浅谈工程造价计价方式

对工程造价计价方式进行改革，在计价依据上，要实现根本上的“量价分离”；在管理方式上，要实现控制“量”、指导“价”、竞争“费”，达到合理使用投资、有效地控制工程造价，取得最佳投资效益的目的。     

对推行工程量清单计价的认识

《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》的推行是工程造价与国际接轨的必然，是工程造价对计划经济模式下定额计价的一次革命。深入学习《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》，加强企业定额建设是推行工程量清单计价应该解决的实质性问题。     

对推行工程量清单计价的认识

《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》的推行是工程造价与国际接轨的必然，是工程造价对计划经济模式下定额计价的一次革命。深入学习《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》、加强企业定额建设是推行工程量清单计价应该解决的实质性问题。     

工程量清单计价是市场发展的必然趋势

结合传统定额计价进行比较，简要介绍了以工程量清单计价为主的工程造价管理模式的性质、特点、优势和应用情况。     

浅谈我国工程造价计价模式的发展

本介绍了我国在不同的经济发展时期，存在着几种不同的工程造价计价模式。并论述了其特点以及计价模式发展的必然趋向。     

浅议工程量清单计价的造价管理

实行工程量清单计价是我国工程造价管理改革和招投标制度与国际惯例接轨的要求。这一重大改革,使工程造价形成机制发生了根本改变,推行“工程量清单计价”已势在必行。工程量清单计价体现了公平、公开、公正的竞争原则,是造价管理改革的重要举措。     

浅析新形势下工程造价管理与计价模式

主要对我国目前工程造价管理与计价模式的现状和如何推行工程量清单式计价方法,以适应入世后的要求进行了论述和探讨。     

工程造价实施“量价分离”的计价模式探讨

通过对工程造价计价模式探讨，提出新的改革计价模式－“量价分离”的设想。     

关于采用工程量清单计价模式有效加强工程造价管理的探讨

论述了采用工程量清单计价模式的市场背景及必要性。与传统的定额计价模式进行了比较，并对采用工程量清单计价模式有效加强工程造价管理进行了探讨。     

武钢建设工程计价模式的探讨

从武钢目前工程计价依据存在的问题及某些工程造价取费规定的不合理等方面，探讨市场经济条件下武钢建设工程造价计价模式的改革方向。     

Fair and Reasonable Markup (FaRM) Pricing Model

The Fair and Reasonable Markup (FaRM) is the smallest markup that satisfies the Required Rate of Return (RRR) of the contractor for the particular (or at least the general risk‐class of) project at hand. The model is based on reasonable and easily‐accessible information, and will result in a Minimum Acceptable Price (MAP). The firm cannot accept the project at a price below this MAP without diminishing the “equityholders' wealth.” A modified version of the FaRM Pricing Model for certain contracts under which home‐office overhead expenses must be recovered through FaRM is also presented. Once the FaRM Pricing Model has been implemented, contractors can make more intelligent pricing decisions. Instead of using a subjective markup, which may ignore the cash‐flow differences of various jobs, contractors using FaRM Pricing Model can bid lower on projects which are more attractive and become more competitive while satisfying their RRR. This should result in lower costs to owners. Conversely, by bidding higher on the less‐attractive jobs, contractors will still maintain their RRR should they obtain the contract.     

Cost Analysis and Pricing Policy of Wind Power in China

China has made great achievements in wind power generation. By the end of 2009, the installed capacity of wind power totaled 25.8053?GW, 13.8032?GW of which was added in 2009. Although the industry has developed at an impressive rate, its scale is still comparatively small, not fully matching the country’s economic size and great demand for green power. It is widely believed that the wind power market in China can develop at an even faster rate over the next decade. A stable market for wind power investment relies on both the cost of wind power and an effective pricing policy to motivate growth in the wind industry. This paper presents corresponding analysis of the costs of wind power generation and the current pricing policies implemented in China. The composition of wind power costs is elaborated through comparing it with that of conventional power resources. The localization of wind turbine manufacturing, which aims to decrease the wind generation costs and promote the development of the local wind power industry, is introduced. Two current pricing systems applied in China are examined: the price committed by the wind power concession bidding projects and the price authorized by the provincial governments. An inflation-adapted model is proposed to analyze the risk of concession prices. Finally, the paper concludes with discussions on the potential benefits and the future strategies for the development of wind power in China.     

铜精矿定价分析

对于产品为铜精矿的项目来说,采用不同的定价模式来确定产品价格是影响项目收益的重要因素之一。目前国内国际上主要采用利用计价系数及利用电铜价格扣除冶炼费用来为铜精矿定价,其主观因素影响较大。认为用市场的成交价格来衡量铜精矿的价格更为合理。     

Contractor’s Opportunistic Bidding Behavior and Equilibrium Price Level in the Construction Market

The competitive bidding system has been to blame for abnormally low bids, which are considered as one of the main causes of poor project quality. Previous studies have regarded the pricing of bidders as an optimum decision based on contractor’s cost and market competition level. However, the sell to produce characteristic of construction projects may induce contractors to offer a low bid and then make up the amount initially sacrificed from beyond-contractual reward (BCR) gained through cutting corners and claims. System dynamics was adopted in this study to develop a contractor’s pricing model with consideration of the dimensions of cost, market competition, and BCR. The model was then examined by statistical analysis of data collected from 44 highway projects in Taiwan. It was found that the equilibrium market price is significantly associated with BCR, which is assumed to be determined by the strictness of the owner’s construction management, including both soundness of contract and tightness in construction supervision. Research results suggest that contractors divide the market into different segments according to the owner’s strictness of construction management and the equilibrium price level of each market segment varies. The price level for projects with a strict owner is remarkably higher than for those with relatively less strict owners. Improvement in the construction management system of projects is crucial to lower the possibility that contractors gain BCR and do opportunistic bidding, and to further enhance project quality.     

Addressing Pricing: Value Bidding for Engineers and Consultants

This paper presents a unique treatment of competitive bidding theory as applied to pricing engineering services. Unlike low-bid procurement, the selection of engineers and design consultants is often based on several factors such as quality, availability, reputation, resume, and references, and these criteria may or may not include price. From preliminary interviews, the authors conclude that there is a need for a systematic method of evaluating potential job opportunities and determining fair market prices. This hybrid model, Value-Bidding, refocuses the competitive bidding model from a fee-based selection criteria to a value-based selection criteria. Value-Bidding utilizes an established marketing research methodology, conjoint analysis, to establish the probability of winning based on multiple factors. The resulting analytical model enables engineers to analyze market conditions, evaluate client priorities, systematically track competitors, and optimize proposals, while maximizing the probability of winning, maximizing profit, and optimizing price.     

Commodities and Value-Based Pricing of Engineering Services

This paper proposes that many civil engineering companies can be classified as either commodities or value-based providers of services. We examine the way civil engineers price and market services for these two types of products, explore when and how much should companies increase or decrease prices, and determine what are or may be the long-term ramifications on market share. Lastly, we propose a model for value-based pricing of civil engineering services. An understanding of the products they deliver, how to competitively price these products, and ideas for improving profitability should help civil engineering firms price and market their services to improve profitability and not lose market share.     

基于线性回归方程研究非洲某高铝矿的定价方式

通过对2015年12月之前的36个月普氏指数的研究,发现不同品质的普氏价格指数间强线性正相关,通过数据拟合得出了回归方程。结合非洲某高铝矿Al2O3含量较高的实际,通过58%高铝及低铝指数函数关系间差异测算了单位Al2O3变化引起的价格波动,最终建立了非洲某高铝矿定价评估公式,用于指导该矿的定价,使其与市场接轨。     

Cost of Risk Transfer: Pricing Agreements in Residential Supply Chains

Theoretical and computational studies of supply chains are confined mainly to buyer-supplier dyads. Evaluation of more tiers in the construction sector specifically is also rare, perhaps in part because short-term partnerships are typical. However, supplier selection in residential construction is often conducted in support of multiple subdivision tracts over a comparatively long time-horizon. This paper describes the lumber supply chain for residential construction, extending from the homebuyer to the lumber company. A particular case for a real builder is examined in which a builder adopted a pricing strategy to control their lumber cost risk. The strategy included minimum time periods of fixed pricing, insulating the builder from price fluctuations during those periods. Consideration of supply-chain lead times allows financial risk modeling for the builder-framer/lumber yard–lumber company portion of the supply chain in order to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this strategy. Historical records of lumber prices were used to conduct Monte Carlo simulations of three tiers of the supply chain. The pricing strategy is shown to result in a risk premium generally in excess of the true commodity price risk.     

Evaluating Qualification-Based Selection System: A Simulation Approach

Abnormally low bids and contractors’ opportunistic bidding behavior are frequently observed in the competitive bidding system. Many research findings have pointed out that price competition itself is not sufficient to guarantee the use of economical and good quality products. The qualification-based selection (QBS) system has been proposed as a potential solution to this problem. However, due to lack of supporting data, most previous studies could only assess its effectiveness based on a single case experience and subjective opinions from questionnaire surveys. Few studies have analyzed contractors’ pricing behavior under the QBS system and the effects of the QBS system on market competition. This paper develops a simulation model to analyze contractors’ pricing behavior and dynamic competition process under the QBS system. The research results suggest that although the QBS system has potential to encourage contractors to place more emphasis on project quality, once the price is included as one of the selection criteria, abnormally low bids could still be problematic. The success of the QBS system is highly dependent on the linkage between contractors’ past performance and the evaluation of contractors’ qualifications. Only when contractors’ past performance is carefully and constantly examined and closely reflected in the bid evaluation can the contractors’ opportunistic bidding behavior be reduced and quality products be ensured.     

Stochastic Asset Pricing with Seismic Hazard Risk

Since cash flow of asset in the long run is generally subject to economic fluctuation, and also to potential damage due to seismic hazard risk, asset pricing is more relevantly evaluated, provided that uncertainties of both cash flow and seismic risk are properly taken into account. This study will propose a discounted cash flow method to evaluate asset pricing, in which incomes gained from asset are modeled as a Markov process and seismic loss is modeled due to only one earthquake event during the service time. A numerical example is demonstrated for an 11 story steel reinforced commercial building considering the service time of 50 years. Various risk–asset price curves are numerically obtained in the form of probability of excess versus asset price with discount rate as a parameter for cases with and without earthquake loss taken into account, and for a case in which earthquake strengthening measure is implemented. These curves contribute information to decision makers in charge of risk and investment management.