高地应力条件下岩体松弛时间效应检测

锦屏一级水电站枢纽区位于构造应力与高自重应力叠加造成天然状态下的高地应力区。查明高地应力条件下大跨度地下洞室和高陡坝基开挖后各部位岩体波速以及松弛岩体随时间变化情况,正确评价高地应力区岩体开挖卸荷松弛程度和岩体质量,为指导施工开挖和岩体卸荷松弛加固设计提供依据。     

锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡高地应力区卸荷松弛特征及其控制措施

岩体开挖卸荷松弛效应对边坡的稳定性影响巨大,如何控制岩体卸荷松弛程度非常重要。以锦屏一级水电站左岸高边坡为研究对象,区域3维地应力场反分析结果表明:工程区域内地应力水平较高,水平构造应力较大,河床处的最大主应力达到40～50 MPa。施工期声波波速及钻孔变模的测试数据表明:边坡高地应力区的岩体卸荷松弛现象非常明显,岩体卸荷松弛深度随着地应力的增大而增大。边坡高地应力区开展的先挖后锚和先锚后挖的两种岩体卸荷松弛控制试验表明:先锚后挖能够有效地改善岩体的应力释放,同时能够较好地控制岩体的变形。     

乌东德水电站地下厂房层状节理岩体稳定性研究

摘要：随着我国水电资源开发的推进,越来越多水电站修建于高山峡谷之中,受地形地貌的影响,大量水电站厂房布置于层状岩体之中,定量分析层状节理岩体地下厂房变形并评价其稳定性成为亟需解决的重要课题。本文结合现场监测及数值模拟结果,分析不同密度层状岩体对于地下厂房变形的影响。对多点位移计、声波测试、微震监测等多种监测结果进行整理和归纳,从多角度揭示围岩变形规律及内部损伤情况。另外基于厂区工程地质特性、地应力实测资料,利用通用离散元程序UDEC对7#机组典型剖面进行数值分析,得到地下厂房开挖后的应力场、塑性区、位移场分布规律,揭示围岩潜在破坏区域。数值模拟与微震监测结果共同表明：围岩第VI层（高程815.40~809.00 m）开挖时,上游边墙812 m高程位移增加最快,微震事件数量大幅增长。水平向应力卸荷程度大于竖向应力卸荷程度;整体上主厂房上游侧位移大于下游侧,最大变形出现在上游边墙812 m高程附近,此处围岩屈服深度最大,围岩屈服集中区域与变形场分布基本一致,上游层状节理比下游密集是造成上下游变形差异的主要原因。围岩变形与层状节理分布关系密切,开挖活动将引起围岩层状节理活化,岩体损伤,围岩整体强度降低。开挖强度越大,微震事件增加越快,变形越大。乌东德地下厂房变形机制的研究对其后续施工及其安全运营具有重要意义。     

考虑爆破效应的隧道开挖损伤区及渗流场分析

针对爆破效应对围岩力学参数及渗透系数的劣化问题,根据岩石弹塑性力学、连续损伤力学、有效应力原理及渗透系数演化方程,提出了基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体弹塑性损伤模型,并给出了模型的有限元数值求解算法.以甄峰岭隧道为工程依托,对所选断面开挖损伤区进行数值分析,通过声波检测手段确定爆破扰动范围及损伤值,修正计算力学参数和渗透系数.结果表明,考虑爆破效应后的开挖损伤区,位移值和涌水量均大于不考虑爆破效应时的数值,进行工程稳定性评价时应充分考虑爆破因素的影响.     

岩芯卸荷扰动的声学敏感性试验研究

国内外学者广泛认为原位岩体的纵波波速小于其中岩块的波速,且岩体愈破碎小得愈多.这是将岩体与岩块纵波波速比的平方定义为岩体的完整性系数并写入现行规范的认识基础.然而在部分工程围岩声波测试中却发现,用通常手段得到的大部分岩体的测井波速反而大于岩芯波速.本文围绕声波速度、岩性、坚硬程度、裂隙特征、胶结程度、完整程度、地应力情况对某地铁隧道工程基岩20余个钻孔150余块岩芯进行多种手段的对比研究和综合分析,探讨了岩芯卸荷扰动的声学敏感性及其影响因素.     

基于声波速度及岩块强度的开挖扰动区岩体力学参数预测

针对目前在水利水电工程中开挖扰动区的岩体力学参数取值问题,将岩体的声波速度与岩体质量指数Q、岩体分类指数RMR及地质强度指标GSI联系起来,并将声波速度引入到广义Hoek-Brown强度准则中,建立了由岩体声波速度及岩块单轴抗压强度预测开挖扰动区岩体的变形及强度参数的方法.利用三峡工程永久船闸边坡开挖扰动区的检测参数,结果表明,基于Hoek-Brown准则由声波速度及岩块强度预测的岩体变形模量与实测结果基本吻合,本方法可预测开挖扰动区的岩体力学参数.     

基于三维损伤流变理论下某调压井群围岩时效稳定性研究

拟建的某水电站调压井区域围岩岩性为石英云母片岩,勘探及室内试验发现其岩体属于片理构造发育明显的软岩,具有较典型的横观各向同性流变特征。由于区域地应力水平较高,工程施工期及运行期围岩流变现象可能显著影响岩体稳定性及衬砌结构特性。本文在全面反映区域地质构造、调压井结构形式及地应力场的基础上,建立了三维数值计算模型,同时考虑施工时序及支护衬砌措施,应用根据室内试验及现场监测资料建立的横观各向同性岩体粘弹塑性损伤本构模型,采用FLAC3D软件研究了调压井群施工期和运行期围岩稳定性及衬砌结构安全性。结果表明：施工开挖过程中围岩在流变效应的显著影响下,其变形量随时间有所增加,及时喷锚支护对围岩变形的限制作用显著,开挖完成后500d后围岩位移趋于收敛;开挖完成后围岩整体处于受压状态,施作二次衬砌有利于围岩应力场均匀化重新分布;运行期调压井衬砌变形量值增长速率随时间逐渐减小,其中2年内变形量约占长期（50年）变形量的54%,调压井围岩及衬砌结构运行1年后应力水平基本趋于稳定,运行期内调压井围岩应力水平变化幅度很小。     

基于破坏接近度和强度折减法的边坡稳定性评价

采用数值分析法对某高边坡开挖后的位移、应力和塑性区做了分析,指出了需要重点加固的部位。并用有限差分强度折减法对边坡的整体安全系数进行了分析,通过破坏接近度的计算对边坡非破坏区的危险程度和破坏区的破坏程度进行了评价。结果表明:采用两种方法对边坡开挖稳定性进行综合评价,既能正确定量地评价围岩内各区域岩体的稳定程度,又能给出破坏区、损伤区和扰动区的位置和范围,及滑动面的位置,并能描述岩体稳定性状态随开挖过程的演化规律,对边坡的开挖稳定性具有指导意义。     

层状岩体中巷道底板应力分布规律及损伤破坏特征

为了研究开挖巷道后层状岩体中底板的卸荷力学响应,将底板视作横观各向同性体,采用力学分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,对底板应力分布规律与损伤破坏特征进行研究.结果表明:1)与均质各向同性解相比,横观各向同性解更客观地反映出巷道开挖后底板出现卸荷且两侧围岩呈应力集中的应力分布状态;2)底板应力分布随垂直和水平方向力学属性的不同而呈现出差异性;3)底板层状复合结构造成应力发生畸变,软弱岩层的柔性缓冲垫层作用使应力传递变得更为平缓;4)底板岩体达到损伤阈值即发生张拉或者滑移破坏,损伤阈值受垂直卸荷系数、水平卸荷系数、侧压系数、裂隙面倾角等多个因素综合影响.理论和数值计算获得的底板损伤破坏深度及损伤区分布特征基本一致,解析解很好地反映了底板的实际应力状态.     

三维地应力场测试及围岩稳定性分析

为解决涡北煤矿-450水平运输大巷破坏严重的问题,采用岩石Kaiser效应法对-450水平进行地应力测量。结果表明:-450水平最大主应力为15.36 MPa,属中高应力区,水平应力过大不利于巷道维护。在地应力测试基础上,应用UDEC数值模拟对变形量进行了预测。研究表明,锚杆支护完全能够满足围岩稳定的要求,可为巷道开挖提供合理的支护方案,为矿区巷道围岩控制提供借鉴和指导。     

Prediction of overbreak depth in Ghalaje road tunnel using strength factor

It is well known that the overbreak caused by the blasting damage during tunnel excavation increases costs associated with filling the collapsed area with shotcrete and results in filing of a claim by the contractor. This paper outlines a new approach for prediction the overbreak depth during tunnel construction. Hence, firstly excavation damage zone(EDZ) are determined by average specific charge in each zone. Numerical modelling is used to simulate the EDZ around tunnel boundary and the overbreak depth are calculated by the rock strength factor. The predicted overbreak depth compared with observed field data from a case study. The results show that there exists an approximately up to 40% difference between the prediction and the observed volume of overbreak depth. Therefore, the method can be well used to predict the overbreak depth to estimate more precision of shotcrete and concrete volumes in tunnelling cost during design phase.     

Comprehensive assessment on dynamic roof instability under fractured rock mass conditions in the excavation disturbed zone

The damage process of fractured rock mass showed that the fracture in rocks induced roof collapse in Yangchangwan Coal Mine,China.The rock mass was particularly weak and fractured.There occurred 6 large-scale dynamical roof falls in the excavation disturbed zone (EDZ) with the collapsing volume of 216 m3.First,the field detailed geological environment,regional seismic dy-namics,and dynamic instability of roadways were generally investigated.Second,the field multiple-index monitoring measurements for detecting the deep delamination of the roof,convergence deformation,bolt-cable load,acoustic emission (AE) characteristic pa-rameters,total AE events,AE energy-releasing rate,rock mass fracture,and damage were arranged.Finally,according to the time-space-strength relations,a quantitative assessment of the influence of rock-mass damage on the dynamic roof instability was accomplished.     

Vibration Effect and Damage Evolution Characteristics of Tunnel Surrounding Rock Under Cyclic Blasting Loading

Model test studies based on the similarity theory were conducted to investigate vibration effect and damage evolution characteristics of tunnel surrounding rock under push-type cyclic blasting excavation. The model was constructed with a ratio of 1:15. By simulating the tunnel excavation of push-type cyclic blasting, the influence of the blasting parameter change on vibration effect was explored. The damage degree of tunnel surrounding rock was evaluated by the change of the acoustic wave velocity at the same measuring point after blasting. The relationship between the damage evolution of surrounding rock and blasting times was established. The research results show that:① In the same geological environment, the number of delay initiation is larger, the main vibration frequency of blasting seismic wave is higher, and the attenuation of high frequency signal in the rock and soil is faster. The influence of number of delay initiation on blasting vibration effect cannot be ignored; ② Under push-type cyclic blasting excavation, there were great differences in the decreasing rates of acoustic wave velocity of the measuring points which have the same distance to the blasting region at the same depth, and the blasting damage ranges of surrounding rock were typically anisotropic at both depth and breadth; ③ When blasting parameters were basically kept as the same, the growth trend of the cumulative acoustic wave velocity decreasing rate at the measuring point was nonlinear under different cycle blasting excavations; ④ There were nonlinear evolution characteristics between the blasting cumulative damage (D) of surrounding rock and blasting times (n) under push-type cyclic blasting loading, and different measuring points had corresponding blasting cumulative damage propagation models, respectively. The closer the measuring point was away from the explosion source, the faster the cumulative damage extension. Blasting cumulative damage effect of surrounding rock had typically nonlinear evolution properties and anisotropic characteristics.     

Strength evolution law of cracked rock based on localized progressive damage model

In the light of the localized progressive damage model, the evolution law of cohesive and frictional strength with irreversible strains was determined. Then, the location and the extent of the excavation disturbed zone in one deep rock engineering were predicted by using the strength evolution law. The theoretical result is close to the result of in-situ test. The strength evolution law excels the elastic-perfectly plastic model and elasto-brittte plastic model in which the cohesive and frictional strength are mobilized simultaneously. The results obtained indicate that the essential failure mechanism of the cracked rock can be described by the cohesion weakening and friction strengthening evolution law.     

单轴压缩下不同含水状态砂岩损伤演化试验

为了研究不同含水状态岩石损伤演化特性,利用RMT-150C岩石力学试验机、AEwin-USB型声发射信号采集系统和KBD5电磁辐射采集系统,对干燥、自然和饱水状态下的红砂岩进行单轴压缩声电信号监测试验.基于岩石破坏过程中声发射振铃计数、电磁辐射脉冲数和应力变化,建立了砂岩损伤演化模型.结果表明:声发射、电磁辐射信号和损...     

基于开挖损伤效应的岩体力学参数位移反分析

由于应力重分布和开挖扰动等因素,对于地下洞室开挖面附近的岩体,其力学特性会有一定程度的劣化,称之为岩体力学参数的开挖损伤效应、本文结合正交试验设计、粒子群优化算法、支持向量机模型等原理,建立了考虑开挖损伤效应的LSSVM-PSO反分析模型;以某水电站地下厂房为例,针对现场变形监测成果进行了位移反演分析,得到了损伤区范围...     

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass surrounding deep tunnels—mechanism and discussion of characteristic parameters

The mechanism of the zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP) was realized based on the analysis of the stressedstrained state of the rock mass in the vicinity of the maximum stress zone, which resides in the creep instability failure of rock mass due to the development of a plastic zone and transfer of the maximum stress zone within the rock mass. Some characteristic parameters of the ZDP are discussed theoretically. In first instance, the analytical critical depth condition for the occurrence of ZDP was obtained, which depends on the characteristics and stress concentration coefficient of the rock mass. Secondly, based on creep theory, the expression of the outer radius of the undisturbed zones in the deep rock mass was obtained with the use of an improved Burgers theological model, which indicated that the radius depends on the characteristics of the rock mass and the depth of excavation and increases quasi-linearly with the rise of creep compliance of the rock mass. Finally, the formula for the distance of the most remote fissured zone away from the working periphery was derived, which increases logarithmically with the increase in the ratio of the in-situ stress and ultimate strength of rock mass. The distances between fissured zones are discussed in qualitative terms.