膨胀石墨的尺寸效应及对细鳞片石墨的影响

为提高细鳞片膨胀石墨的理化性能,作者用不同粒度的鳞片石墨在相同酸氧化条件下制备可膨胀石墨,经膨胀后发现:随粒度减小,石墨膨胀容积均在逐渐减小.通过电镜扫描和元素微区分析形貌结构和成分,发现随粒度减小,插入量变小,其结构也呈相应变化;证实可膨胀石墨与膨胀石墨均存在尺寸效应.它对细鳞片石墨膨胀性能、高温热失重性能及导热性能等有较大影响.     

膨胀石墨的尺寸效应

以不同产地、不同粒度的鳞片石墨为原料, 采用硫酸、硝酸、高锰酸钾的适当配比为氧化剂制备膨胀石墨, 发现石墨膨胀倍数从粒度>420μm的750mL/g减小至95～85μm的110mL/g. 电镜及压汞法观察膨胀石墨的形貌及微孔的特征, 表明膨胀石墨的孔隙大小随粒度减小而减小, 反映出膨胀石墨存在尺寸效应.不同粒度的膨胀石墨的灰分、硫分和对机油的吸附能力不同, 与不同粒度膨胀石墨制备的柔性石墨板的抗拉强度也不同. 这种效应源自石墨的结晶程度的不同.     

可膨胀石墨对环氧树脂的阻燃改性

本文利用环氧树脂E-51和固化剂聚醚胺WHR-H023(质量比为3∶1)制成树脂基体。采用H_2SO_4和HNO_3对颗粒尺寸为80目的可膨胀石墨进行表面酸化处理,制备亲水性酸化可膨胀石墨;并将酸化处理的可膨胀石墨及未经酸化处理的可膨胀石墨分别对上述树脂基体进行阻燃改性,石墨添加量为5%、10%和15%。借助红外光谱分析仪检测酸化处理的可膨胀石墨表面羧基、羟基等官能团的接枝情况;利用极限氧指数分析仪和万能材料试验机分别测试改性树脂基体材料的极限氧指数(LOI)及拉伸性能;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察改性树脂基体材料的断面。研究结果表明,酸化可膨胀石墨比未经酸化处理的可膨胀石墨对环氧树脂基体的阻燃效果更佳,且拉伸性能下降更少。     

不同粒径膨胀石墨的制备及其微观结构

对化学法制备膨胀石墨的工艺条件的选择进行了分析,以硝酸与磷酸的混酸为插层剂、高锰酸钾为氧化剂制备出了不同粒径的膨胀石墨,利用正交实验和平行实验确定了最佳工艺条件;研究了石墨粒度效应对氧化剂用量的影响;并对不同粒径膨胀石墨的微观结构进行了研究。研究结果表明,制备大鳞片膨胀石墨的最佳工艺为：石墨与混酸的质量体积比为1：4,...     

细鳞片与大鳞片膨胀石墨微观结构的比较研究

用混酸（浓硫酸、浓消酸）、强氧化剂处理天然鳞片[大鳞片（-60～＋80目），细鳞片（-140～＋160目）]石墨，制得可膨胀石墨，再经高温膨胀得膨胀石墨。采用SEM对两各种膨胀石墨的形貌进行观察分析，发现不同粒度的石墨获得的膨胀石墨其微观孔结构的特征基本相同，但尺寸上存在较大的差异。采用XRD对原料石墨、可膨胀石墨和膨胀石墨的结构作了分析，通过层间距变化、衍射峰出现与消失的情况，判断出不同鳞片大小的石墨在氧化、膨胀过程中发生了相同的变化，从而证明了不同鳞片大小的石墨的膨胀机理是相同的。     

再次插入法制备超大膨胀体积石墨层间化合物(英文)

为进一步增大膨胀石墨的膨胀体积,用二次插入的方法制备了石墨层间化合物。首先用化学氧化法制备了膨胀体积为250mL/g的可膨胀石墨,然后以膨胀体积为250mL/g的可膨胀石墨为原料,用二次插入的方法制备了膨胀体积为380mL/g的膨胀石墨。讨论了各种反应物比率、反应温度和反应时间对膨胀体积的影响。对制得的膨胀石墨进行了各种表征,XRD谱显示产物保持了天然石墨的层状晶体结构,但是产物的石墨层间距离增大。扫描电镜照片显示通过二次插入石墨层间确实被进一步打开。结果显示这种新的制备方法是可行的,它为纳米石墨材料的研究提供了新的思路。     

利用细鳞片石墨制备膨胀石墨的研究

采用化学方法制备了细鳞片膨胀石墨，并对其最佳工艺条件进行了探讨。结果表明：将100目－160目的细鳞片石墨置于硫酸：硝酸＝5.0-7.5:1.0的主酸化液中酸化，并分步加入6W／％－7W／％的强氧化剂（KMnO4),6W／%的插入剂（FeCl3)继续搅拌2h以上，经水洗至 pH=5-7，烘干后在900℃－1000℃的高温下膨胀，可制得膨胀倍数为180倍－200倍，松装密度在0.0125g/mL，灰分为2.063W/%-2.470W/%,硫分为0.213W/%-0.233W%，挥发分为4.5W/%-8.5W／%的优质膨胀石墨。与已有的方法相比，所使用硝酸的比例降低了30％－60％，且一次性完成酸化处理，工艺方法简单。     

石墨烯纳米片的制备和表征

以鳞片石墨为原料,采用氧化插层和微波膨化制备膨胀石墨,对膨胀石墨进行二次酸化膨胀处理,利用超声剥离法制备石墨烯纳米片,并借助XRD、SEM、RAMAN和AFM等分析其微观结构和形貌。结果表明:微波膨化处理可快速高效得到膨胀石墨;通过对膨胀石墨超声剥离可破坏其原有网络结构并将石墨晶片剥离为大量的石墨薄片;对二次膨胀处理的膨胀石墨进行超声剥离可得到石墨烯纳米片,其中包含大量的3-5层石墨烯。     

膨胀石墨对水面浮油的吸附性能

以硫酸为插层剂、过氧化氢为氧化剂,用化学法制备了膨胀石墨,分析了膨胀石墨对水面原油的吸附过程,测试了膨胀石墨对水面原油和齿轮油的最大吸附量。结果表明:膨胀石墨对水面原油和齿轮油的最大吸附量均与油的黏度和温度有关,最大吸附量随温度的升高而升高,随黏度的升高而降低。     

HClO4-GIC的制备及其柔性石墨的性能

以天然鳞片石墨、高氯酸、硝酸为原料，采用化学法经插层、水洗、干燥、膨化等工艺过程制备膨胀石墨；以石墨蠕虫的膨胀体积为判据，采用正交实验方法确定工艺参数对石墨蠕虫膨胀体积的影响大小：探讨了反应温度、时间、膨化温度，GIC的挥发分对膨胀体积的影响；利用XRD表征了天然鳞片石墨、酸化石墨、柔性石墨的微观结构；利用EDS确定了插入物为HClO4；并对制备的柔性石墨的力学、电／热性能进行了测试。结果表明：工艺参数影响大小依次为反应温度、高氯酸／硝酸间的配比及反应时间、鳞片石墨／高氯酸间的配比。在较宽的温度范围内（室温～100℃），可容易地制备出GIC，且能在低温200℃下膨化。以最佳工艺条件：鳞片石墨：高氯酸：硝酸=1：4：0．15（质量比）制备的GIC，在200℃下膨化，可以制备出膨胀体积达360mL/g的膨胀石墨；在高温900℃下膨化，可以制备出膨胀体积达540mL/g的高倍膨胀石墨。石墨蠕虫经压制成型制备的柔性石墨的抗拉强度、电阻率同其表观体积密度存在密切的相关性，密度增加，抗拉强度增加，电阻率下降；其电阻率与导热率间也存在密切的相关性，电阻率下降，导热率提高，且其导热率高于同电阻率的人造炭／石墨材料的导热率。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.