Al基含能薄膜设计及电爆性能研究

为探究不同材料Al基含能薄膜在低能爆炸箔起爆系统中的电爆性能，对Al基含能薄膜的厚度、桥区形状和尺寸进行了仿真设计，优选出最佳桥区形状，在此基础上通过电爆试验及高速摄影对Al/Ni、Al/Ti、Al/Cu、Al/Cu O 4种Al基含能薄膜的电爆性能及发火过程进行了对比研究。结果表明：Al/Ti薄膜综合性能最佳，具有较大的沉积能量、能量利用率和桥区电流密度，同时最佳起爆电压适中、火焰高度较高、持续时间较长；Al/Ni薄膜所需最佳起爆电压最小，但作用能力较差；Al/Cu O薄膜具有最佳作用能力，但所需最佳起爆电压较大；Al/Cu薄膜的电爆性能最不突出。     

Al/Ni反应多层膜的电爆炸及驱动性能研究

为了研究Al/Ni反应多层膜在爆炸箔起爆系统上应用的可行性,采用磁控溅射法制备了相同厚度的Cu和Al/Ni多层膜桥箔,利用SU-8光刻胶制备一定厚度的加速膛,研究了两类桥箔在相同放电回路中的沉积能量和驱动飞片的平均速度。结果表明:在储能电容电压为1 306V的放电回路中,Al/Ni多层膜的沉积能量为0.120 5~0.127 4J,相比Cu箔提高了近1倍。在电压为1 900V时,多层膜沉积能量比Cu箔提升了18%~58%;多层膜驱动的飞片平均速度高于Cu箔驱动飞片约10%。因此,Al/Ni反应多层膜能降低爆炸箔起爆系统的起爆阈值,提高其冲击起爆的可靠性。     

瞬态电压抑制二极管对半导体桥换能元电爆特性影响的模拟

为了解决瞬态电压抑制二极管(TVS)用于半导体桥火工品抗静电设计的参数优化问题,采用电路模拟和试验相结合的方法,构建了电容放电发火测试电路等效模型和半导体桥PSpice电子器件模型,研究了TVS参数对半导体桥换能元电爆特性的影响。结果表明,当钽电容等效串联电阻为288 mΩ,钽电容等效串联电感为0.68μH,导线电感为40 nH和回路电阻为3.3 mΩ时,22μF/16 V电容放电发火电路的等效电路模型和实际吻合。以阻抗-能量列表模型的方式创建的半导体桥PSpice电子器件模型模拟曲线和实际曲线吻合,且模拟电爆数据偏差小于3%。模拟和试验结果表明,TVS对半导体桥电爆性能的影响程度随着其击穿电压的升高而降低。当TVS的击穿电压在8～12 V之间时,即使TVS击穿电压低于半导体桥发火电压,半导体桥仍能正常爆发,TVS击穿造成的分流导致半导体桥爆发延迟(2μs),且延迟时间随着TVS击穿电压的降低而延长。     

Al/CuO肖特基结换能元芯片的非线性电爆换能特性

依据肖特基势垒理论,设计并制备了Al/CuO肖特基结换能元芯片。用击穿电压仪研究了换能元芯片的电击穿性能,用电容放电的激发方式研究了芯片的电爆特性。结果表明,对前者,芯片存在发火阈值,具有整流特性,击穿电压与肖特基结的个数无关,击穿电压为8 V;对后者,芯片也存在发火阈值,发火阈值与肖特基结数呈正相关,芯片还具有发火延迟特性。延迟时间的长短与肖特基结数也呈正相关。同时芯片还具有多次激发而连续发火的特性。显示Al/CuO肖特基结换能元芯片是一种具有非线性电爆换能特性的新型电爆换能元。     

冲击片雷管爆炸箔的制备与电爆性能

为了提高爆炸箔起爆系统的能量利用率,采用闭合场非平衡磁控溅射离子镀技术和皮秒激光微加工系统,制备了Cu、C u/Au、C u/Al/Ni三种爆炸箔,并利用自制起爆回路对其电爆性能进行了研究,结果表明,在充电电压为2000,2500 V时,C u爆炸箔在电爆过程中能量利用率较高;在此电压下对三种爆炸箔的性能进行了对比测试,得到在相同的充电电压下Cu/Al/Ni、Cu/Au、C u爆炸箔的爆发电流C u/Al/NiC u/AuC u,且充电电压为2500 V时C u/Al/Ni爆发电流比C u增长了36%,2000 V下比C u增长了15%;在充电电压2500 V时利用高速摄影法对三种爆炸箔电爆时产生的等离子体羽进行了观测,结果表明,等离子体羽的尺寸Cu/Al/NiCu/AuCu。在相同的起爆条件下Cu/Al/Ni爆炸箔更利于爆炸箔起爆系统低能化研究     

非晶合金新型换能元材料性能初探

为论证非晶合金作为新型换能元的可行性，设计制作了桥丝式非晶合金换能元，采用DSC热分析方法研究构成组分对非晶合金材料释能效果的影响，通过实验探究了非晶合金桥丝换能元在恒定电流激发下的电热温度响应、电阻温度系数变化以及电容放电激发的电爆特性。结果表明，非晶合金是一种亚稳态的含能材料，在晶化过程中释放能量。桥丝式非晶合金换能元具有电阻负温特性，电阻相对变化率为6.38%，电热换能功率可提高17.5%，与电阻-温度线性变化的镍-铬桥丝换能元相比，表现出更优良的释能效果。研究初步论证了非晶合金作为新型换能元材料的可行性，为电火工品换能增效技术发展提供了新方案。     

银膜换能元的喷墨打印及其性能表征

针对常用薄膜换能元的沉积和成型方法耗时长、成本高、材料利用率低等问题,采用喷墨打印制备了银膜换能元,并采用扫描电镜（SEM）和原子力学显微镜（AFM）对换能元形貌及厚度进行了表征,对银膜桥的发火性能进行了研究。结果表明,银膜换能元厚度为2.1μm,表面平整,在不同输入能量下存在电热、电爆两种情况。银膜桥更容易产生等离子体;蘸有斯蒂芬酸铅（LTNR）的银膜桥在47μF脉冲放电下50%发火电压为6.65 V,脚-脚间可以耐受25 kV静电放电（放电电容为500 pF,串联5 kΩ电阻）,可通过钝感电火工品1A1W5min测试。     

基于FPC工艺的集成冲击片换能元性能分析（英）

为了提高爆炸箔起爆器的制造效率和产品一致性,设计和制造了一种基于柔性电路板（简称FPC或软板）制造工艺的集成冲击片换能元,并对该集成换能元的电爆炸性能、驱动飞片能力和起爆六硝基茋的能力等基础性能进行了研究。采用高压探头测量了爆炸箔两端的电压曲线,采用罗果夫斯基线圈测量了放电回路的电流曲线,通过光学多普勒测试手段（PDV）测量了电爆炸过程驱动飞片速度历程曲线。结果表明,放电回路峰值电流和桥箔的爆发电流随着电容两端电压的增加而线性增加,其中桥箔的爆发电流从2080 A增加到2680 A。桥箔的爆发时间随着电容两端电压的增加而线性地从232 ns减小至156 ns。随着充电电压的增加,飞片速度从4056 m·s^-1增加到4589 m·s^-1,速度标准偏差为38~48。该冲击片换能元可在放电回路电流峰值约2.04 kA时可靠起爆HNS-Ⅳ,而基于传统制造方式冲击片换能元的起爆电流峰值为2.340 kA。     

基于FPC工艺的集成冲击片换能元性能分析（英文）

为了提高爆炸箔起爆器的制造效率和产品一致性,设计和制造了一种基于柔性电路板(简称FPC或软板)制造工艺的集成冲击片换能元,并对该集成换能元的电爆炸性能、驱动飞片能力和起爆六硝基茋的能力等基础性能进行了研究。采用高压探头测量了爆炸箔两端的电压曲线,采用罗果夫斯基线圈测量了放电回路的电流曲线,通过光学多普勒测试手段(PDV)测量了电爆炸过程驱动飞片速度历程曲线。结果表明,放电回路峰值电流和桥箔的爆发电流随着电容两端电压的增加而线性增加,其中桥箔的爆发电流从2080 A增加到2680 A。桥箔的爆发时间随着电容两端电压的增加而线性地从232 ns减小至156 ns。随着充电电压的增加,飞片速度从4056 m·s~(-1)增加到4589 m·s~(-1),速度标准偏差为38~48。该冲击片换能元可在放电回路电流峰值约2.04 kA时可靠起爆HNS?Ⅳ,而基于传统制造方式冲击片换能元的起爆电流峰值为2.340 kA。     

高能起爆回路计算

本文探讨了大电流作用下电爆箔片雷管(EFI)的起爆机理。通过编程计算,定量分析了发火电路的电感、电阻、电容对起爆电流及起爆时间的影响。指出用该程序可以调整回路参数,达到最佳参数匹配。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.