卫星重力梯度测量相结合的新型重力测量卫星系统,其可在一定程度上发挥卫星重力梯度和低低卫星跟踪卫星两种测量模式各自的优势.基于重力卫星系统指标设计的半解析法,深入分析了不同重力测量卫星系统配置和不同观测量及其不同白噪声水平情况下,新型卫星重力测量模式反演重力场模型的能力.数值模拟分析结果表明：在观测值精度和星间距离相同的条件下,轨道高度是影响重力场反演精度的关键因素;随着星间距离的增大,高频重力场信号反演精度会先提高后降低,轨道高度在200~350 km之间时,星间距离在150~180 km之间时反演精度最优;星间距离变率和卫星重力梯度两类观测值仅在某些精度配置时可达到优势互补,如果某一类观测值精度很高,则另一类观测值在联合解算时贡献非常小或者没有贡献.在300 km轨道高度,若以GRACE和GOCE任务的设计指标1 μm·s^-1/√Hz和5 mE/√Hz来配置新型重力测量卫星系统中星间距离变率和引力梯度观测值的精度,联合两类观测值解算200阶次模型大地水准面的精度比独立解算分别提高1.2倍和2.8倍.如果以实现100 km空间分辨率1~2 cm精度大地水准面为科学目标,考虑卫星在轨寿命,建议轨道高度选择300 km,星间距离变率和卫星重力梯度的精度分别为0.1 μm·s^-1/√Hz和1 mE/√Hz.本文的研究成果可为中国研制自主的重力测量卫星系统提供参考依据.     

工业CT图像亚体素表面检测算法研究

针对ICT图像序列,研究了基于Facet模型和基于矩的亚体素表面检测算法,并通过引入基于Otsu的阈值分割预处理环节,大大减少了待处理体素的数目,在很大程度上提高了原始算法的处理速度.最后在对航空发动机叶片仿真数据的实验中,对比了算法处理效果,结果表明两算法检测精度均可达1/5个像素以内,预处理环节的引入可将原始算法速度提高约4倍.     

Multi-scale validation strategy for satellite albedo products and its uncertainty analysis

Coarse-resolution satellite albedo products are important for climate change and energy balance research because of their capability to characterize the spatiotemporal patterns of land surface parameters at both the regional and global scales. The accuracy of coarse-resolution products is usually assessed via comparison with in situ measurements. The key issue in the comparison of remote sensing observations with in situ measurements is scaling and uncertainty. This paper presents a strategy for validating 1-km-resolution remote sensing albedo products using field measurements and high-resolution remote sensing observations. Field measurements were collected to calibrate the high-resolution(30 m) albedo products derived from HJ-1a/b images. Then, the calibrated high-resolution albedo maps were resampled(i.e., upscaled) to assess the accuracy of the coarse-resolution albedo products. The samples of field measurements and high-resolution pixels are based on an uncertainty analysis. Two types of coarse-resolution albedo datasets, from global land surface satellite(GLASS) and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS), are validated over the middle reaches of the Heihe River in China. The results indicate that the upscaled HJ(Huan Jing means environment in Chinese and this refers to a satellite constellation designed for environment and disaster monitoring by China) albedo, which was calibrated using field measurements, can provide accurate reference values for validating coarse-resolution satellite albedo products. However, the uncertainties in the upscaled HJ albedo should be estimated, and pixels with large uncertainties should be excluded from the validation process.