Study on preparation and fire-retardant mechanism analysis of intumescent flame-retardant coatings

An intumescent flame-retardant coating was prepared by unsaturated polyester resin and epoxy resin as two-component matrix resins, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as acid source, melamine (Mel) as the blowing agent and pentaerythritol (PER) as carbon agent, expandable graphite as synergistic agent, adding titanium dioxide (TiO₂), solvent and other assistants. Results showed that such a coating had excellent physical-chemical properties. When the thickness of the coating on the wood matrix reached 2.0 mm, the limit of fire-endurance could get to 210 min. And the various component thermal characteristics, decompose processes and interactions of the flame-retardant coating system were investigated by DSC and TGA. The contribution of phosphorus to the formation of the final charring layer and their morphological structures was studied by SEM, XRD and FTIR. On the basis, the flame-retardant mechanism of the intumescent flame-retardant coating was systematically investigated.     

Effects of solid lubricants on friction and wear behaviors of the phenolic coating under different friction conditions

The phenolic coating filled with micro-MoS₂ or micro-graphite was prepared by spraying the coating precursors. The friction and wear behaviors of the unfilled and filled phenolic composite coating sliding against the steel ring were evaluated on an MHK-500 friction and wear tester under dry friction and under water lubrication conditions. The worn surfaces of the unfilled and filled phenolic coating and the transfer films formed on the surface of the steel ring were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope (OM), respectively. FTIR analysis was performed to detect the chemical changes of the composite coating under different lubrication conditions. It was found that addition of graphite was effective in enhancing the wear life of the phenolic coating. Especially, the anti-wear ability of the phenolic coating was best when the content of graphite is 10 wt.%. However, the MoS₂ as filler was harmful to the friction and wear behaviors of the phenolic coating. The character of the fillers varied with the types of the solid lubricants and the transfer films of varied features formed on the counterpart steel ring, largely accounted for the different friction and wear behaviors of the unfilled and filled phenolic composite coating. Compared with under dry sliding, the phenolic composite coating filled with 10 wt.% MoS₂ or 10 wt.% graphite had lower friction coefficients and lower wear life under water lubrication. Since water hindered the formation of transferred films, and might penetrate and corrode the filler-matrix interface, the anti-wear ability of the phenolic composite coating reinforced with MoS₂ or graphite deteriorated under water lubrication.     

Development and microstructure optimization of atmospheric plasma-sprayed NiO/YSZ anode coatings for SOFCs

In this paper, preparation and characterization of porous anode layers with uniform phase distribution are discussed for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) application. The Ni/8YSZ cermet coatings were fabricated by atmospheric plasma spray (APS) process using oxidized nickel coated graphite (Ni-graphite) and 8 mol% yittria — stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) blend as feedstock. To control the microstructure of the coating, the nickel coated graphite with low density was used as a starting feedstock instead of conventional pure nickel (Ni) powder. To balance the conductivity, uniform porosity, and structural stability of the coatings, the effects of process parameters such as hydrogen gas flow rate, stand off distance and pore formation precursor (graphite) addition on the microstructures of the resulting coatings are investigated. The results show that the anode coatings with high conductivity, structural stability and porosity could be deposited with moderate hydrogen gas flow rate and short stand off distance.     

Incorporation of an indole-3 butyric acid modified clay in epoxy resin for corrosion protection of carbon steel

In the present work, indole-3 butyric acid (IBA) was inserted between montmorillonite clay platelets by cation exchange. The clay treated with the organic compound (IBA-modified clay) was then dispersed in an epoxy resin at a low concentration (2 wt.%). IBA was chosen to act both as an inhibitor and an adherence promoter. The effect of the IBA-modified clay on the microstructure and on the protective properties of the epoxy coating deposited on carbon steel was evaluated by a thermostimulated-current (TSC) method and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The TSC measurements showed the specific action of IBA-modified clay which decreased the molecular mobility of the polymer chain by comparison with the pure epoxy. Impedance measurements corroborated the role of the modified clay on the barrier properties of the coating which remained high as a function of exposure time in a 0.5 M NaCl solution. The corrosion resistance of the carbon steel coated with the epoxy resin containing IBA-modified clay was significantly higher than that obtained with the clear coat. Polarization curves plotted in the presence of an artificial defect demonstrated the inhibitive role of IBA at the carbon steel/coating interface. The good adherence of the coating was seen during salt spray test.     

一种含银电热浆料的研制

研究了以微量银粉、石墨粉、碳黑、填充料(滑石粉、利德粉和氧化铝粉)及聚合物树脂粘合剂,配制电热浆料。用平均粒径小于1.5μm的超细银粉(2%),与石墨粉、碳黑、填充料(合计67%)及聚合树脂粘合剂(31%)混合配制成电热浆料,粘覆在酚醛树脂板上室温固化后,所得电热膜具有较低的电阻率及较好的附着力,可用作薄型电暖器加热片。     

高频淬火加热时间对钢管表面组织和性能的影响

目的确定高频淬火后零件出现软点的原因,通过调整工艺参数以获得合格组织。方法通过直读光谱测试工件化学成分,采用体视显微镜、金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察试样的宏观与微观组织,分析工件的淬火层深度和显微组织形态。通过能谱仪测试样品淬火组织的成分差异。梳理生产过程,确定淬火零件软点形成的原因。结果通过扫描电镜配置的能谱仪测试发现,产生软点的样品黑色区域马氏体的碳含量较高,白色区域马氏体碳含量较低;未产生软点的样品黑区和白区马氏体的碳含量差别不大。结论高频淬火零件事先未经调质处理,碳含量分布不匀,高频淬火时间短,碳原子没有得到充分扩散,淬火后的零件在组织中形成了高碳和低碳马氏体两种结构,导致淬火后零件出现软点。     

Effects of rare earths in borax salt bath immersion vanadium carbide coating process on steel substrate

Various amounts of FeSiRe23, which were used as reducing agents, were added into typical borax salt bath used in thermal diffusion (TD) process to explore the effects of rare earths on borax salt bath vanadizing process and microstructure and properties of vanadium carbide coating. The effect results of rare earths on coating thicknesses at different process conditions showed that the right amount of rare earths could greatly accelerate vanadizing rate and that the accelerating effect worked mainly at the initial stage of TD process and decreased with increasing thickness of vanadium carbide layer. Moreover, the comparison of diffusion activation energies at various temperatures revealed that rare earths have optimal accelerating effect at 950 °C or so. The effect results of rare earths on coating microstructure and properties showed that the addition of rare earths into the borax salt bath can decrease grain size and improve fragility of vanadium carbide coating but decrease coating microhardness. And the electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) revealed that the addition of rare earths could decrease carbon concentration in the coating.     

火焰喷涂制备纳米陶瓷超润滑涂层及其防污性能

仿猪笼草结构的灌注液体型超润滑涂层(SLIPS)因具有优异的自清洁防污性能备受关注,但目前存在制备工艺复杂、成本较高、不适宜大规模制备等问题,影响了该技术的实际应用。针对这一问题,利用火焰喷涂技术制备SLIPS表面的技术工艺,成功在不锈钢表面制备了基于纳米二氧化钛的SLIPS涂层,并研究了涂层结构及性能。利用SEM分析了涂层的表面形貌和微观结构;利用接触角测量仪研究了涂层的浸润性能;通过藻类贴附试验评价了涂层的防污性能。结果表明：所制备涂层表面接触角达到118.01°,滚动角达到4.54°,呈超润滑性能,对海洋小球藻附着率降低了98.56%。文中研究为制备低成本、大规模SLIPS涂层提供了一种可行的思路。     

Reactive spark plasma sintering of binderless WC ceramics at 1500 °C

Binderless WC ceramics were prepared by reactive spark plasma sintering, using tungsten trioxide, tungsten and carbon black as the starting materials. Phase assemblages and microstructure of the as-sintered ceramics were investigated. It was found that graphite existed as an impurity phase due to the volatilization of WO₃, and W could compensate for the WO₃ loss to form WC with a single phase. Benefiting from the enhanced sinterability, WC ceramics with high relative density and good hardness could be obtained at temperature as low as 1500 °C.     

Microstructure and Thermal Properties of Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings from Nanostructured YSZ

Nanostructured yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were produced by atmospheric plasma spraying. The microstructure of the sprayed coating was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The nano-coating had a higher porosity of ~25% than the conventional coating, which is mainly attributed to the large amount of intersplat gaps in the nano-coating. The thermal conductivity for the nano-coating was in the level of 0.8-1.1 W/m·K, about 40% lower than that for the conventional coating, indicating a better thermal insulation performance. The nano-TBC exhibited a thermal cycling lifetime of more than 500 cycles, whereas spallation failure of the conventional TBC occurred within 200 cycles. Accelerated sintering could be one of the reasons for the failure of the nano-TBC.     

轻质CB/RGO复合涂层的制备及其吸波性能研究

目的制备吸波性能优异的碳基复合吸波涂层。方法采用液相法在导电炭黑(CB)体系中原位生长还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)材料,合成了CB/RGO复合吸收剂,并以环氧树脂为基体制备了CB/RGO复合涂层。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对制备的CB/RGO复合吸收剂进行微观结构表征,研究了吸收剂填充量和厚度对涂层电磁性能的影响规律。结果微观结构分析表明,CB以一种类似“葡萄状”的结构形态附着在石墨烯片层之间,在其表面实现包覆性生长,分散均匀且具有较好的附着力;制备的CB/RGO复合涂层质地均匀,密度仅为1.1 g/cm^3,兼具轻质柔性的特征。微波反射率测试结果显示,在高填充量3.0%和3.7%下,涂层均未表现出明显的强电磁吸收能力,而在低填充量1.6%和2.3%下,涂层表现出十分优异的微波吸收性能。结论当填充量为2.3%、厚度为1.9 mm时,涂层表现出最佳的吸波性能,最大吸波强度为−17.1 dB,有效吸波频宽达到6.63 GHz,覆盖整个测量频段的66.3%,显示出良好的宽频吸波性能。另外,当厚度为2.5 mm时,填充量为2.3%的涂层实现了雷达波在X波段的微波全吸收。     

C/SiC/Si-Mo-B/glass multilayer oxidation protective coating for carbon/carbon composites

To prevent carbon/carbon (C/C) composites from oxidation, a self-sealing multilayer oxidation resistant coating including a C/SiC gradient inner layer, a Si-Mo-B middle layer and a glass exterior layer was prepared by pack cementation and slurry method. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the microstructure and phase composition of the as-prepared coating. The isothermal and thermal shock oxidation resistance of the coating was also investigated. The results showed that the multilayer coating exhibited excellent oxidation resistance from room temperature to 1873 K. It could effectively protect C/C composites for 100 h at 1173 K and 150 h at 1873 K, and endure 40 thermal cycles between 1873 K and room temperature. The excellent oxidation and thermal shock resistance could be attributed to the gradient structure and the self-sealing property of the multilayer coating.     

Fabrication and tribological properties of titanium nitride coatings incorporating solid lubricant microreservoirs

The concept of incorporating microscopic reservoirs within a hard coating for the purpose of solid lubricant storage and supply during wear of interacting surfaces has been investigated in this study. A novel method was devised using ceramic beads (1.5-10 μm diameter) as placeholders during the deposition of a TiN coating by reactive sputter deposition. A pin-on-disk wear test was used to test these coatings using graphite and sputter-deposited carbon as the solid lubricant, and an alumina counterface. When tested without any lubricant, the presence of the microreservoirs in the TiN coating appeared to degrade the mechanical integrity of the coating leading to rapid failure. With the graphite lubricant present, the frictional behavior ranged from levels similar to the TiN coating alone, to that of graphite alone. Tests of the TiN coating made using 10 μm beads running against an aluminum counterface showed substantial improvement when the microreservoirs were present. Optical microscopy examination of the wear tracks showed the microreservoirs were generally successful at trapping the graphite lubricant during wear. With a sufficient density and appropriate distribution of the microreservoirs significant improvements in tribological performance can be realized.     

Arc plasma nitriding of graphite surface towards production of a hard carbon nitride case

Electrode grade graphite substrates were exposed in a nitrogen plasma produced in a pot type 35 kW dc extended arc furnace/reactor operating in non-transferred mode. Different gas (Ar, N₂, H₂) configurations were employed to nitride graphite for 15-20 min in the thermal plasma. Characterization of the plasma-nitrided graphite surface made by XRD revealed the presence of carbon nitride in a mixed form consisting of different phases. The 120-160 μm thick nitrided case exhibited enhanced microhardness values by more than 7 times. XPS studies confirmed the carbon and nitrogen bonding in the nitrided layer/case grown on surface. A comparison of morphologies between the un-nitrided and nitrided graphite surface showed a significant difference in the microstructure. Micro Raman spectra of the nitrided graphite surface showed further evidence of nitrogen incorporation and corroborate the XPS and SEM results. The new compound, carbon nitride, which was recently predicted from theoretical studies, is found to have been formed by the interaction between carbon (graphite) and nitrogen plasma due to a favourable free energy condition available in the high temperature plasma ambient.     

Preparation of self-lubricating Ti(C,N)-based cermets by solid carburization and wear behavior

In this work, self-lubricating Ti(C,N)-based cermets were prepared by solid carburization. The sintered cermets were wrapped by carburizing agent and sintered again at 1440 °C with different time. The microstructure and composition of cermets were studied. The wear behavior of cermets containing graphite phase was also evaluated using a block-on-ring tribometer. The results showed that the carbon content increased gradually in binder phase with carburizing time. When the carburizing time was 3 h, the carbon got saturated in binder phase. When the carbon content exceeded the solubility in the binder, excessive carbon precipitated and formed graphite phase. Uniformly distributed graphite clusters formed in cermets after carburization for 4 h. The graphite clusters consisted of flocked graphite particles. With the carburizing time extended to 5 h, the graphite clusters became large and some of them interlaced together. Besides, the wear results indicated that the volume loss of cermets containing graphite phase was half of that without graphite due to the formation of smooth tribofilm on the worn surface of cermets.     

氩弧熔覆WC增强镍基涂层的组织与性能分析

利用氩弧为热源,以 Ni60A 和铸造 WC 混合合金粉末为原料,采用预置法在Q235 普通碳素钢上制备了 WC 增强镍基涂层,用 XJP-200 型金相显微镜和 KyKy-2800 型扫描显微镜观察了熔覆层的结合状况和组织结构,用 MH-6 型硬度计测量了熔覆层截面显微硬度,用 MPX-200 磨损试验机对比了熔覆层和 65Mn 淬火回火钢的耐磨性并分析了熔覆层的耐磨机理.结果表明,以氩弧为熔覆热源制备的熔覆层,组织致密均匀、强韧性高、耐磨性好且与基体呈冶金结合,熔覆层可以用于零件表面的耐磨强化.

Abstract：

In order to improve the wear-resistance properties of carbon steel, WC particulate reinforced Ni-based composite coatings was fabricated on Q235 steel substrate by using argon-arc cladding and using the mixed-powders of Ni60A and cast tungsten carbide powder as the raw materials. The bonding state and microstructure of the coatings were observed with metallography microscope model XJP-200 and scanning electronic microscope model KyKy2800, the microhardness of the cross section of the coatings was tested with the hardmeter of model MH-6, the abradability of cladding coating to 65Mn steel quenched and tempered was used to compare wear tester model MPX-200, and the abrasion mechanism of the claddings was analyzed. The results indicate that microstructure of the claddings is uniform, continuous and defect-free; the strength,toughness and wear resistance of the claddings are excellent; bonding between the coating and the carbon steel substrate is ensured by the strong metallurgical interface. The claddings can be used to strengthen the surface of the wear-resistant parts.     

不同饱和聚酯树脂对导电油墨性能的影响

采用饱和聚酯树脂作为导电油墨的有机相，研究了饱和树脂对该导电油墨性能的影响，通过光学显微镜、SEM观察了印刷膜层形貌图案，利用流变仪，分析了导电油墨的流平性能，利用四探针测试仪，厚度计及百格法研究了导电油墨的导电性及附着力性能。结果表明，饱和聚酯树脂作为有机相制备的导电油墨具有良好的印刷平整性和致密性，玻璃化温度高的饱和聚酯调制的导电油墨硬度高、电阻低、附着力弱，玻璃化温度低的饱和聚酯调制的导电油墨硬度低、电阻高、附着力强，调整导电油墨配方中不同玻璃化转移温度的树脂的比例，可提高导电油墨的综合性能。玻璃转化温度高的树脂用量:玻璃转化温度低的树脂用量=4:1时，导电油墨综合性能最好；在该配方中添加有机膨润土会使导电油墨室温储存后性能下降。     

Characterization Studies of Mullite Coatings on Cast Aluminum

Thermal barrier coating of mullite was plasma sprayed on cast aluminum A 356.0, in the T6 condition (solution treated, quenched and artificially aged) for use in internal combustion engine applications. This study pertains to the mechanical, thermal, wear, corrosion and micro structural characterization of the coating. An average coating tensile strength of 50 MPa and average adhesive bond strength of 20 MPa was measured in the mechanical tests. A wear factor of 0.7 × 10⁻³ mg/Nm was measured in the wear studies using a pin on disk apparatus. An average value of 0.151 W/m K was measured in the thermal conductivity test. The coating withstood 100 cycles in the thermal shock test, without any sign of spallation. Corrosion tests showed no signs of corrosion even after 500 h. The microstructural and porosity studies were conducted using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) attachment. The studies revealed a crystalline microstructure of the substrate, which correspond to the splat structure of the coating. The porosity of the coated layers ranged from 6 to 21% by volume, at an average of 12-16%. EDS studies showed the elements present in the coating. X-ray diffraction patterns taken on coated specimens, showed the phases present in the coating, and indicated a crystalline structure of the coating along with some amorphous matter.     

Corrosion characteristics of plasma-sprayed Ni-coated WC coatings comparison with different post-treatment

The effects of vacuum annealing and laser remelting on the microstructure and corrosion behaviour of plasma-sprayed Ni-coated WC coatings on steel substrate have been investigated. The laser remelting was operated in a continuous way while the vacuum annealing was operated with clamping the coating on the graphite face in order to avoid decarburization of WC. When compared with the as-sprayed coating, the microstructure of the post-heating treatment coatings has been found to consist of different phases. Moreover, the denser microstructure can be obtained after heating treatment, especially the laser remelting coating. Electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) shows that the chemical composition remained largely unchanged except the “bumps” at the interface for as-sprayed and vacuum annealing coatings. The more uniform composition was obtained for laser remelting coating. The Vickers microhardness measurement shows a very slightly enhancement for post-heating treatment coatings, which may be duo to the lamellar structure, lower contemt and bulky of carbide for coatings. However, salt spray corrosion (SSC) show the laser remelting coating has the best corrosion resistance, which is due to its low number defects and uniform distribution of the phase and composition.     

合成球墨铸铁技术在轧辊生产中的应用

对复合轧辊所用合成球墨铸铁的增碳原理及实际生产工艺进行了论述,并分析了采用增碳工艺后合成球墨铸铁的组织和性能,结果表明,影响增碳吸收率的因素主要有增碳剂的粒度、熔炼过程中铁液的搅拌、铁液的化学成分、铁液饱和浓度、增碳剂加入量.采用增碳工艺后,铸铁组织明显改善,石墨均匀分布,且形态得到明显改善,石墨球化良好,未出现片状组织,铸件硬度提高,硬度更加均匀.