有机改性蛭石的特性及其对Hg~(2+)吸附性能的研究

以巯基乙胺(MEA)为改性剂制备有机改性蛭石(MEA-VER),研究其对Hg2+的吸附行为,并用XRD、FTIR、BET、Zeta potentials等技术对有机改性蛭石进行表征与分析.XRD、FTIR、BET、Zeta potentials等分析结果显示,MEA成功负载到蛭石上.吸附实验结果表明,改性蛭石对Hg2+的吸附量明显增加,吸附基本在2 h内达到平衡,在p H为5~10范围内都有较好的吸附效果.改性蛭石对Hg2+的吸附更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和Pseudo-second-order动力学模型.改性蛭石对Hg2+的吸附机理主要为配位吸附、电荷吸附.     

两种天然矿物改性材料对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附特性

为了提升天然非金属矿物对Cd2+的吸附性能,采用MT（蒙脱石）和HP（海泡石）为前驱材料,依次通过酸纯化和SDS（十二烷基磺酸钠）改性后合成了有机非金属矿物材料,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）等手段对2种改性材料〔SDS-MT（十二烷基磺酸钠改性蒙脱石）和SDS-HP（十二烷基磺酸钠改性海泡石）〕吸附Cd2+的机制进行探究,并对吸附过程分别进行了动力学拟合和等温吸附方程拟合.结果表明:①SDS-MT和SDS-HP吸附模拟废水中Cd2+的效果分别比未改性的MT和HP平均提升约40%和19.5%. ②改性过程没有改变2种前驱材料的基本结构,但引起其元素质量分数、阳离子交换量和比表面积的改变. ③SDS-MT、SDS-HP对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附量受溶液的pH影响较大,最大吸附量分别达16.54、9.24 mg/g,2种改性材料对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附过程能较好地满足准二级动力学方程,并且其平衡传质时间较短. ④SDS-MT对模拟废水Cd2+的吸附模型较满足于Freundlich吸附等温模型,推测SDS-MT是一种有限吸附位点的吸附剂,吸附过程为单分子层吸附,而SDS-HP则较好的满足Langmuir吸附等温模型.研究显示,对2种天然非金属矿物材料的有机改性能够有效提升材料对Cd2+的吸附容量,发挥材料的实际运用价值.      

酸化蛭石的表面有机修饰及其对疏水性微污染物的吸附

插层法制备有机黏土存在比表面积低、负载不均等问题,限制了此类材料吸附性能的进一步提高.基于此,通过选择性酸浸的方法预处理天然蛭石,以三甲基氯硅烷(CTMS)和三乙基氯硅烷(CTES)对其进行表面有机修饰,利用FTIR、BET、SEM和热重等方法对材料进行表征.结果表明,改性酸化蛭石的比表面积可达361.0 m2.g-1,而有机插层蛭石的比表面积仅为6.0m2.g-1,有机基团更稳定地以共价键形式负载于酸化蛭石表面.以疏水性有机微污染物邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)为测试目标,考察材料的吸附性能.在本实验条件下,测得CTES改性酸化蛭石、CTMS改性酸化蛭石和有机插层蛭石对DEP的吸附量分别为63.7、51.2和15.7 mg.g-1,证明有机修饰后的酸化蛭石具有更强的疏水性吸附能力,有机负载的均匀性是决定吸附能力的关键因子.动力学研究表明吸附行为遵循拟二级动力学方程;吸附等温线表现出线性特征,可由Henry和Freundlich模型进行描述,表明分配作用是吸附过程的主要机制.     

酿酒酵母对Ag^＋的吸附特性研究

为了深入探讨酿酒酵母吸附贵金属离子Ag+的特性,研究了吸附时间、离子浓度、初始pH值、温度对废弃酿酒酵母吸附Ag+的影响,并分析了动力学、热力学以及等温吸附特性.结果表明,酵母吸附Ag+的过程进行得很快,当Ag+初始浓度为1mmol·L-1、细胞浓度2 g·L-1条件下,反应10 min,Ag+可以达到平衡吸附量的86%以上.随后在24 h内吸附量缓慢增加,去除率基本维持在51%～55%左右.酵母吸附Ag+的过程可以用准一级和准二级动力学方程描述,后者模拟效果更好.酵母吸附Ag+的等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程描述,但Freundlich方程拟合效果较差.当Ag+初始浓度为0～8 mtool·L-1、酵母浓度2·L-1条件下,酵母吸附Ag+的Langmuir理论饱和生物吸附容量为0.385 mmol·g～.在pH 2.0-7.2范围内,吸附量随着溶液初始pH值升高而升高.10～40℃范围内,温度对酵母吸附Ag+的影响不如pH值的影响显著,特别是在低离子浓度下尤其如此.酵母吸附Ag+的较适宜温度为20～30℃.热力学分析表明,酵母吸附Ag+具有自发性、熵增特征.     

不同锆负载量锆改性膨润土对水中磷酸盐吸附作用的对比

通过实验对比考察了不同锆负载量的锆改性膨润土对水中磷酸盐的吸附作用.结果表明,锆改性膨润土对水中磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型,整个过程可以分为快速吸附阶段、缓慢吸附阶段和平衡吸附阶段,其中缓慢吸附阶段的吸附速率受膜扩散和颗粒内扩散所控制.锆改性膨润土对水中磷酸盐的吸附等温实验数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich、Sips和Dubinin-Radushkevich等温吸附模型进行拟合.实验条件下,磷酸盐吸附性能随pH增加而降低.溶液共存的Na~+、K~+和Ca~(2+)促进了锆改性膨润土对磷酸盐的吸附,并且Ca~(2+)的促进作用远远大于Na~+和K+,而溶液共存的HCO-3和SO2-4一定程度上抑制了锆改性膨润土对磷酸盐的吸附.锆改性膨润土吸附水中磷酸盐的主要机制为配位体交换并形成内层磷酸盐配合物.锆改性膨润土对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随着锆负载量的增加而增加,而锆改性膨润土中单位质量ZrO_2对水中磷酸盐的吸附量则随着锆负载量的增加而降低.当ZrO_2负载量由3.61%增加到13.15%时锆改性膨润土的最大单层单位吸附量(以P计)显著地由3.83 mg·g~(-1)增加到9.03 mg·g~(-1),而继续增加ZrO_2负载量至19.63%时锆改性膨润土的最大单层单位吸附量则缓慢地提高到9.66 mg·g~(-1)(以P计).当ZrO_2负载量由3.61%逐渐增加到19.63%时,锆改性膨润土中单位质量ZrO_2的磷酸盐最大吸附量[m(P)/m(ZrO_2)]由106 mg·g~(-1)逐渐下降到49.2 mg·g~(-1).综合考虑吸附剂的经济成本和吸附容量,ZrO_2负载量为13.15%锆改性膨润土更为适合作为吸附剂去除水中磷酸盐.     

改性活性碳毡电吸附污水中的Zn2+

用20%硝酸改性活性碳毡,利用扫描电镜和傅里叶红外光谱等技术对其改性后的结构进行了表征;利用改性活性碳毡作为吸附电极,进一步研究了其应用于电吸附的除盐效果和影响因素.结果表明,改性后的活性碳毡上的羰基和羧基增多,比表面积增大了32.2%,平均孔径提高了2.5%,微孔体积增大了23.1%.在电压为1.2V,pH值为6~8,极板间距为5mm时电吸附装置对水中Zn²⁺的吸附效果最优,动力学分析表明改性活性碳毡吸附Zn²⁺更符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,除此以外,电吸附循环实验表明用20%硝酸为再生液,通过电极反接,改性活性碳毡的再生率> 74%,说明在电吸附Zn²⁺过程中改性活性碳毡具有良好的再生性.     

五级跌水复氧式沟渠处理污水性能改进研究

采用五级跌水复氧式沟渠工艺,并通过沟渠填料选择、跌水坡度和高度优化等试验,以期提高系统的高效性和稳定性。结果表明:蛭石对NH_4~+-N和TP的吸附量随时间先快速增大至变缓直至平衡,平衡时蛭石对NH_4~+-N和TP的吸附量分别为3.269、1.635mg/g。通过蛭石吸附动力学模型拟合得出蛭石对NH_4~+-N和TP的吸附以表面吸附为主;跌水是改善沟渠系统溶解氧状况的有效措施之一,跌水高度为35 cm时能达到较为理想的复氧效果;同时坡度=0.10时有利于污染物的去除;处理装置的监测表明,COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的最大去除率分别为94.38%、81.26%、77.28%和85.99%,出水水质可达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级排放标准。     

微波辅助氢氧化钠改性竹炭对水溶液中铜离子的吸附

以竹炭为原料,NaOH为改性药剂,采用微波辅助加热的方法对竹炭进行改性,并利用SEM、EDAX、BET、FTIR、pHzpc和Boehm滴定等方法对改性前后的竹炭进行表征.考察了溶液pH、吸附时间、温度和离子强度等对改性竹炭吸附Cu2+的影响.结果表明微波辅助NaOH改性提高了竹炭的比表面积,增加了其表面含氧官能团和总碱基的数量;改性竹炭吸附Cu2+的最佳pH值约为5,吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型,Langmuir吸附等温方程比Freundlich方程更适合描述Cu2+在改性竹炭上的吸附行为,吸附为放热的物理吸附过程.     

沸石分子筛的碱改性及其吸附去除水中铜离子

考察了市售ZSM-5沸石分子筛的碱改性及其吸附去除水中重金属离子Cu2+的效果。研究结果表明,碱改性可有效提高材料吸附容量,经0.40 mol/L氢氧化钠碱改性效果最好。以碱改性分子筛为研究对象,研究其吸附动力学及吸附等温过程,结果表明:吸附过程符合假二阶动力学模型;吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温模型,极限吸附容量达40.49 mg/g。考察投加量、干扰离子等影响因素对碱改性分子筛吸附去除Cu2+离子的影响,对于初始浓度50 mg/L的Cu2+离子,改性材料投加量为0.4~2.4 g/L时,吸附去除率随投加量的增大而增大;当投加量大于1.6 g/L时,对铜离子去除率均在97%以上。当干扰离子Na+、K+、Mg2+、Pb2+与Cu2+离子共存时,Pb2+的干扰影响最大,去除率由不加干扰离子时的98.3%下降至56.5%。此外,采用BET和XRD手段对改性前后的材料进行了表征,并对改性机理进行了探讨。     

锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附特性

采用锆对天然沸石进行改性,并研究了锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附特性.结果表明,锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵均具有很好的吸附能力.锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学过程满足准二级动力学模型.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin–Radushkevich(D–R)等温吸附模型可以很好地描述锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附行为.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以很好地描述锆改性沸石对水中铵的等温吸附行为.由Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到锆改性沸石对磷酸盐和铵的最大吸附容量分别达到26.2,7.82 mg/g.热力学参数表明锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附是自发的吸热反应过程.锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随着pH值的增加而降低.当pH4~8时,锆改性沸石对水中铵的吸附能力较高;当pH低于4或高于8时,对铵的吸附能力下降.水中共存的Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-和NO3-等阴离子对锆改性沸石吸附磷酸盐的影响很小,而共存的SiO32-对磷酸盐的吸附则具有较强的负面影响.水中共存的Ca2+和Mg2+对锆改性沸石吸附铵的影响较小,而共存的K+和Na+对铵的吸附则具有较强的负面影响.锆改性沸石吸附水中磷酸盐的主要机制是阴离子配位体的交换,吸附水中铵的主要机制是与沸石中可交换阳离子的离子交换.     

TiO2/Ag modified penta-bismuth hepta-oxide nitrate and its adsorption performance for azo dye removal

A modified hydrophilic penta-bismuth hepta-oxide nitrate (Bi₅O₇NO₃) surface was synthesized via a precipitation method using TiO₂ and Ag as modified agents. The synthesized product was characterized by different analytical techniques. The removal efficiency was evaluated using mono-and di-sulphonated azo dyes as model pollutants. Different kinetic, isotherm and diffusion models were chosen to describe the adsorption process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results revealed no noticeable differences in the chemical states of modified adsorbent when compared to pure Bi₅O₇NO₃;however, the presence of hydrophilic centres such as TiO₂ and Ag developed positively charged surface groups and improved its adsorption performance to a wide range of azo dyes. Dyes removal was found to be a function of adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, solution pH and temperature. The reduction of Langmuir 1,2-mixed order kinetics to the second or first-order kinetics could be successfully used to describe the adsorption of dyes onto the modified adsorbent. Mass transfer can be described by intra-particle diffusion at a certain stage, but it was not the rate limiting step that controlled the adsorption process. Homogenous behavior of adsorbent surface can be explored by applying Langmuir isotherm to fit the adsorption data.     

改性稻草秸秆对重金属Pb~(2+)吸附作用研究

以农业废弃物稻草秸秆为原料,经过高锰酸钾和乙二胺改性后,制成对金属离子具有吸附作用的新型吸附材料,研究其对废水中Pb2+吸附效果,对吸附过程pH值和吸附剂投加量的影响以及吸附动力学特征和等温吸附特征进行研究,并将改性稻草秸秆用于鲕状赤铁矿选矿废水混凝后Pb2+深度处理。实验结果表明:改性稻草秸秆对Pb2+具有明显的吸附作用;pH在3~8之间,Pb2+吸附率均可达到80%以上;在室温下,pH为5~5.5,固液比为2 g/L时,吸附时间90 min时,吸附率可达98.7%;吸附过程符合二级动力学吸附过程,饱和吸附容量达到156.9 mg/g;不同浓度下吸附量与平衡浓度之间遵从Freundlich经验公式;混凝后鲕状赤铁矿选矿废水中Pb2+经过改性稻草秸秆深度吸附处理后,可以达到国家排放标准。     

Preparation of organically functionalized silica gel as adsorbent for copper ion adsorption

A novel adsorbent (AMPS-silica) was synthesized by bounding AMPS (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) onto silica surface, which functioned with -methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane reagent. The adsorbent was characterized by nitrogen adsorption/ desorption measurement, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and potentiometric titration analysis. The TGA result indicated that the surface modification reactions introduced some organic functional groups onto the surface of silica. The surface area of AMPSsilica was 389.7 m2/g. The adsorbent was examined for copper ion removal in series of batch adsorption experiments. Results showed that the adsorption of Cu2+ onto AMPS-silica was pH dependent, and the adsorption capacity increased with increasing pH from 2 to 6. The adsorption kinetics showed that Cu2+ adsorption was fast and the data fitted well with a pseudo second- order kinetic model. The adsorption of Cu2+ onto AMPS-silica obeyed both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, with r2 = 0.993 and r2 = 0.984, respectively. The maximum Cu2+ adsorption capacity was 19.9 mg/g. The involved mechanism might be the adsorption through metal binding with organic functional groups such as carboxyl, amino and sulfonic groups. Cu2+ loaded on AMPS-silica could be desorbed in HNO3 solution, and the adsorption properties remain stable after three adsorption-desorption cycles.     

活性炭对含铜制药废水的吸附特性

以粉末活性炭为吸附剂,采用批式试验,研究静态吸附对黄连素脱铜废水中Cu2+的去除效果,分析了吸附剂投加量(5～50 g/L),pH(1.0～5.0)和接触时间(20～600 min)对吸附效果的影响. 当pH为2.4,吸附剂投加量为30 g/L时,反应300 min即可达到吸附平衡状态. 通过对吸附动力学和吸附等温线的模型分析发现,二级吸附动力学模型能够更好地描述试验结果,对吸附平衡数据的拟合采用Langmuir吸附等温线优于采用Freundlich吸附等温线.      

Enhanced adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by chitosan-g-poly （acrylic acid）/vermiculite hydrogel composites

A series of chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid)/vermiculite hydrogel composites were synthesized and used as adsorbents for the investigation of the e ect of process parameters such as vermiculite content, pH of dye solution, contact time, initial concentration of dye solution, temperature, ionic strength and concentration of surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate on the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The results showed that the adsorption capacity for dye increased with increasing pH, contact time and initial dye concentration, but decreased with increasing temperature, ionic strength and sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration in the present of the surfactant. The adsorption kinetics of MB onto the hydrogel composite followed pseudo second-order kinetics and the adsorption equilibrium data obeyed Langmuir isotherm. By introducing 10 wt.% vermiculite into chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid) polymeric network, the obtaining hydrogel composite showed the highest adsorption capacity for MB, and then could be regarded as a potential adsorbent for cationic dye removal in a wastewater treatment process.     

Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution using red loess as an adsorbent

The adsorption behaviors of heavy metals onto novel low-cost adsorbent, red loess, were investigated. Red loess was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The results indicated that red loess mainly consisted of silicate, ferric and aluminum oxides. Solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal concentration, contact time and temperature significantly influenced the efficiency of heavy metals removal. The adsorption reached equilibrium at 4 hr, and the experimental equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir monolayer adsorption model. The adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto red loess was endothermic, while the adsorption of Pb(II) was exothermic. The maximum adsorption capacities of red loess for Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were estimated to be 113.6, 34.2 and 17.5 mg/g, respectively at 25°C and pH 6. The maximum removal efficiencies were 100% for Pb(II) at pH 7, 100% for Cu(II) at pH 8, and 80% for Zn(II) at pH 8. The used adsorbents were readily regenerated using dilute HC1 solution, indicating that red loess has a high reusability. All the above results demonstrated that red loess could be used as a possible alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution.     

Fabrication of bimetallic Ag/Fe immobilized on modified biochar for removal of carbon tetrachloride

As an effective conventional absorbent, biochar exhibited limited adsorption ability toward small hydrophobic molecules. To enhance the adsorption capacity, a novel adsorbent was prepared by immobilizing nanoscale zero-valent iron onto modified biochar (MB) and then the elemental silver was attached to the surface of iron (Ag/Fe/MB). It''s noted that spherical Ag/Fe nanoparticles with diameter of 51 nm were highly dispersed on the surface of MB. As the typical hydrophobic contaminant, carbon tetrachloride was selected for examining the removal efficiency of the adsorbent. The removal efficiencies of carbon tetrachloride by original biochar (OB), Ag/Fe, Ag/Fe/OB and Ag/Fe/MB were fully investigated. It''s found that Ag/Fe/MB showed higher carbon tetrachloride removal efficiency, which is about 5.5 times higher than that of the OB sample due to utilizing the merits of high adsorption and reduction. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that the removal of carbon tetrachloride by Ag/Fe/MB was a spontaneous and exothermic process, which was affected by solution pH, initial carbon tetrachloride concentration and temperature. The novel Ag/Fe/MB composites provided a promising material for carbon tetrachloride removal from effluent.     

超细粉煤灰对甲基橙的吸附性能和机理研究

以粉煤灰为原料,通过球磨制得超细粉煤灰,研究了其对水中偶氮染料甲基橙的吸附性能和机理。结果表明,在25℃,pH值为2,投加量为0.7g,反应时间为120min时,粉煤灰对甲基橙的去除率为79.4%,超细粉煤灰对甲基橙的去除率可达93.8%。随温度升高,吸附量降低,证明该吸附为放热过程,并计算不同温度下各热力学参数△G,△H和△S。对实验数据运用相关数学模型拟合,显示等温吸附平衡符合Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程动力学更适合二级吸附动力学模型。     

有机胺插层四钛酸对直接湖蓝5B的吸附性能研究

在微波辅助下对四钛酸进行了有机胺插层,获得了正辛胺﹑正十二胺﹑正十六胺插层四钛酸材料,研究了3种层状物质作为吸附剂,pH﹑震荡时间﹑吸附剂用量等因素对直接湖蓝5B偶氮染料吸附的影响,确定了3种材料吸附的最佳条件。研究表明:微波有机胺插层四钛酸材料具有优良的吸附性能,pH=1.0时,正辛胺插层四钛酸用量为0.8 g/L﹑振荡时间40 min,正十二胺插层材料和正十六插层材料用量为0.4 g/L﹑振荡时间分别30 min和50 min时,吸附脱色效果最好。随染料浓度增大,温度升高,插层四钛酸材料会发生板层分离,表现为常规的物理吸附过程。在50℃时,正辛胺﹑正十二胺﹑正十六插层四钛酸对直接湖蓝5B染料的吸附量分别达到636 mg/g﹑3 349 mg/g﹑2 856 mg/g。