城市热岛效应的卫星遥感分析

利用MODIS资料研究了2004年4月南京城市热岛特征及其影响因子,结合地表覆盖类型分析了植被归一化指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）、地表温度（Ts）、地表反照率（α）的城乡差异及其相互关系,探讨了城市热岛（Urban Heat Island,UHI）效应形成的机制。结果表明：南京城区存在着明显的城市热岛效应;城市平均Ts比乡村高约10．83％;城市NDVI和α分别比乡村低约为62％和18.75％;NDVI与Ts呈负相关,相关系数为-0．73,而NDVI与α之间关系与波段有关;城乡植被覆盖差异是造成UHI的主要原因,其次是地表反照率,通过提高植被覆盖率和地表反照率可以减小城市热岛效应。     

舟山本岛城市热岛安全度分析

海岛城市化导致不透水面快速扩展,增加了城市热环境风险。城市热岛安全度评价,在维护海岛城市独特的气候资源禀赋及城市环境规划中起着重要作用。以舟山本岛为例,利用2015年两景Landsat8影像,反演出研究区高温及低温情景中的地表温度,并使用均值—标准差法将地表温度划分冷岛、绿岛、正常区、次热岛及强热岛5个等级。针对舟山本岛城市热岛强度空间差异较大的特征,将城市划分为12个地理子单元。在构建热岛安全度评价指标体系的基础上,使用突变级数法计算了各个子单元的热岛安全度。结果表明:(1)高温情景中强热岛面积比重(17.7%)高于低温情景(12.0%),总热岛面积比重季节差异不大;(2)东港、定海老城、白泉及沈家门受到社会经济因素扰动最大,城市内部热岛安全度最低,展茅、小沙及马岙热岛安全度最高。本研究旨在为岛陆土地资源紧缺的舟山本岛应对城市热环境问题,实现人地系统协调发展,提供理论依据及建议。     

1951～2016年ENSO对登陆广东省热带气旋的影响

为分析ENSO对登陆广东省热带气旋影响,选用1951～2016年登陆广东省热带气旋统计数据,分析与ENSO特征值之间的关系.研究结果表明：登陆广东省热带气旋年内变化和年际变化较大,年际变化总体呈现波动下降的趋势;登陆广东省的热带气旋主要集中于粤西沿海,特别是湛江东部沿海区域;厄尔尼诺年登陆广东省热带气旋数（2.74次）低于拉尼娜年热带气旋数（4.50次）,但登陆的热带气旋强度相对较高;登陆广东省的热带气旋与Nino3.4海洋表面温度距平值（ SSTA ）、海洋尼诺指数（ ONI ）和南方涛动指数（ SOI ）等ENSO特征值呈现显著相关关系.     

基于人为干扰度的南流江三角洲湿地资源时空变化及其驱动因素研究

湿地资源在维护滨海生态系统平衡中发挥重要作用。文章基于多源遥感影像,利用人为干扰度指数和“3S”技术等方法研究南流江三角洲湿地资源时空分布特征及驱动因素。结果表明：（1）2005—2019年,湿地总面积整体呈现增长的趋势,湿地总面积由2005年的77.33 km2增加到2019年的87.55 km2;（2）湿地变化速率最快的类型为滨海湿地,年变化率为 36.31%,其次为鱼塘池塘和水稻田,年变化率分别为3.40%和3.31%;（3）湿地的面积受河流水沙变化与管理政策的变化的影响较大;（4）人类对三角洲地区沿海湿地的干扰程度逐年增强,并逐渐向沿海地区发展。本研究对南流江湿地资源的保护与可持续利用有重要作用。     

黄海区域海水养殖与海洋捕捞变化特征分析（1990—2015年）

近几十年来,黄海渔业资源的开发利用得到了飞速发展。作为重要的海水养殖以及海洋捕捞区域,黄海海洋生态系统为全国提供了丰富的海产品。本研究首次采用海洋供给服务评估方法研究黄海区域养殖生产和捕捞生产的物质量及价值量变化情况,结果表明：1990—2015年,黄海区域海水养殖物质量和价值量持续上升,2015年养殖物质量（883.1万t）比1990年（103.6万t）上升了752.4%,价值量则从130.1亿元上升至1 834.4亿元。与此同时,海洋捕捞物质量和价值量则呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在2000年达到顶峰（530.7万t,2 772.3亿元）后均有所下降。海水养殖价值量百分比组成变化十分显著,由最初的贝类和虾蟹类为主变为贝类（45.8%）和其他类（32.8%）为主。海洋捕捞价值量中其他类和头足类的比例也在不断增加,2015年增至24.9%,仅次于鱼类的捕捞价值量。黄海区域渔业利用变化情况与全球气候改变、近岸水域环境受污染严重以及各类养殖技术快速发展等密不可分。本研究期望通过海洋供给服务评估分析为黄海区域渔业资源利用管理以及可持续发展提供一定的科学基础。     

福建出现秋台风前期的几个物理因子特征

通过分析福建省出现秋台年与无秋台年夏季几个物理因子的变化，得出如下结论：（1）有秋台年夏季东亚500hPa高度距平场呈现“－＋－”的分布特征。，无秋台年东亚500hPa高度距平场呈“＋－＋”的分布。（2）有秋台年夏季副热带高压较活跃，北进南退的步伐较大，而无秋台年只在秋季的回跳速度快。（3）拉尼娜事件开始年份可能会出现秋台风，同时有秋台年夏、秋季海温距平分布是赤道中、东太平洋为负的海温距平、西、北太平洋为正温海距平，无秋台年份海温的分布形态与此刚好相反。     

基于遥感的威海岸线变迁分析

基于遥感和地理信息系统的方法与技术,通过对1990、2000、2009和2013年4个时相的Landsat卫星遥感数据和2013年资源卫星数据分析,获得了近20多年来威海海岸线演变的信息。研究表明,威海市围填海活动频繁,岸线变化显著,人工岸线所占比例由1990年的50.7%上升到2013年的57.8%;海岸线变化呈现显著区域特征,变化较剧烈的区域集中在环翠区双岛港、杨家湾,及文登五垒岛湾;岸线变迁的主要驱动力表现为早期的滩涂围垦养殖及中后期的码头建设和海洋开发利用。     

环渤海沿海城市气候变化特征及其对城市发展的响应

城市发展过程中,人类活动已成为影响气候变化的主要原因。文章以环渤海沿海城市作为研究区域,利用１９５１—２０１１年地面观测站气象数据,采用气候倾向率、距平、５年移动平均、Ｍａｎｎ Ｋｅｎｄａｌｌ等方法检验分析其气候变化特征。结果显示：近６０年来环渤海沿海城市气候表现为明显的温度升高,年降水量、风速和相对湿度减小的特征,气候倾向率分别为０．２７４℃／１０ａ、－２２．３９８ｍｍ／１０ａ、－０．１６５ｍ／ （ｓ·１０ａ－１）、－０．６４６４％／１０ａ,且各气象要素均发生突变。运用主成分分析法构建环渤海沿海城市发展水平综合指数模型,分析出：２０００—２０１０年该地区城市化水平不断提升,城市化发展指数与各气象要素之间存在相关性,城市发展所造成的下垫面性质变化,粗糙度加大,人为热排放增多,环境污染等是影响气候变化的主要因素。     

泉州湾表层水主要化学要素含量和富营养化指数的时空变化特征

根据泉州湾2010年4个航次的现场调查资料,分析泉州湾表层海水中化学需氧量、无机氮、活性磷酸盐含量的季节变化特征,应用海湾富营养化评价模式对泉州湾海域海水富营养化状态进行评价,得出秋季和冬季富营养化指数（17.85和18.32）相对较高,夏季和春季富营养化指数（3.02和5.89）相对较低,与无机氮、活性磷酸盐含量的季节变化特征相似.根据近20 a泉州湾海域历史监测数据得出富营养化指数年际变化特征呈现先缓慢升高,后下降,最后又升高的趋势,与无机氮、活性磷酸盐的年均含量变化特征基本相似,近几年来富营养化指数（14.57）急剧增大,表明泉州湾海水富营养化程度非常严重.泉州湾海水富营养化指数平面分布特征总体上呈现由湾口向晋江入海口、后渚附近海域逐渐递增的趋势,与无机氮含量平面分布特征一致,与活性磷酸盐含量平面分布特征相似.     

大亚湾夏季浮游植物群落结构的长期变化及其与环境因子的关系

本文分析了1999?2017年大亚湾夏季浮游植物群落结构的长期变化及其与环境因子的关系,结果显示,大亚湾海域海水温度呈显著下降趋势,盐度呈显著上升趋势;溶解无机氮浓度出现较大幅度提升,2008?2017年间大亚湾溶解无机氮浓度平均值比1999?2007年提升了72.73%;大亚湾浮游植物种类数变化趋势不明显,主要优势种没有发生明显变化,柔弱伪菱形藻（Pseudonitzschia delicatissima）为区域第一优势种,其次为中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）;浮游植物总丰度、硅藻丰度、甲藻丰度以及主要种类中的柔弱伪菱形藻、中肋骨条藻和叉角藻（Ceratium furca）丰度均呈现显著上升趋势;浮游植物生物多样性指数（H′）和均匀度（J）均呈下降趋势。人类活动所引起的溶解无机氮浓度大幅升高以及外海水入侵加强所引起的海水温度降低和盐度上升导致了浮游植物丰度的上升、优势种的单一化和生物多样性指数的下降。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.