lncRNA PCGEM1通过靶向miR-155-5p抑制LPS诱导的气管平滑肌细胞增殖及炎症反应北大核心CSCD

目的研究lncRNA PCGEM1/miR-155-5p轴对LPS诱导的气管平滑肌细胞增殖和凋亡及炎症反应的影响。方法采用100μg/ml LPS刺激支气管平滑肌细胞BSMC 12 h以诱导细胞损伤。实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测细胞lncRNA PCGEM1和miR-155-5p表达水平;细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)法检测细胞增殖;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;蛋白质印迹(Western blot)法检测细胞CyclinD1、Cleaved-caspase-3蛋白表达;双荧光素酶报告实验检测lncRNA PCGEM1和miR-155-5p靶向关系。结果与NC组比较,LPS组细胞lncRNA PCGEM1表达水平显著降低,miR-155-5p表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。与pcDNA+LPS组比较,pcDNA-lncRNA PCGEM1+LPS组lncRNA PCGEM1表达水平显著升高,吸光度值、CyclinD1蛋白表达显著降低,细胞凋亡率、Cleaved-caspase-3蛋白表达显著升高,TNF-α、IL-6、IL-33水平显著降低(P<0.05)。与anti-miR-NC+LPS组比较,antimiR-155-5p+LPS组miR-155-5p表达水平显著降低,吸光度值、CyclinD1蛋白表达显著降低,细胞凋亡率、Cleaved-caspase-3蛋白表达显著升高,TNF-α、IL-6、IL-33水平显著降低(P<0.05)。与miR-NC+pcDNA-lncRNA PCGEM1+LPS组比较,miR-155-5p+pcDNA-lncRNA PCGEM1+LPS组细胞miR-155-5p表达水平显著升高,吸光度值、CyclinD1蛋白表达显著升高,细胞凋亡率、Cleaved-caspase-3蛋白表达显著降低,TNF-α、IL-6、IL-33水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论lncRNA PCGEM1下调miR-155-5p降低LPS诱导的气管平滑肌细胞凋亡及炎症反应,抑制增殖。     

miR-205对体外脓毒症心肌细胞模型细胞凋亡和炎症因子分泌的影响北大核心CSCD

目的:探讨miR-205对体外脓毒症心肌细胞模型细胞凋亡和炎症因子分泌的影响。方法:qRT-PCR方法分析脓毒症大鼠心肌组织中miR-205表达变化,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡,ELISA法检测TNF-α、IL-6水平。心肌细胞分成Control组、LPS组(LPS诱导)、miR-NC+LPS组(转染mimics control,LPS诱导)、miR-205+LPS组(转染miR-205 mimics,LPS诱导),CCK-8方法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡变化,Western blot检测C-Caspase-3、NF-κBp65蛋白表达,二硝基苯肼法检测LDH水平,硫代巴比妥酸法检测MDA水平,黄嘌呤法检测SOD水平,比色法检测GSH-Px水平,ELISA法检测TNF-α、IL-6水平。用NF-κB信号激活剂处理上调miR-205的心肌细胞,同样检测细胞增殖、凋亡、氧化损伤以及细胞炎症因子分泌水平。结果:脓毒症大鼠心肌组织中miR-205表达水平降低,心肌组织中细胞凋亡指数增加,TNF-α、IL-6水平升高。LPS组心肌细胞中miR-205水平降低,细胞存活率降低,细胞凋亡率升高,细胞中C-Caspase-3蛋白表达增多,培养液上清中LDH、TNF-α、IL-6水平升高,细胞中MDA水平升高,SOD、GSH-Px水平降低,与Control组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。miR-205+LPS组心肌细胞中miR-205水平升高,细胞存活率升高,细胞凋亡率降低,细胞中C-Caspase-3蛋白表达减少,培养液上清中LDH、TNF-α、IL-6水平降低,细胞中MDA水平降低,SOD、GSH-Px水平升高,与miR-NC+LPS组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。NF-κB信号激活剂逆转miR-205对LPS诱导的心肌细胞损伤作用。结论:miR-205抑制体外脓毒症心肌细胞模型细胞凋亡和炎症因子分泌,机制可能与下调NF-κB信号有关。     

黄芩素调控miR-378a-5p对脂多糖诱导的心肌细胞损伤和凋亡的影响北大核心CSCD

目的:探讨黄芩素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的心肌细胞(H9C2)损伤和凋亡的影响,并分析其机制是否与调控miR-378a-5p表达有关。方法:将H9C2细胞分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+10μmol/L黄芩素组、LPS+20μmol/L黄芩素组、LPS+40μmol/L黄芩素组、LPS+20μmol/L黄芩素+miR-con组、LPS+20μmol/L黄芩素+miR-378a-5p组。细胞计数法、流式细胞术分析细胞活力和凋亡。试剂盒检测丙二醛(MDA)水平、乳酸盐脱氢酶(LDH)释放量、TNF-α和IL-6分泌量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。实时定量PCR分析miR-378a-5p表达量。结果:LPS处理显著降低H9C2细胞存活率、促进细胞凋亡,增加MDA水平、LDH释放量、TNF-α和IL-6分泌量、miR-378a-5p表达量,降低SOD和GSH-Px活性(P<0.05)。黄芩素显著提高LPS处理的H9C2细胞存活率,抑制细胞凋亡,降低MDA水平、LDH释放量、TNF-α和IL-6分泌量、miR-378a-5p表达量,并增加SOD和GSH-Px活性(P<0.05)。过表达miR-378a-5p显著减弱黄芩素对LPS处理的H9C2细胞存活率、凋亡、MDA水平、LDH释放量、TNF-α和IL-6分泌量以及SOD和GSH-Px活性的影响(P<0.05)。结论:黄芩素可减轻LPS诱导的心肌细胞损伤和凋亡,其机制可能与下调受损心肌细胞miR-378a-5p表达有关。     

栀子多糖调控miR-141-3p对LPS诱导的心肌细胞炎症反应及凋亡的影响北大核心CSCD

目的:探讨栀子多糖对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的心肌细胞炎症反应、凋亡的影响及分子机制。方法:100 ng/ml LPS处理H9C2细胞作为LPS组,正常培养的细胞作为对照组,采用终浓度为2.5、5、10μmol/L的栀子多糖和100 ng/ml LPS共同培养的细胞作为栀子多糖低、中、高浓度组。将H9C2细胞分为LPS+Experiment-H+anti-miR-NC组、LPS+Experiment-H+anti-miR-141-3p组、LPS+Experiment-H+pcDNA3.1组、LPS+Experiment-H+pcDNA3.1-KLF6组。ELISA检测IL-1β、TNF-α水平;Western blot检测Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、Krupple样转录因子6(KLF6)蛋白表达;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;RT-qPCR检测miR-141-3p表达;荧光素酶报告实验检测miR-141-3p和KLF6的靶向关系。结果:LPS诱导的心肌细胞中IL-1β、TNF-α水平、Bax表达、细胞凋亡率显著升高,miR-141-3p表达显著降低,KLF6表达显著升高(P<0.05)。栀子多糖处理后LPS诱导的心肌细胞中IL-1β、TNF-α水平、Bax表达、细胞凋亡率显著降低,miR-141-3p表达显著升高,KLF6表达显著降低(P<0.05)。抑制miR-141-3p表达和过表达KLF6逆转了栀子多糖对LPS作用的H9C2细胞凋亡和炎症因子的抑制作用。miR-141-3p可靶向调控KLF6表达。结论:栀子多糖可抑制LPS诱导的心肌细胞凋亡和炎症因子释放,对LPS诱导的心肌细胞损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与miR-141-3p和KLF6有关。     

LINC00707靶向miR-374a-3p对LPS诱导的肺上皮细胞炎症因子释放和凋亡的影响北大核心CSCD

目的:研究长基因间非编码RNA 00707(LINC00707)靶向miR-374a-3p对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的肺上皮细胞炎症因子释放和凋亡的影响。方法:采用10μg/ml LPS处理肺上皮细胞BEAS-2B建立细胞损伤模型,并分为对照组(Con)、LPS组、LPS+si-NC组、LPS+si-LINC00707组、LPS+miR-NC组、LPS+miR-374a-3p组、LPS+si-LINC00707+anti-miR-NC组、LPS+si-LINC00707+anti-miR-374a-3p组。RT-qPCR检测LINC00707和miR-374a-3p表达;ELISA试剂盒检测细胞培养液中IL-6和IL-1β水平;流式细胞仪检测BEAS-2B细胞凋亡率。双荧光素酶报告实验分析LINC00707和miR-374a-3p的靶向关系。结果:与Con组比较,LPS组BEAS-2B细胞凋亡率、IL-6和IL-1β释放量、LINC00707表达显著升高(P<0.05),miR-374a-3p表达显著降低(P<0.05)。与LPS+si-NC组比较,LPS+si-LINC00707组BEAS-2B细胞凋亡率、IL-6和IL-1β释放量显著降低(P<0.05)。与LPS+miR-NC组比较,LPS+miR-374a-3p组BEAS-2B细胞凋亡率、IL-6和IL-1β释放量显著降低(P<0.05)。miR-374a-3p是LINC00707的靶基因,LINC00707负调控miR-374a-3p表达。与LPS+si-LINC00707+anti-miR-NC组比较,LPS+si-LINC00707+antimiR-374a-3p组BEAS-2B细胞凋亡率、IL-6和IL-1β释放量显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:干扰LINC00707通过靶向上调miR-374a-3p抑制LPS诱导的肺上皮细胞凋亡和炎症因子释放。     

沉默 HOXA11-AS 靶向 miR-766-3p 对 ox-LDL 诱导的血管内皮细胞损伤的影响

目的 探讨长链非编码 RNA (lncRNA) 同源异形盒基因 A11 反义 RNA (HOXA11-AS) 靶向微小 RNA-766-3p (miR-766-3p) 对氧化低密度脂蛋白 ( ox-LDL) 诱导的血管内皮细胞损伤的影响。 方法 以 100 μg / mL 的 ox-LDL 处理人脐静脉血管内皮细胞 (human umbilical vein endothelial cell, HUVEC) 24 h 建立 细胞损伤模型。 将 HUVEC 分为对照 (con) 组、 ox-LDL 组、 ox-LDL + si-NC 组、 ox-LDL + si-HOXA11-AS 组、 ox-LDL + miR-NC 组、 ox-LDL + miR-766-3p 组、 ox-LDL + si-HOXA11-AS + anti-miR-NC 组、 ox-LDL + si-HOXA11-AS + anti-miR-766-3p 组。 RT-qPCR 检测 HOXA11-AS 和 miR-766-3p 表达。 流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡。 试剂盒检测 LDH 释放量、 胞内 SOD 活性。 ELISA 法检测培养液中 TNF-α、 IL-1β 水平。 双荧光素酶报告实 验确定 HOXA11-AS 和 miR-766-3p 的靶向关系。 结果 与 con 组比较, ox-LDL 组 HUVEC 细胞凋亡率、 LDH 释放量、 HOXA11-AS 表达量以及培养液中 TNF-α、 IL-1β 水平显著升高 (P< 0. 05), SOD 活性、 miR-766-3p 表达量显著降低 (P< 0. 05)。 与 ox-LDL + si-NC 组比较, ox-LDL + si-HOXA11-AS 组 HUVEC 细胞凋亡率、 LDH 释放量以及培养液中 TNF-α、 IL-1β 水平显著降低 (P< 0. 05), SOD 活性显著升高 (P< 0. 05)。 与 ox-LDL + miR-NC 组比较, ox-LDL + miR-766-3p 组 HUVEC 细胞凋亡率、 LDH 释放量以及培养液中 TNF-α、 IL-1β 水平显著降低 (P< 0. 05), SOD 活性显著升高 (P< 0. 05)。 miR-766-3p 是 HOXA11-AS 的直接靶点。 与 ox-LDL + si-HOXA11-AS + anti-miR-NC 组比较, ox-LDL + si-HOXA11-AS + anti-miR-766-3p 组 HUVEC 细胞凋亡 率、 LDH 释放量以及培养液中 TNF-α、 IL-1β 水平显著升高 (P< 0. 05), SOD 活性显著降低 (P< 0. 05)。 结论 沉默 HOXA11-AS 通过靶向上调 miR-766-3p 表达能够抑制 ox-LDL 诱导的血管内皮细胞凋亡、 氧化应 激和炎性反应。     

黄芩素通过上调miR-7-5p影响脂多糖诱导的肾小球上皮细胞氧化应激及凋亡

目的:探讨黄芩素(SCU)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的人肾小球上皮细胞氧化应激和凋亡的影响及其机制。方法:体外培养人肾小球上皮细胞,LPS(1.0 mg/L)处理建立细胞损伤模型,分为正常对照(NC)组、LPS组、NC+SCU组、LPS+SCU组、LPS+miR-NC组、LPS+微小RNA-7-5p(miR-7-5p)组、LPS+SCU+anti-miR-NC组和LPS+SCU+anti-miR-7-5p组。CCK-8法检测细胞活力;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;试剂盒测定细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,以及细胞培养上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性;RT-qPCR检测miR-7-5p的表达水平。结果:与NC组比较,LPS组细胞活力、miR-7-5p表达和SOD活性显著降低,细胞凋亡率、MDA含量和LDH活性显著升高(P0.05);与LPS组比较,LPS+SCU组细胞活力、miR-7-5p表达和SOD活性显著升高,细胞凋亡率、MDA含量和LDH活性显著降低(P0.05);与LPS+miR-NC组比较,LPS+miR-7-5p组细胞活力和SOD活性显著升高,细胞凋亡率、MDA含量和LDH活性显著降低(P0.05);与LPS+SCU+anti-miR-NC组比较,LPS+SCU+anti-miR-7-5p组细胞活力和SOD活性显著降低,细胞凋亡率、MDA含量和LDH活性显著升高(P0.05)。结论:黄芩素通过上调miR-7-5p表达抑制LPS诱导的肾小球上皮细胞氧化应激损伤和凋亡。     

依托咪酯上调miR-290-5p减轻LPS诱导的大鼠心肌细胞系H9C2损伤

目的探讨依托咪酯(Eto)对脂多糖(LPS)所致大鼠心肌细胞系H9C2损伤的保护机制。方法将H9C2细胞分为对照(Co)组、LPS组(1μg/mL的LPS处理6 h)、Eto+LPS组、miR-con+LPS组、miR-290-5p+LPS组、Eto+anti-miR-con+LPS组和Eto+anti-miR-290-5p+LPS组。四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法及流式细胞计量术分别检测细胞活力及细胞凋亡;实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测miR-290-5p的表达水平。酶连免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测细胞培养液中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)的含量。结果与对照组比较,LPS组H9C2细胞miR-290-5p表达降低(P0.05),细胞存活率降低(P0.05),凋亡率升高(P0.05),TNF-α和IL-6的含量升高(P0.05);与LPS组比较,Eto+LPS组H9C2细胞miR-290-5p表达升高(P0.05),细胞存活率升高(P0.05),凋亡率降低(P0.05),细胞培养液中TNF-α和IL-6的含量降低(P0.05);与miR-con+LPS组比较,miR-290-5p+LPS组H9C2细胞存活率升高(P0.05),凋亡率降低(P0.05),细胞培养液中TNF-α和IL-6的含量降低(P0.05);与Eto+anti-miR-con+LPS组比较,Eto+anti-miR-290-5p+LPS组H9C2细胞存活率降低(P0.05),凋亡率升高(P0.05),细胞培养液中TNF-α和IL-6的含量升高(P0.05)。结论依托咪酯上调miR-290-5p可减轻LPS诱导的心肌细胞凋亡及炎性反应。     

lncRNA FGD5-AS1靶向miR-15a-5p调控LPS诱导的脓毒症细胞损伤

目的:探讨长链非编码RNA FGD5-AS1(lncRNA FGD5-AS1)对LPS诱导的脓毒症细胞损伤的影响及分子机制。方法:500 ng/ml脂多糖(LPS)诱导THP-1细胞损伤。THP-1细胞分为对照组、LPS组、pcDNA组、pcDNA-FGD5-AS1组、anti-miR-NC组、anti-miR-15a-5p组、pcDNA-FGD5-AS1+miR-NC组、pcDNA-FGD5-AS1+miR-15a-5p组。RT-qPCR检测lncRNA FGD5-AS1和miR-15a-5p表达;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;Western blot法检测蛋白表达;ELISA检测IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α水平。双荧光素酶报告实验检测lncRNA FGD5-AS1和miR-15a-5p的靶向关系。结果:与对照组相比,经LPS诱导的THP-1细胞中,lncRNA FGD5-AS1表达降低,miR-15a-5p表达升高(P<0.05)。过表达lncRNA FGD5-AS1和下调miR-15a-5p均能够显著降低细胞凋亡以及炎症细胞因子IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α表达(P<...     

薄荷脑通过miR-1247-3p/PI3K/Akt通路影响LPS诱导的Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞凋亡和炎症反应的分子机制研究

目的：探讨薄荷脑对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的Ⅱ型肺泡上皮（AT-Ⅱ）细胞凋亡和炎症反应的影响及分子机制。方法：以5、10、15 mg/L的LPS处理AT-Ⅱ细胞，CCK-8法检测细胞活性；将AT-Ⅱ细胞随机分为对照（NC）组、15 mg/L LPS组、1、5、10μmol/L薄荷脑+15 mg/L LPS组、anti-miR-NC+15 mg/L LPS组、anti-miR-1247-3p+15 mg/L LPS组、miR-NC+10μmol/L薄荷脑+15 mg/L LPS组、miR-1247-3p+10μmol/L薄荷脑+15 mg/L LPS组；采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡；ELISA检测TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平；Western blot检测蛋白表达；RT-qPCR检测miR-1247-3p表达水平。结果：不同浓度LPS处理后AT-Ⅱ细胞活性降低（P<0.05）。LPS诱导的AT-Ⅱ细胞中Cleaved-caspase-3表达水平及细胞凋亡率升高，TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平升高，miR-1247-3p表达水平升高，p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白表达水平降低（P...     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.