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1.
Arab A Trigo JR Lourenção AL Peixoto AM Ramos F Bento JM 《Journal of chemical ecology》2007,33(10):1845-1855
The behavioral responses of the potato tuberworm moth Phthorimaea operculella and the polyphagous predator Orius insidiosus to volatiles emanating from exposed tubers were studied by four-arm olfactometer bioassays. Mated females of P. operculella distinguished volatiles released by intact potato tubers from volatiles damaged mechanically or by conspecific larvae. Volatiles
from intact potato tubers were attractive to them. On the other hand, unmated females of P. operculella did not respond to tuber volatiles. Adults of O. insidiosus were attracted to volatiles from tubers damaged by P. operculella larvae, but did not respond to intact or mechanically damaged tubers. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was the only compound identified
from the headspace of potato tubers (GC-MS of direct headspace sampling). The amount varied with the type of induction, being
0.001 ± 0.0003 ng g−1 in tissues of intact fresh tubers, 0.002 ± 0.0007 ng g−1 in mechanically damaged tubers, and showing a six- to tenfold increase in P. operculella damaged tubers (0.090 ± 0.006 ng g−1). Behavioral bioassays with synthetic MeJA confirmed that the response of the insects is dependent on MeJA concentration.
Mated females of P. operculella showed the highest response at 0.001 ng g−1 (concentration released by intact tubers), whereas O. insidiosus showed the highest response, between 0.01 and 0.05 ng g−1, which is close to the concentration released by P. operculella damaged tubers. Based on these results, we postulate that P. operculella and O. insidiosus have adapted their responses to plant volatiles differently, enabling them to locate suitable hosts or prey. 相似文献
2.
Qing-He Zhang Jian-Hai Ma Feng-Yu Zhao Li-Wen Song Jiang-Hua Sun 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(5):610-617
Volatiles from hindgut extracts of males of the Qinghai spruce bark beetle, Ips nitidus, from different attack phases (phase 1: unpaired males and phases 2–4: males joined with one to three females) and hindgut
extracts of mated females were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)/flame ionization detection (FID) with
both polar and enantioselective columns. The GC–MS/FID analyses demonstrated that unpaired males from attack phase 1 (nuptial
chamber constructed) produced 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, approx. 74%-(−)-ipsdienol, and (−)-cis-verbenol as major hindgut components, and (−)-trans-verbenol, (−)-ipsenol, (−)-verbenone, myrtenol, and 2-phenylethanol as minor or trace components. The quantities of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol
and especially ipsdienol decreased after mating during phases 2–4, whereas the quantities of (−)-cis- and (−)-trans-verbenol did not change. In contrast, the quantity of (−)-ipsenol seemed to increase as mating activity progressed. After
mating with three females (harem size = 3; phase 4), only trace to small amounts of male-specific compounds were detected
from I. nitidus male hindguts. Chemical analysis of the hindgut extracts of mated females showed only trace amounts of semiochemicals. A
field-trapping bioassay in Qinghai, China showed that the four-component “full blend” containing the three major components,
2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, (±)-ipsdienol, and (−)-cis-verbenol, plus a minor component, (−)-trans-verbenol, caught significantly more I. nitidus (♂/♀ = 1:2.2) than did the unbaited control and two binary blends. The replacement of (±)-ipsdienol with nearly enantiomerically
pure (−)-ipsdienol in the “full blend” significantly reduced trap catches, which suggests that both enantiomers are needed
for attraction. On the other hand, removal of (−)-trans-verbenol from the active “full blend” had no significant effect on trap catches. Our results suggest that the three major
components, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 74%-(−)-ipsdienol, and (−)-cis-verbenol (at 7:2:1), produced by unpaired fed males, are likely the aggregation pheromone components of I. nitidus, thus representing the first characterization of an aggregation pheromone system of a bark beetle native solely to China. 相似文献
3.
Trail pheromones mediate communication among western subterranean termites, Reticulitermes hesperus Banks. Repetitive passages of ≥28 termites were required to establish a pheromone trail and trails needed to be reinforced
because they lasted <48 hr. The minimal threshold concentration for inducing responses from termite workers and secondary
reproductives was between 0.01 and 0.1 fg/cm of (3Z,6Z,8E)-dodecatrien-1-ol (henceforth, dodecatrienol). Workers showed optimal trail-following behavior to dodecatrienol at a concentration
of 10 fg/cm. Trails with concentrations >10 pg/cm were repellent to workers. Workers did not detect pheromone gradients, responding
equally to increasing or decreasing gradients of dodecatrienol, and termite workers were not able to differentiate between
different concentrations of dodecatrienol. Termites preferred dodecatrienol trails to 2-phenoxyethanol trails. Antennae played
a key role in trail pheromone perception. Dodecatrienol acted as an arrestant for worker termites (10 fg/cm2) and male alates (5 ng/cm2), whereas sternal gland extracts from females attracted male alates. Workers and alates, upon contact with filter paper disks
treated with higher doses (10 fg/cm2 and 5 ng/cm2, respectively) of dodecatrienol, were highly excited (increased antennation and palpation) and repeatedly returned to the
treated disks. Dodecatrienol did not act as a phagostimulant when offered on a paper towel disk. Reticulitermes hesperus is highly responsive to dodecatrienol, and it may play an important role in orientation of workers and alates. 相似文献
4.
Emerson S. Lacey Jocelyn G. Millar Jardel A. Moreira Lawrence M. Hanks 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(6):733-740
Adults of both sexes of the cerambycid beetles Xylotrechus colonus (F.) and Sarosesthes fulminans (F.) were attracted to odors produced by male conspecifics in olfactometer bioassays. Analyses of headspace volatiles from
adults revealed that male X. colonus produced a blend of (R)- and (S)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and (2 S,3 S)- and (2R,3R)-2,3-hexanediol, whereas male S. fulminans produced (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and (2 S,3R)-2,3-hexanediol. All of these compounds were absent in the headspace of females. Two field bioassays were conducted to confirm
the biological activity of the synthesized pheromones: (1) enantiomerically enriched pheromone components were tested singly
and in species-specific blends and (2) four-component mixture of racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one plus racemic 2-hydroxyhexan-3-one
and the four-component blend of the stereoisomers of 2,3-hexanediols were tested separately and as a combined eight-component
blend. In these experiments, adult male and female X. colonus were captured in greatest numbers in traps baited with the reconstructed blend of components produced by males, although
significant numbers were also captured in traps baited with (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one alone or in blends with other compounds. Too few adult S. fulminans were captured for a statistical comparison among treatments, but all were caught in traps baited with lures containing (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one. In addition to these two species, adults of two other species of cerambycid beetles, for which pheromones
had previously been identified, were caught: Neoclytus a. acuminatus (F.) and its congener Neoclytus m. mucronatus (F.). Cross-attraction of beetles to pheromone blends of other species, and to individual pheromone components that are shared
by two or more sympatric species, may facilitate location of larval hosts by species that compete for the same host species. 相似文献
5.
The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the most important invasive species in pine forests of Asia, is transported to new pine hosts by beetles of the genus Monochamus. Third-stage dispersal juveniles (JIII) aggregate in pupal chambers around the vector as it matures. We demonstrated that the ratio of three terpenes (α-pinene,
β-pinene, and longifolene at 1:2.7:1.1) released by larval Monochamus alternatus strongly attract JIII, whereas the different ratio (1:0.1:0.01) of these three terpenes found in healthy xylem of Pinus massoniana attracts only the propagative stage (Jn) of the nematode. We suggest that the volatiles produced by the host plants could be the basis of a chemoecological relationship
between plant parasitic nematodes and their vector insects. Capture of JIII with terpene-baited trap tubes deployed for 2 hr in the field was demonstrated. This technique may lead to the development
of rapid sampling methodologies for use at either ports-of-entry or in the field. 相似文献
6.
The dish pack method, which measures growth inhibition or promotion effects of volatile compounds on germinating seeds, was
applied to measure the antifungal effects of 52 dried samples of spices and herbs against a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus,
Fusarium oxysporum. Black zira showed the strongest effect, followed by cumin and cardamom. Headspace sampling and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
analysis of black zira identified seven volatile compounds, γ-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, β-pinene, α-pinene, cuminaldehyde, and myrcene. Among these, cuminaldehyde and p-cymene showed the strongest antifungal activities against F. oxysporum, suggesting roles in the antifungal activity of black zira. The same compounds also showed antifungal activities against
another soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus, Verticillium dahliae, and foliar phytopathogenic fungi, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria mali. The total activity calculated from the concentration of cuminaldehyde contained in black zira and its EC50 against F. oxysporum demonstrated that cuminaldehyde is the main antifungal compound detected in black zira. 相似文献
7.
Sequestration of Furostanol Saponins by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monophadnus</Emphasis> Sawfly Larvae
Prieto JM Schaffner U Barker A Braca A Siciliano T Boevé JL 《Journal of chemical ecology》2007,33(3):513-524
Sawfly larvae of the tribe Phymatocerini (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), which are specialized on toxic plants in the orders
Liliales and Ranunculales, exude a droplet of deterrent hemolymph upon attack by a predator. We investigated whether secondary
plant metabolites from Ranunculaceae leaves are sequestered by phymatocerine Monophadnus species, i.e., Monophadnus alpicola feeding upon Pulsatilla alpina and Monophadnus monticola feeding upon Ranunculus lanuginosus. Moreover, two undescribed Monophadnus species were studied: species A collected from Helleborus foetidus and species B collected from Helleborus viridis. Comparative high-performance liquid chromatographic–photodiode array detection–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometric
analyses of plant leaf and insect hemolymph extracts revealed the presence of furostanol saponins in all samples. Larvae of
species A and B actively sequestered (25R)-26-[(α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-22α-methoxyfurost-5-en-3β-yl O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-[6-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (compound 1). This compound occurred at a 65- to 200-fold higher concentration in the hemolymph of the two species (1.6 and 17.5 μmol/g
FW, respectively) than in their host plant (0.008 and 0.268 μmol/g FW, respectively). In M. monticola, compound 1 was found at a concentration (1.2 μmol/g FW) similar to that in the host plant (1.36 μmol/g FW). The compound could not be
detected consistently in M. alpicola larvae where, however, a related saponin may be present. Additional furostanol saponins were found in H. foetidus and H. viridis, but not in the two Monophadnus species feeding on them, indicating that sequestration of compound 1 is a highly specific process. In laboratory bioassays, crude hemolymph of three Monophadnus species showed a significant feeding deterrent activity against a potential predator, Myrmica rubra ant workers. Isolated furostanol saponins were also active against the ants, at a concentration range similar to that found
in the hemolymph. Thus, these compounds seem to play a major role for chemical defense of Monophadnus larvae, although other plant secondary metabolites (glycosylated ecdysteroids) were also detected in their hemolymph. Physiological
and ecological implications of the sequestered furostanol saponins are discussed.
Dedicated to the memory of Professor Ivano Morelli (1940–2005) 相似文献
8.
Yanqing Ma Gongxuan Lu 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2008,18(4):435-440
The supramolecular recognition of Ca(II) and N
α-4-tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (TAME) with ATP were investigated using 1H and 31P NMR spectra. In the Ca(II)–ATP–TAME ternary system, Ca2+ and TAME bind with ATP via the phosphate chain and adenine ring of ATP. The binding forces are mainly electrostatic and cation
(Ca2+)–π and π–π stacking interaction. Furthermore, the hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by Ca(II) and TAME was studied at pH 7.0 and
60 °C using 31P NMR spectra. Kinetics studies show that the ATP hydrolysis rate constant is 0.1035 h−1 in the Ca(II)–TAME–ATP ternary system, whereas the value is 8.5 × 10−3 h−1 under the same conditions without TAME and Ca2+. The Ca(II) ions and TAME accelerate the ATP hydrolysis process about 12-fold. The proposed mechanism of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed
by Ca2+–TAME occurs through an addition–elimination reaction sequence. These results can help us get more useful information at the
molecular level about the key amino acid residue(s) and metal ions that serve as cofactors in the ATPase effect on ATP hydrolysis/synthesis. 相似文献
9.
Soares AR Ferrarese Mde L Siqueira Rde C Böhm FM Ferrarese-Filho O 《Journal of chemical ecology》2007,33(2):265-275
l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA), an allelochemical exuded from the roots of velvet bean [Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis], presents a highly inhibitory action to plant growth. The effects of l-DOPA on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) and peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) activities, and phenolic compound
and lignin content in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] roots were investigated to determine the possible phytotoxic mechanism. Three-day-old seedlings were cultivated
in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution (pH 6.0), without or with 0.1 to 1.0 mM l-DOPA in a growth chamber (25°C, 12-hr light to 12-hr darkness photoperiod, irradiance of 280 μmol m−2 s−1) for 24 hr. In general, the length, fresh weight, and dry weight of the roots decreased, whereas PAL and POD activities and
phenolic compound and lignin content increased after l-DOPA treatments. Results showed the susceptibility of soybean to l-DOPA and reinforce the role of this nonprotein amino acid as a strong allelochemical. The present findings also suggest that
l-DOPA-induced inhibition in soybean roots may be because of a cell wall stiffening process related to the formation of cross-linking
between cell wall polymers linked to lignin production. 相似文献
10.
The production of salicylihalamide A by the marine sponge Haliclona sp. was investigated. Samples of the two morphologies (green and brown) were collected from four locations covering approximately
1,200 km of coastline. Temporal variation between winter and summer was also examined at Bremer Bay. Chemical profiling by
using liquid chromatography coupled with ultra violet detection and mass spectrometry showed that salicylihalamide A was produced
only by the green morphology. Salicylihalamide A concentration was significantly correlated to water temperature but not to
the size or depth of the sponge. Salicylihalamide A concentration was found to differ significantly among locations (Bremer
Bay 13.5 μg g−1, Hamelin Bay 11 μg g−1, Rottnest Island 9.9 μg g−1, and Jurien Bay 8.5 μg g−1) partially accounted for by the influence of water temperature. A difference between seasons was also observed in Bremer
Bay (summer concentration of 13.5 μg g−1 vs. winter concentration of 8.2 μg g−1). Environmental and physiological factors appear to be important in the production of salicylihalamide A by the green morphology.
Additionally, the brown morphology does not produce salicylihalamide A, thus adding to the evidence that this morphology may
be a different species. 相似文献
11.
Two antibacterial and xanthine oxidase inhibitory cerebrosides, one of which is chemically new, were characterized from the
chloroform-methanol (1∶1) extract of Fusarium sp. IFB-121, an endophytic fungus in Quercus variabilis. By means of chemical and spectral methods [IR, electrospray ionization MS (ESI-MS), tandem ESI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer, COSY, heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence, heteronuclear
multiple-bond correlation, and 2-D nuclear Overhauser effect correlation spectroscopy], the structure of the new metabolite
named fusaruside was established as (2S,2′R,3R,3′E,4E,8E,10E)-1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2-N-(2′-hydroxy-3′-octadecenoyl)-3-hydroxy-9-methyl-4,8,10-sphingatrienine, and the structure of the other was identified as
(2S,2′R,3R,3′E,4E,8E)-1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2-N-(2′-hydroxy-3′-octadecenoyl)-3-hydroxy-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine. Both new and known cerebrosides, although inactive to
Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans, showed strong antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, with their minimum inhibitory concentrations being 3.9, 3.9, and 1.9 μg/mL, and 7.8, 3.9, and 7.8 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore,
both metabolites were inhibitory to xanthine oxidase, with the IC50 value of fusaruside being 43.8±3.6 μM and the known cerebroside being 55.5±1.8 μM. 相似文献
12.
Heverton Silva Camargos Adolfo Henrique Moraes Silva Jorge Luiz Vieira Anjos Antonio Alonso 《Lipids》2010,45(5):419-427
In this work, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of the small spin label di-tert-butyl nitroxide (DTBN), which partitions the aqueous and hydrocarbon phases, to study the interaction of the terpenes α-terpineol,
1,8-cineole, l(−)-carvone and (+)-limonene with the uppermost skin layer, the stratum corneum, and the membrane models of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC). The EPR spectra indicated that the terpenes increase both the partition coefficient and
the rotational correlation time of the spin labels in the stratum corneum membranes, whereas similar effects were observed
in the DMPC and DPPC bilayers only at temperatures below the liquid-crystalline phase. The EPR parameter associated to probe
polarity inside the membranes showed thermotropically induced changes, suggesting relocations of spin probe, which were dependent
on the membrane phases. While the DMPC and DPPC bilayers showed abrupt changes in the partitioning and rotational correlation
time parameters in the phase transitions, the SC membranes were characterized by slight changes in the total range of measured
temperatures, presenting the greatest changes or membranes reorganizations in the temperature range of ~50 to ~74 °C. The
results suggest that terpenes act as spacers, weakening the hydrogen-bonded network at the polar interface and thus fluidizing
the stratum corneum lipids. 相似文献
13.
Martin N. Andersson Jenny Haftmann Jeffrey J. Stuart Sue E. Cambron Marion O. Harris Stephen P. Foster Stephan Franke Wittko Francke Ylva Hillbur 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(1):81-95
Coupled gas chromatographic (GC)–electroantennographic detection (EAD) analyses of ovipositor extract of calling Hessian fly,
Mayetiola destructor, females revealed that seven compounds elicited responses from male antennae. Four of the compounds—(2S)-tridec-2-yl acetate, (2S,10Z)-10-tridecen-2-yl acetate, (2S,10E)-10-tridecen-2-yl acetate, and (2S,10E)-10-tridecen-2-ol—were identified previously in female extracts. Two new EAD-active compounds, (2S,8Z,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate and (2S,8E,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate, were identified by GC–mass spectroscopy (MS) and the use of synthetic reference samples.
In a Y-tube bioassay, a five-component blend (1 ng (2S)-tridec-2-yl acetate, 10 ng (2S,10E)-10-tridecen-2-yl acetate, 1 ng (2S,10E)-10-tridecen-2-ol, 1 ng (2S,8Z,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate, and 1 ng (2S,8E,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate) was as attractive to male Hessian flies as a similar amount of female extract (with respect
to the main compound, (2S,10E)-10-tridecen-2-yl acetate). The five-component blend was more attractive to male flies than a three-component blend lacking
the two dienes. Furthermore, the five-component blend was more attractive than a blend with the same compounds but that contained
one tenth the concentration of (2S,8E,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate (more accurately mimicking the ratios found in female extract). This suggests that the ratios
emitted by females might deviate from those in gland extracts. In a field-trapping experiment, the five-component blend applied
to polyethylene cap dispensers in a 100:10 μg ratio between the main component and each of the other blend components attracted
a significant number of male Hessian flies. Also, a small-plot field test demonstrated the attractiveness of the five-component
blend to male Hessian flies and suggests that this pheromone blend may be useful for monitoring and predicting Hessian fly
outbreaks in agricultural systems. 相似文献
14.
The sex pheromone of the almond moth, Cadra cautella, is a blend of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9,E12–14:Ac, the major component capable of inducing attraction alone) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:Ac, the minor component, which is unattractive alone but augments attraction of the major component). In this study,
the ratio of the two components responded to artificial directional selection in five of six selected lines, whereas no change
was observed in the three control lines. The mean ratio (±SE) of Z9,E12–14:Ac to Z9–14:Ac went from 13.72 ± 1.02:1 to 20.13 ± 0.68:1 in high line 1, an increase of 47%. In the second high-selected line, the
mean ratio (±SE) increased from 9.87 ± 0.54:1 to 15.89 ± 0.85:1, an increase of 61%. In low line 1, the mean ratio (±SE) in
the parental generation was 10.74 ± 0.78:1 and 7.35 ± 0.41:1 in the last selected generation, a decrease of 32%. The response
to selection was greater in low line 2, as the mean ratio (±SE) decreased from 10.11 ± 0.66:1 to 5.65 ± 0.55:1 in the last
generation, a decrease of 44%. In low line 3, the mean ratio (±SE) in the parental generation was 13.63 ± 0.82:1 and 6.47 ± 0.26:1
in the last generation, a decrease of 53%. The response to selection was approximately symmetrical with a mean increase of
54% and a mean decrease of 43%. The increases in ratio observed in the high lines were caused by an increase in the titer
of the Z9,E12–14:Ac component with no concurrent change in the titer of the component Z9–14:Ac. Among the low selected lines, the titers of both components increased; however, there was a greater relative increase
in the titer of the component Z9–14:Ac. The absolute and relative titers of the sex pheromone components had decreased significantly in the F10 generation
in some of the selected lines, five generations after the discontinuation of selection. 相似文献
15.
Meepagala KM Sturtz G Wedge DE Schrader KK Duke SO 《Journal of chemical ecology》2005,31(7):1567-1578
The seeds of two Apiaceae species, Ligusticum hultenii and Lomatium californicum, were investigated. Preliminary bioassays indicated that methylene chloride extracts of seeds of both species contained selective phytotoxic activity against monocots and antifungal activity against Colletotrichum fragariae. Active constituents were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation, and the structures were elucidated by NMR and GC-MS as apiol and Z-ligustilide, isolated from L. hultenii and L. californicum, respectively. Apiol and Z-ligustilide had I50 values of about 80 and 600 μM, respectively, for inhibition of the growth of Lemna paucicostata. The methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) extracts of the seeds and the isolated and purified compounds were tested against the 2-methylisoborneol-producing cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Oscillatoria perornata, and the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum. The CH2Cl2 extracts of both Apiaceae species and apiol were weakly toxic to both species of phytoplankton, while Z-ligustilide was toxic to both with a lowest complete inhibitory concentration (LCIC) of 53 μM. Seeds of L. californicum and L. hultenii were found to be rich sources of Z-ligustilide (97 mg/g of dry seed) and apiol (40 mg/g of dry seed), respectively. 相似文献
16.
Bioassays conducted with a Y-tube olfactometer provided evidence that both sexes of the cerambycid beetle Megacyllene caryae (Gahan) were attracted to odor produced by males. Odor collected from male M. caryae contained eight male-specific compounds: a 10:1 blend of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-2,3-hexanediols (representing 3.2 ± 1.3% of the total male-specific compounds), (S)-(−)-limonene (3.1 ± 1.7%), 2-phenylethanol (8.0 ± 2.4%), (−)-α-terpineol (10.0 ± 2.8%), nerol (2.1 ± 1.5%), neral (63.3 ± 7.3%),
and geranial (8.8 ± 2.4%). Initial field bioassays determined that none of these compounds was attractive as a single component.
Further field trials that used a subtractive bioassay strategy determined that both sexes were attracted to the complete blend
of synthetic components, but the elimination of any one component resulted in a decline in trap captures. Blends that were
missing (2S,3R)-2,3-hexanediol, (2R,3S)-2,3-hexanediol, or citral (a 1:1 mixture of neral and geranial) attracted no more beetles than did controls. A pheromone
blend of this complexity, composed of alkanediols, terpenoids, and aromatic alcohols, is unprecedented for cerambycid species. 相似文献
17.
Andrzej Piasecki Sławomir Karczewski Irena Maliszewska 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2007,10(2):93-101
A homologous series of new surface-active 1,1-bis{[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]amido}alkane-di-N-oxides were synthesized in the reaction of an appropriate diethyl 2-alkylmalonate with N,N-dimethylamino-1,3-propanediamine followed by oxidation with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The adsorption isotherms of their
aqueous solutions were measured and evaluated to obtain adsorption parameters: critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface
excess concentration (ΓCMC), equilibrium surface tension at the CMC (γCMC), cross-sectional area of the adsorbed surfactant molecule (A
CMC), efficiency of surface adsorption (pC20), standard free energies of adsorption (ΔG°ads), and micellization (ΔG°CMC). All investigated di-amidoamines and di-N-oxides were practically non-toxic to selected bacteria and yeasts. These compounds are readily biodegradable in the Closed
Bottle Test inoculated with activated sludge. Surface and biological properties showed that this group of N-oxide-type compounds has high surface activity and fulfills requirements for environmental acceptance.
相似文献
Andrzej PiaseckiEmail: |
18.
Asperamides A (1) and B (2), a sphingolipid and their corresponding glycosphingolipid possessing a hitherto unreported 9-methyl-C20-sphingosine moiety, were characterized from the culture extract of Aspergillus niger EN-13, an endophytic fungus isolated from marine brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods as (2S,2′R,3R,3′E,4E,8E)-N-(2′-hydroxy-3′-hexadecenoyl)-9-methyl-4,8-icosadien-1,3-diol (1) and 1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(2S,2′R,3R,3′E,4E,8E)-N-(2′-hydroxy-3′-hexadecenoyl)-9-methyl-4,8-icosadien-1,3-diol (2). In the antifungal assay, asperamide A (1) displayed moderate activity against Candida albicans. 相似文献
19.
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) is a popular medicinal plant distributed widely in North America. The rhizome, rootlets, and root hairs produce medicinally
active alkaloids. Berberine, one of the Hydrastis alkaloids, has shown antifungal activity. The influence of a combination of the major Hydrastis alkaloids on the plant rhizosphere fungal ecology has not been investigated. A bioassay was developed to study the effect
of goldenseal isoquinoline alkaloids on three Fusarium isolates, including the two species isolated from Hydrastis rhizosphere. The findings suggest that the Hydrastis root extract influences macroconidia germination, but that only the combined alkaloids—berberine, canadine, and hydrastine—appear
to synergistically stimulate production of the mycotoxin zearalenone in the Fusarium oxysporum isolate. The Hydrastis root rhizosphere effect provided a selective advantage to the Fusarium isolates closely associated with the root tissue in comparison with the Fusarium isolate that had never been exposed to Hydrastis. 相似文献
20.
Paul S. Robbins Satoshi Nojima Sridhar Polavarapu Albrecht M. Koppenhöfer Cesar Rodriguez-Saona Robert J. Holdcraft Nancy H. Consolie Daniel C. Peck Wendell L. Roelofs 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(3):336-341
The sex pheromone of Phyllophaga (Phytalus) georgiana was characterized as valine methyl ester, tentatively the l-enantiomer. This is the first sex pheromone identified from the Phyllophaga subgenus Phytalus. The pheromone was extracted from female glands, the active component isolated by coupled gas chromatography–electroantennogram
detection analysis, characterized by mass spectrometry, and shown to be active in field tests. The seasonal flight pattern
was determined for P. georgiana as well as for three other species, P. anxia (both northern and southern genitalic forms), P. gracilis, and P. postrema. The latter three species were captured in traps baited with l-isoleucine methyl ester.
Sridhar Polavarapu, deceased May 7, 2004. We dedicate this publication to our friend and colleague. 相似文献