基于破坏类型的本溪灰岩本构关系研究

根据单轴和三轴条件下本溪灰岩的压缩试验和峰后循环加载试验,总结本溪灰岩的强度、变形随围压的变化规律,研究不同围压下本溪灰岩的破坏过程和重复加载过程,分析不同应力条件下本溪灰岩破坏的方式.结果表明:本溪灰岩在应力刚过峰值且未完全进入残余强度阶段,其弹性模量与峰前相同,此阶段进行循环加载时,新的峰值应力低于卸载点应力;在残余强度阶段,残余强度不再随重复加载发生明显变化;采用比较峰值时的环向弹性应变值与环向应变值的方法来判别本溪灰岩的破坏类型是可行的;不同围压下,本溪灰岩的破坏方式有张性破坏和剪切破坏2种类型,这2种破坏方式下本构模型的控制参数是不同的.分别选取了环向应变和剪切应变作为控制参数建立了本构模型,该模型很好地描述了本溪灰岩峰后阶段的应力脆性跌落现象及应力与应变的关系.     

粗砂岩变形破坏过程中的能量演化机制

对粗砂岩进行单轴试验测得其力学参数,然后采用颗粒流和fish程序获得粗砂岩的细观力学参数进行不同围压下的压缩试验,分析粗砂岩的变形和强度特性以及在变形破坏过程中的能量演化规律。获得主要结论:随着围压增加粗砂岩屈服阶段明显增加,峰值强度提高,峰后由明显软化逐渐向塑性流动过渡,表明随着围压增加粗砂岩脆性降低而延性提高,主应力表示的二次型强度准则比直线型更加贴近试验结果。粗砂岩在变形破坏过程中,弹性阶段吸收的能量主要以弹性应变能的形式存储,屈服阶段弹性应变能增速减缓而耗散能增速加快,围压越高峰值处对应的耗散能越大表明高围压下破坏时岩石内部损伤严重,峰后阶段弹性应变能在低围压下急剧减小而高围压下缓慢减小。弹性储能极限随围压增加呈现线性增大趋势,弹性应变能与岩石吸收总能量之比先减小而后趋于常值。     

不同应力状态下北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性研究

为研究不同应力状态下北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性,对北山花岗岩试件进行不同围压下的三轴试验,通过轴向压力和横向变形协调控制加载,获得不同围压下岩石全应力应变曲线,研究岩石破坏前能量聚集及破坏后能量释放特征。结果表明：破坏时弹性能、总能量随着围压增加而增大,且破坏后的总能量变化量及弹性能释放量也随着围压增加而增大。分析岩石储能系数和能量释放指数对岩石破坏的影响,发现岩石储能系数和能量释放指数随围压增加而增大;综合能量储存系数和能量释放指数建立新的岩爆倾向性评价指标,该指标不仅表述了岩石破坏前后各能量的综合变化特征,且能研究不同应力状态下岩石岩爆倾向性;使用该指标研究不同应力状态对北山花岗岩的岩爆倾向性,结果表明：北山花岗岩具有较强的岩爆倾向性,且随着围压增大,岩爆倾向性增加;当围压低于10 MPa时,围压对北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性影响较小,当围压超过10 MPa时,围压对岩爆倾向性的影响突然增加,但随着围压进一步增加,其对岩爆倾向性影响逐渐减弱。     

三轴压缩条件下胶结充填体能量耗散特征分析

开展不同灰砂配比、质量分数的充填体三轴压缩试验,研究了不同围压加载阶段充填体的能量耗散与围压、应变以及应力的内在关系.结果表明,在低围压时,充填体的极限抗压强度低;随着围压的增加,充填体的峰值强度随之增大,峰前能耗占总能耗的比重越来越大,说明充填体屈服阶段吸收的能量占总能量的比重提高,围压的增大能够提高充填体的破坏能耗量;充填体的峰前能耗量、峰后能耗量、单位体积变形能以及总能耗与围压呈二次函数曲线关系.当围压一定时,充填体在弹性变形阶段的能量变化与轴向应力、偏应力均呈线性关系,与轴向应变呈指数函数曲线关系;随着轴向载荷增加,能量随轴向应力、偏应力变化的增长速率加大.     

有压水环境下循环荷载历史对饱和混凝土动态力学特性的影响

为研究有压水环境中循环荷载历史对混凝土动态力学性能的影响,对历经不同荷载循环次数（0、25、50、100次）的水饱和混凝土试件（在2 MPa围压水环境中）进行了不同应变速率（10^-5、10^-4、10^-3、10^-2/s）下的常规三轴静动态压缩试验,分析了混凝土材料的峰值应力、峰值应变、弹性模量、吸能能力等基本力学参数的变化规律和机理。结果表明：同一加载速率下,水饱和混凝土的峰值应力、弹性模量和吸能能力均随循环次数的增长呈现出先增大后减小的规律,并且峰值应力和吸能能力增减的转折点随着应变速率的提高而向荷载循环次数增大的方向平移,峰值应变整体上呈减小的趋势;相同荷载循环次数后,峰值应力、峰值应变和吸能能力随着加载速率的增大而逐渐增大,并且荷载循环次数越大,率效应越显著,弹性模量随着加载速率的增大而逐渐较小。     

长江口饱和软黏土多静力因子耦合响应规律

以长江口长兴岛周边水域原状海相饱和软黏土为研究对象,通过GDS静三轴试验,探讨预压静荷载、加荷速率、排水条件等静力因子作用下软黏土固结不排水强度和孔压特性响应规律,以及预压堆载与加荷速率联合作用下软黏土固结不排水强度及孔压耦合响应模式。研究结果表明:随着堆载预压荷载的增大,软黏土总强度增大,但抗剪强度降低,同时孔隙水压力随之降低,应力-应变关系曲线向应变软化趋势发展;随着加荷速率的加快,孔压峰值减小,软黏土的强度有所提高,应力-应变关系曲线向应变硬化趋势发展;采用竖向排水板可提高固结排水速率,缩短软黏土固结时间,提高抗剪强度;采用归一化处理得到静偏应力比s_1与加载速率■,分别建立了静力因子耦合作用下关于s_1及■的强度峰值和孔压峰值表达式。     

循环冲击荷载下轴压对花岗岩动力学特性的影响

为研究循环冲击荷载下轴压对花岗岩动态力学特性的影响,利用改进的动静组合式SHPB装置对5种轴压σ_A(0,30,60,90和120 MPa)下的花岗岩试样进行等幅循环冲击.结果表明:在相同的循环冲击荷载下,试样的总循环冲击次数随轴压的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在σ_A=60 MPa时达到最大.5种轴压下的试样都表现为典型Ⅱ型应力-应变曲线.σ_A=0,30,90和120 MPa下试样的平均应变率和峰值应变随着冲击次数的增加而增加,峰值应力和弹性模量趋势相反,σ_A=0和120 MPa试样的力学参数劣化速率较快;σ_A=60 MPa下试样的平均应变率和峰值应变随着冲击次数的增加呈现先减小后增加的趋势,峰值应力和弹性模量则相反,其动力学参数劣化速率较慢.结合静态压缩声发射能量计数可以发现,当轴压超过起裂应力时,轴压对循环冲击荷载下岩石动力学特性的影响由强化向劣化效应转变.     

不同围压下茅口灰岩渐进性破坏的试验研究

利用MTS815电液伺服控制刚性试验机进行不同围压下茅口灰岩三轴压缩试验,通过计算绘得相应裂隙体积应变图,分析得出裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力。结果表明:随着围压的增大,应力门槛值均呈非线性增长态势,当围压超过17 MPa时,裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力分别增加48.5%和20.1%,茅口灰岩延性开始增强;裂纹破坏应力为峰值强度的64%~75%,三轴压缩下茅口灰岩裂隙不稳定发展阶段较长;环向应变值随围压增大而增大,当轴力超过裂纹破坏应力进入裂隙不稳定发展阶段,环向应变增大2.7~3.2倍,用环向-轴向应力应变曲线图能较好的反映岩石应力门槛值。     

循环加卸载下花岗岩破裂过程及能量演化研究

使用MTS815实验机对北山花岗岩进行了循环加卸载实验.基于实验结果,探讨了循环加卸载条件下北山花岗岩声发射特征,研究了北山花岗岩破裂过程中能量演化特征.结果表明:1)峰值应力前循环,卸载阶段弹性模量略大于加载阶段弹性模量.2)根据声发射变化特征可以很好地判定岩石所处的应力状态和损伤程度,并在一定程度上证明了岩石材料的Kaiser效应.3)峰值应力前,能量演化主要表现为以弹性能为主的聚集和释放;在峰值应力时耗散能迅速增多导致岩石内部结构发生根本性的变化,耗散能在峰后阶段所占比重持续增加导致岩石进入加速破坏阶段.4)峰值应力前,围压对弹性能和耗散能的影响很小;但弹性储能极限和岩石破坏所需的耗散能随围压的升高线性增大.     

基于应力应变曲线的页岩脆性指标分析

页岩脆性是评价页岩气储层是否可压的一个重要指标,是储层能否实现商业开采的关键。以南方海相龙马溪组富有机质页岩为研究对象,开展了单三轴压缩试验,依据岩石应力应变曲线建立新的脆性评价指标,并进行验证,在此基础上研究了页岩的脆性各向异性特征,结果表明:提出的脆性指标可以较好地反映页岩的脆性特征,标准化系数分别取λ=0.4和η=0.6时效果最好;南方海相龙马溪组页岩储层具有较强的脆性特征,可将其划分为高可压性储层;页岩的脆性指标随着围压增加逐渐降低,降低的速率逐渐减小;页岩的应力应变曲线5个阶段比较明显,随着围压增加,压密阶段逐渐缩短,屈服阶段逐渐变长,残余强度随着围压几乎线性增加;随着围压增加,页岩的峰值强度、弹性模量和软化模量都表现出明显的增加趋势,增幅分别为105.17%,71.74%和97.75%;页岩的脆性指标随着层理倾角增加先减小后增加,表现出"U"形变化规律,在层理倾角θ=0°时取得最大值,θ=30°时取得最小值,各向异性系数高达1.991,具有明显的各向异性特征。     

软岩S形应力-应变曲线的数值模拟

针对软岩在荷载作用下的变形特征,结合三轴试验提出了软岩四参数本构方程。从数学理论上严格证明了该方程描述的应力-应变曲线的S形特征。该模型的四个参数中,峰值应力及其相应应变可由试验直接获得,另两个参数则需通过优化反演方法获得。在此基础上建立了四个参数与围压的经验关系式,从而可对不同围压作用下的软岩应力-应变曲线进行估算。数值模拟表明该模型能够有效模拟软岩应力-应变曲线的S形特征,能够反映软岩强度与弹性模量随围压增大的特点。     

间歇性循环荷载作用下细粒土的变形特性

铁路路基承受的列车动荷载作用由列车通过时产生的周期性振动和无列车通过时的加载间歇组成, 针对此工程背景,开展不同围压、水的质量分数、动应力条件下的连续加载与加载-停振的动三轴试验,研究间歇性循环荷载作用下细粒土的超孔隙水压力、弹性应变、回弹模量和累积塑性应变的变化规律. 试验结果表明,加载间歇对路基变形特性有显著影响. 由于加载间歇阶段试样卸载以及排水作用,试样在加载阶段积累的超孔隙水压力在间歇阶段消散,土体内部颗粒及结构得到调整,试样抵抗后续荷载的能力得到提高. 此外,加载间歇显著减缓了后续加载阶段的塑性应变发展,降低了试样的累积塑性应变. 加载间歇对提高试样回弹模量、降低弹性应变的效果有限. 加载-停振的间歇加载方式可以更准确地模拟实际列车荷载作用,进而获得更具实际意义的试验结果.     

卸围压条件下花岗岩强度特性及三维裂隙演化规律

为研究卸围压条件下花岗岩强度特性和三维裂隙演化规律,对花岗岩开展了常规三轴压缩、卸围压-加轴压和分级卸围压-加轴压循环加卸载3种不同应力路径力学试验,获得对应的轴、径向应力-应变曲线;采用CT扫描三维重构技术获得岩石卸围压过程中和破坏后内部裂隙分布三维图像.结果表明:相对于常规三轴压缩试验,试件在卸荷条件下脆性破坏特征更加显著,分级卸围压-加轴压循环加卸载会增大花岗岩的峰后延性,降低破坏轴压和破坏剧烈程度;两种卸围压方案都会使花岗岩的承载能力降低30%左右;卸荷作用下花岗岩宏观破裂为拉剪组合状,拉剪过渡不明显,表观裂隙是内部裂隙向外扩展的结果;花岗岩在卸荷作用下峰前产生的裂隙量较少,大量裂隙在峰后产生,破裂具有突发性和瞬时性,围压较低时宏观裂隙首先在试件边缘产生,围压较高时宏观裂隙首先在试件中部产生.     

合肥膨胀土动弹性模量与阻尼比试验研究

以合肥膨胀土为研究对象,利用GDS真动三轴仪对土体进行循环动荷载试验,研究不同围压、固结应力比对土体动弹性模量及阻尼比的影响规律.试验结果表明,合肥膨胀土的骨干曲线可以由双曲线描述;在相同条件下,动弹性模量随着围压、固结应力比的增大而增大,随着动应变的增大先急剧减小后趋于平缓;动弹性模量的倒数与动应变呈良好的线性关系,最大动弹性模量随着围压的增大呈线性增大,给出考虑围压影响的最大动弹性模量回归方程;阻尼比随着围压、固结应力比的增大而减小,采用 Darendeli 模型及依据阻尼比与应变的经验关系,得到动模量比衰减模型及阻尼比模型;不同围压、固结应力比下阻尼比与动模量比的关系归一化后可以由修正Hardin-Drnevich公式描述.     

应变速率对天津海积软土力学性能的影响

采用WF应力路径三轴仪,对天津滨海海积软土进行了不同围压、不同应变速率的三轴固结不排水剪切试验（CU）,分析了不同应变速率对海积软土试样的应力一应变关系、有效应力及试样破坏形态的影响．结果表明：CU试验应力一应变关系呈硬化特征,剪应力峰值随着应变速率的增大而增大,而孔压变化值则随着应变速率的增大而逐渐减小;不同应变速率的有效应力路径在相同固结压力下基本一致,因而正常固结黏土的有效应力路径具有唯一性;同时,应变速率对总应力强度有所影响,总应力的内摩擦角随着应变速率的增大而增大．     

Mechanical properties of deep-buried marble material under loading and unloading tests

The mechanical properties are essentially different when rock material is subjected to loading or unloading conditions. In this study, loading and unloading tests with various confining pressures are conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of marble material samples taken from the deep diversion tunnels of Jinping II Hydropower Station. The stress-strain relationship, failure characteristics and strength criterion are compared and analyzed based on the experiment results. The results show: in the loading and unloading test, peak strength, lateral strain, axial strain and plastic deformation increase significantly as the confining pressure increases. Lateral strain increased significantly and obvious lateral dilatancy can be observed to the change of confining pressure; The fracture mode is mainly the single shear fracture for the triaxial compression test and post-peak test, angle between the failure surface and the ends of the rock material becomes smaller as the confining pressure increases. Hoek-Brown strength criterion reflects the strength characteristics of marble material under two different unloading conditions, and has some supplementary effects to the rock material of mechanical field.     

Mechanical property and permeability of raw coal containing methane under unloading confining pressure

Based on domestic-developed triaxial servo-controlled seepage equipment for thermal–hydrological–mechanical coupling of coal containing methane, an experimental study was carried out to investigate mechanical property and gas permeability of raw coal, under the situation of conventional triaxial compression and unloading confining pressure tests in different gas pressure conditions. Triaxial unloading confining pressure process was reducing confining pressure while increasing axial pressure. The research results show that, compared with the peak intensity of conventional triaxial loading, the ultimate strength of coal samples of triaxial unloading confining pressure was lower, deformation under loading was far less than unloading, dilation caused by unloading was more obvious than loading. The change trend of volumetric strain would embody change of gas permeability of coal, the permeability first reduced along with volumetric strain increase, and then raised with volume strain decrease, furthermore, the change trends of permeability of coal before and after destruction were different in the stage of decreasing volume strain due to the effect of gas pressure. When gas pressure was greater, the effective confining pressure was smaller, and the radial deformation produced by unloading was greater. When the unloading failed confining pressure difference was smaller, coal would be easier to get unstable failure.     

Mechanical Behavior of Polyurethane Polymer Materials under Triaxial Cyclic Loading:A Particle Flow Code Approach

Polyurethane polymer grouting materials were studied with conventional triaxial tests via the particle flow code in two dimensions(PFC~(2D)) method, and the simulation results agreed with the experimental data. The particle flow code method can simulate the mechanical properties of the polymer. The triaxial cyclic loading tests of the polymer material under different confining pressures were carried out via PFC~(2D) to analyze its mechanical performance. The PFC~(2D) simulation results show that the value of the elastic modulus of the polymer decreases slowly at first and fluctuated within a narrow range near the value of the peak strength; the cumulative plastic strain increases slowly at first and then increases rapidly; the peak strength and elastic modulus of polymer increase with the confining pressure; the PFC~(2D) method can be used to quantitatively evaluate the damage behavior of the polymer material and estimate the fatigue life of the materials under fatigue load based on the number and the location of micro-cracks. Thus, the PFC~(2D) method is an effective tool to study polymers.     

Influence of moisture content on shearing strength of unsaturated undisturbed quaternary system middle pleistocene

The unsaturated undisturbed quaternary system middle pleistocene loess,a typical unsaturated soil,often occurs in the implementation of western development strategy.To obtain the shearing strength characteristics of this unsaturated undisturbed loess,based on the analysis of mineral composition,the triaxial shear test of undisturbed quaternary system middle pleistocene loess under different moisture contents is conducted with the specialized triaxial instrument for unsaturated soil.The test results show that the mainly mineral composition of undisturbed quaternary system middle pleistocene loess is quartz and albite.Under the same confining pressure,the matric suction increases with the decrease of moisture content.The smaller the moisture content,the larger the matric suction;the higher the moisture content,the lower the matric suction.Under the same moisture content,the matric suction increases with the confining pressure and reaches a maximum when the confining pressure is 100 kPa,and then decreases with the increase of confining pressure.This phenomenon is closely related to the grain contact tightness of soil mass under high confining pressure.According to the triaxial test of loess,the sample of loess experiences 4 stages from loading to failure:1) compaction stage;2) compression stage;3) microcrack developing stage;4) shear failure stage.The test sample is of brittle failure(weak softening)under low moisture content and confining pressure.With the decrease of matric suction and the increase of consolidated confining pressure,the stress-strain curve changes from softening type to ideal plastic type.In the shearing strength parameters of unsaturated undisturbed loess,the influence of moisture content on internal friction angle is small,but that on cohesive force is obvious.Therefore,the shearing strength of unsaturated undisturbed loess is higher than that of saturated undisturbed loess and varies with the moisture content.     

循环荷载下软黏土回弹和累积变形特性

针对交通荷载循环应力水平低、循环次数大的特点,利用英国GDS公司生产的振动三轴仪在不同固结围压、不同循环应力比下对温州原状饱和软黏土进行了大周数（50 000次）不排水循环加载试验,研究了循环应力比对饱和软黏土应力-应变曲线、回弹模量和累积应变的影响.研究表明：循环应力比对饱和软黏土应力-应变曲线的形状及其发展规律影响明显.相应地,随着循环应力比的增大,回弹模量的衰减程度加大,达到稳定所需的循环次数增多.通过对50 000次循环后的回弹模量和累积应变进行分析,发现循环应力比在0.60-0.70是一个临界应力水平,当循环应力比大于该水平时,回弹模量不随循环应力比的变化而改变,达到“渐近线刚度”;而累积应变则开始迅速增长,变得不稳定.