超低渗透油藏见水微观机理研究

从微观角度和宏观角度研究超低渗透油藏见水微观机理和见水特征。微观角度主要以室内实验为基础,首先通过恒流速和恒压差水驱油实验说明超低渗水驱过程中由于油水两相界面的存在导致的水驱油渗流阻力增加;然后通过渗流阻力分析和动态毛管压力实验研究了储层孔喉结构对水驱能力的影响以及水驱油渗流阻力增加的主要原因,结果表明当润湿相水与非润湿相油形成油水界面时,油水两相界面的阻力却远大于水驱油的毛管压力,会导致局部孔隙吼道被油水界面切断,从而不参与渗流。     

特低渗透油藏动态毛管压力对水驱油效果影响分析

特低渗透油藏油水两相渗流过程中毛管力的动态效应是影响两相渗流机理及水驱油效果的重要因素,掌握其规律有助于提高这一特殊油藏的水驱开发效果。分析了特低渗透油藏油水两相渗流中毛管力的动态效应以及动态毛管力的影响因素,定量研究了动态毛管力对多孔介质油水两相渗流的影响,建立了特低渗透油藏一维水驱油模型和渗流微分方程;并进行了求解。研究了动态毛管力、注水强度、井距等因素对特低渗透油藏水驱油效果的影响。研究结果表明:动态毛管力效应对特低渗油藏的水驱效果影响非常明显,动态毛管力越大,水驱油效果越差;存在一个最佳注入量,在最佳注入量下动态毛管力的影响作用最小,水驱油效果最好;对于特低渗透油藏若井距过大,水驱油效果变差。     

岩心油水两相渗流启动压力梯度实验研究

为了搞清油藏储层油水两相渗流启动压力梯度特点及其影响因素,对不同渗透率岩心水驱油两相渗流的启动压力梯度进行了室内实验测定,根据实验现象和实验结果,分析了产生启动压力的岩心孔隙内部的阻力效应。研究结果表明：气体渗透率小于50×10-3μm2的低渗岩心具有较大的启动压力梯度,且随渗透率降低,启动压力梯度快速增加,岩心内含水饱和度越高,启动压力梯度越大;气体渗透率大于50×10-3μm2中高渗岩心启动压力梯度随渗透率变化不大,且数值较小,随岩心含水饱和度增加而降低;产生启动压力的阻力效应大小和岩石的润湿性、毛管压力、微观孔隙的油水分布状态、固液界面张力及孔喉半径有关。对于低渗透油藏,岩心的润湿指数越大,含水饱和度越高,固液界面张力越大,所产生的油水两相阻力效应越大,岩心启动压力梯度就越大。     

复杂条件下的低渗透油田生产特征

在考虑了启动压力、毛管力、重力等因素的情况下 ,推导了低渗透油田油水两相渗流时含水率和无因次采油、采液指数的数学模型 ,并分析了上述 3种因素在数学模型中的作用。结果表明 ,对于水湿油藏 ,毛管力和启动压力的存在使含水率和无因次采液指数增加 ,重力则使无因次采液指数降低 ,而对含水率的影响与地层倾角有关。 3种因素均对无因次采油指数无影响。在理论分析的基础上 ,对胜利油区大芦湖低渗透油田的含水率和无因次采油、采液指数进行了实例计算 ,进一步验证了理论分析结果的可靠性     

致密-低渗透油藏两相启动压力梯度变化规律

致密-低渗油藏油水两相渗流时存在启动压力梯度,导致基质中剩余油和残余油的驱动非常困难,水驱开采效果普遍较差。为了确定致密-低渗储层两相启动压力梯度变化规律,通过物理模拟方法研究了一维水驱油过程中两相启动压力梯度与平均含水饱和度之间的关系,并分析了两相启动压力梯度的形成原因。结果表明,两相启动压力梯度随平均含水饱和度增大先升高后降低,在油水前缘位于出口端附近时达到最大值;两相启动压力梯度最大值与岩心气测渗透率呈良好的幂函数关系,渗透率越低两相启动压力梯度最大值上升速度越快;同一岩心中两相启动压力梯度远大于原油启动压力梯度。可见致密-低渗油藏水驱过程中两相启动压力梯度随着油水前缘运移先增大后减小,同时油水间毛管力是两相启动压力梯度形成的主要原因。     

复杂条件下的低渗透油田生产特征

在考虑了启动压力、毛管力、重力等因素的情况下，推导了低渗透油田油水两相渗流时含水率和无因次采油、采液指数的数学模型，并分析了上述3种因素在数学模型中的作用。结果表明，对于水湿油藏，毛管力和启动压力的存在使含水率和无因次采液指数增加，重力则使无因次采液指数降低，而对含水率的影响与地层倾角有关。3种因素均对无因次采油指数无影响。在理论分析的基础上，对胜利油区大芦湖低渗透油田的含水率和无因次采油、采液指数进行了实例计算，进一步验证了理论分析结果的可靠性。     

一种计算超低渗储层相对渗透率的新方法

相对渗透率曲线是油藏数值模拟的关键参数。超低渗透储层致密,喉道细小,孔隙结构非常复杂,在水驱油实验过程中,毛管压力作用和末端效应非常显著。在超低渗储层水驱油实验的基础上,首先应用传统的JBN方法(忽略毛管压力的影响)计算相对渗透率,发现其是不适用的。为了克服岩心末端效应的影响,应用X-ray CT扫描技术获得含水饱和度剖面数据;并结合两相饱和度剖面理论,推导了一种计算两相相对渗透率的新方法。结果表明:应用模型计算的相对渗透率曲线能够反映超低渗储层毛管压力大的特征。超低渗透岩心的水相渗透率起初上升很慢,随后快速升高;而油相渗透率下降迅速。研究成果对于超低渗储层两相相对渗透率的计算具有重要意义。     

毛管力对油藏水驱特征影响分析

注水开发是油田最主要的开发方式之一。注入水波及面积是影响油藏采收率的重要因素。油藏内注入水流动方向及波及面积与其所受合力的方向及大小有关。尤其对于低渗透油藏,毛管力对油藏内油水渗流规律的影响不容忽视。基于渗流力学理论,利用数值模拟和矢量叠加方法,计算了正韵律正方形储层模型中各网格内流体所受注入水压力、重力和毛管力等作用力合力的大小和方向,实现了储层内任意网格油水渗流作用力的定量表征。数值模拟结果表明,对于亲水正韵律油藏,储层上部渗透率变低使毛管力增大,当毛管力增大到一定程度时,注入水会从下部的高渗透层段向上部的低渗透层段渗流,导致上部低渗层段的水驱效果好于下部储层,在油藏开发后期剩余油主要分布在下部的高渗透层段内。如果油藏渗透率较大,油藏内无毛管力影响时,开发后期剩余油主要分布在上部的低渗透层段内,对下部高渗透层段实施封堵措施,有利于提高油藏采收率。     

毛管压力对低渗透油藏渗流规律和开发动态的影响

为了解决低渗透油田生产过程中出现的采液指数随含水饱和度的增加而下降这个理论上难以解释的问题,通过理论推导和现场生产数据的分析。结果表明:低渗透油田的开发动态与高渗透油田的相比具有明显不同的特征,在低渗透油田中,采液指数随含水饱和度的增加而下降,这不符合一般的渗流规律。根据考虑毛管压力时计算相对采液指数和相对采油指数的理论公式,可以发现造成低渗透油田生产井见水后采液指数急剧下降的原因可能是低渗透油藏的储层岩石结构致密,孔喉半径小,毛管压力大,对两相渗流干扰显著,导致油水两相相对渗透率的下降。该成果从机理上解释了低渗透油田中采液指数随含水率的增加而下降这一宏观现象。     

裂缝性油藏压裂水平井生产动态模拟研究

研究的低渗裂缝性油藏包括基质、天然裂缝及人工裂缝,根据压裂后流体在各系统的渗流特征,建立了考虑高速非达西、启动压力梯度、毛管压力、重力作用的三重介质三维油水两相渗流数值模型,给出了其数值解法.利用研制的低渗裂缝性油藏压裂水平井生产动态模拟器分析了裂缝及储层参数对生产动态的影响.模拟结果表明,基质中启动压力梯度、人工裂缝...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with