地震总输入能量与瞬时输入能量谱的研究

现有的抗震设计理论大多是基于承载力或强度的设计方法,与其相应的反应谱理论最大的缺陷是无法反映地震动持时的影响,而以地震动能量作为设计参数时就能弥补现有抗震理论的不足。本文按照反应谱理论的思路建立了线性单自由度体系的地震动总输入能量谱和瞬时输入能量谱。研究发现,阻尼比为5%时的地震动总输入能量谱和最大瞬时输入能量谱的等价速度谱可以分别用阻尼比为0.5%和10%下的拟速度谱来近似获得;地震波的V/A值大于0.15时,总输入能量谱的Δt谱峰值与地震波的强震持时呈线性增长关系,V/A值小于0.15时,两者间的关系无规律性。最大瞬时输入能量谱的Δt谱峰值基本不受地震波的V/A值与强震持时的影响;输入能量谱(总输入能量谱与最大瞬时输入能量谱)的特征周期随地震波V/A值的增大而增大,根据分析结果本文提出了线性单自由度体系输入能量谱的简化计算方法,方法简便,计算结果偏安全。     

大型直流电压发生器塔架结构地震响应分析

本文以某一大型直流电压发生器塔架结构为例,建立有限元计算模型,采用调幅正弦五波、Taft地震波、El-Centro地震波、云南澜沧地震波和正弦三波5种地震动输入,通过数值计算,讨论了不同输入地震波对于结构抗震设计的影响。结果表明,地震作用效应在这类特种结构的组合响应中起重要影响,采用调幅正弦五波、正弦三波作为地震输入,过分夸大了实际的地震作用效应。最后,对这类特种结构的输入地震动提出了相应建议。     

大跨斜拉桥地震动最不利输入方向分析

对于复杂结构的地震反应分析，地震波的最不利输入方向对应着结构的最不利反应。通过一座大跨斜拉桥的具体实例分析，研究了地震动输入方向不同时结构反应的变化情况，结果表明：地震动输入最不利方向和结构本身以及所采用地震波均有关，沿轴向输入并不总是最不利输入方向，同时发现，地震波的长周期成分对大跨斜拉桥结构的地震响应有很大影响。     

隔震结构地震波选择方法研究

隔震结构的设计一般是采用时程分析算法进行的,故选择合适的地震波十分重要。而目前设计人员往往依据隔震前模型进行隔震设计,存在一定的不合理性。本文依据隔震前和隔震后两种不同的选波模型和对地震波反应谱控制频段的不同提出三种选波方案:方案一为对所选地震动的加速度反应谱在场地特征周期Tg附近的平台段和隔震前结构基本周期T1a所在下降段的控制;方案二为对在Tg附近的平台段和隔震后结构基本周期T1b所在下降段的控制;方案三为对所选地震动的加速度反应谱在Tg附近的平台段和隔震前、后两结构基本周期段的分别控制。通过对某五层混凝土框架隔震结构分别输入三种方案所选的20条地震动记录,对比隔震结构的水平向减震系数的离散性,分析罕遇地震作用下支座位移的合理性,证明方案三可以取得最优的计算结果,并提出一种基于规范设计反应谱不同频段的三频段控制选波方法。此外选取5个不同结构形式的工程算例验证三频段控制选波方法对于一般结构的适用性。     

地震安评中天然地震波选取方法研究

近年来工程场地地震安全性评价工作日趋规范化,安评相关方法与技术也在不断的发展与完善.而超高、超限等复杂结构类型越来越成为城市建筑建设重点,根据《建筑抗震设计规范》要求,此类建筑在抗震设计工作中需要进行时程分析,时程分析输入地震动的选用需考虑与规范反应谱在"统计意义上相符".在总结常用选择方法的基础上,提出一种新的选波思路,即按照安评结果反应谱作为目标反应谱,基于强震记录数据库,利用PEER强震记录数据库及搜索平台,寻找最优匹配天然地震波,作为结构时程分析输入地震波,通过实例对比分析,该方法选取的地震波在结构时程分析中具有良好的适用性.     

框架结构地震输入能量影响因素研究

通过对框架结构弹塑性地震输入能量反应的分析,采用基于等效单自由度体系的振型分解能量求解方法,输入多条真实地震波,综合分析了地震动三要素对地震总输入能量的影响规律,通过实例计算表明:框架结构体系的输入能量与地震波的峰值平方成正比,地震波的卓越周期越大、持时越长,总输入能量也越大.     

反应谱控制选波的地震动时频非平稳特性差异性分析

时程分析法中地震波的选取关乎结构抗震分析结果是否准确,基于规范反应谱进行选波分析,研究不同选波控制指标下所选出的地震波在时域、频域等方面的特性及误差大小,并进行工程验证。结果表明:采用拟合反应谱选波方法所选的地震动在时、频域上特性差异较大,是导致时程分析法中结构响应差异性较大的主要原因,且选用更为严格的控制指标并不能有效降低所选出地震动时频非平稳之间的差异性。     

建筑结构时程分析法中天然地震波的选择

要保证建筑结构时程分析结果的合理性,必须合理选择输入地震波。从工程实例出发,考虑峰值、频谱特性、地震动持时及适当的地震波数量,说明如何挑选合适的强震记录作为结构工程时程分析的输入,以此进行工程的抗震设计。     

地震动的小波分析技术在高层结构抗震设计中的应用研究

利用具有良好时频局部化性质的小波基函数时频分析真实地震动,提出一种可行的基于小波分析法调整地震动的方法。实际地震波(El Centro波和TH2TG055波)经过调幅、小波变换和标准反应谱拟合得到调整后的地震波,将其输入到拟建结构模型中进行地震反应分析,对比层间剪力、层间位移及层间位移角等几方面的计算结果,表明选取小波分析后的地震波作为结构时程分析输入能够得到比较准确的数值,满足结构抗震设计的需要,在工程应用方面具有一定的应用参考价值。     

延性系数对SDOF体系地震能量输入历程的影响研究

文中以弹塑性SDOF体系为对象,提出将总输入能、最大瞬时输入能以及能量增长持时作为描述地震能量输入历程的三个特征参数。根据场地条件及地震动峰值速度与峰值加速度比值(V/A)双参数控制选择了不同场地条件下56条强震记录为输入,讨论延性系数的变化对这三个参数的影响。研究表明,随着延性系数的增加,总输入能量谱及最大瞬时输入能量谱在减小谱峰值的同时,谱型整体向短周期移动,形成压缩效应;弹塑性能量增长持时谱较弹性能量增长持时谱更为平滑,其谱值在统计意义上不发生变化;短周期结构延性的增大使得总输入能与最大瞬时输入能增加,但对于中长周期结构,总输入能与最大瞬时输入能随延性系数增加而减少;输入能量在时间轴上的分布模式受延性系数变化的影响不明显,能量时程增长台阶的总长度在各种延性系数条件下趋于一致。     

Formulation of elastic earthquake input energy spectra

The object of this paper is to introduce a procedure for the determination of elastic design earthquake input energy spectra taking into account the influence of magnitude, soil type and distance from the surface projection of the fault. Firstly, an accurate selection of a large set of representative records has been realized. Secondly, the construction of the design input energy spectra has required determining the spectral shapes and a normalization factor which measures seismic hazard in terms of energy. This factor, denoted as the seismic hazard energy factor, has been defined as the area under the earthquake input energy spectrum in the period interval between 0·05 and 4·0 s. Finally, due to the importance of the source-to-site distance in the evaluation of the input energy, an investigation into the attenuation of the seismic hazard energy factor has been carried out. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis on the Seismic Response of Soil Slopes Based on the Multi-point Input Method

In general, the seismic response analysis in earthquake engineering assumes that the vibration parameters of the target and the contact surface of the external media are identical, i. e., single point input. However, earthquake energy has an attenuation phenomenon in wave propagation, so a wide range of soil slopes and the external medium contact surface of different input points on motion are not identical. If we consider single point input only, it may not correspond with reality, so it is necessary to carry out research on multi-point input methods. Based on the 2-D slope model, single-point input and multi-point input are performed respectively to analyze and compare their similarities and differences in the perspectives of the characteristics of seismic response of soil layer and plastic zone distribution to provide a reference for the seismic design of slopes. The results show that in the perspective of soil seismic response analysis, the peak acceleration output and peak velocity output under multi-point input are greater than the peak values under single point input at the same monitoring point, the peak appearing time is also earlier than that of the single point input; in terms of the plastic zone distribution, the multi-point effect is manifested as the presence of more obvious tensile shear failures; in the perspective of safety coefficient, the safety coefficient under each multi-point input is smaller than that of single point input, a difference of about 7% or so. In summary, multi-point input is more reasonable and practical than single point input, so multi-point input should be considered in seismic design.     

Effect of earthquake energy input characteristics on hysteretic damper efficiency

Robust performance of hysteretic dampers, used in controlling mid‐rise buildings, against change of earthquake characteristics is investigated in this paper. A shear type ten‐storey building incorporating hysteretic dampers is studied as a model under the assumption of elastic perfectly plastic behavior for inelastic frame and damper deformations. An energy‐based damper performance index is used to evaluate damper overall efficiency. Thirty‐five earthquake records are applied and the damper strength is optimized for each earthquake record to obtain the maximum performance index or the damper efficiency. Based on the obtained numerical results it is found that, besides the effect of maximum energy input on damper efficiency, other time‐dependant properties such as energy‐based effective duration and earthquake dominant period have great influence on the damper efficiency. A factor (α), which represents the combined effect of maximum energy input, effective duration and dominant earthquake period, is also derived for the prediction of damper efficiency. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土框架抗震结构地震能量分布及耗散研究

基于能量平衡原理,对多层钢筋混凝土框架结构的地震输入能量的分布及耗散规律进行了研究。选用8条天然地震波和2条人工波,运用Perform-3D软件,对多层钢筋混凝土框架结构模型在7度罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性能量进行数值仿真计算。计算了钢混框架结构在不同地震波下的地震总输入能量、滞回耗能、阻尼耗能以及滞回耗能占总耗能的比例时程,分析了地震能量在各分量中的分布及分配规律;分析了阻尼比和延性比对地震输入能量的影响,确定了滞回耗能随阻尼比和延性比的变化规律;研究了钢筋混凝土框架结构梁柱构造和竖向侧移刚度变化对地震输入能及其分量的影响,确定了多层钢筋混凝土框架结构滞回耗能沿竖向的分布规律及沿横向在框架构件中的分配,研究了框架结构存在薄弱层情况下的滞回耗能的分布规律。揭示了多自由度钢筋混凝土框架结构地震输入能量及其分布规律,可为基于能量平衡原理的抗震设计理论在工程实际中的运用提供有益的参考。     

高面板坝地震动三维非一致输入的波函数组合法

提出三维问题的波函数组合法求解不规则河谷的散射问题,应用到高面板坝动力有限元计算的地震动输入中,可以满足非一致输入的要求,并回避人工边界对外行波的反射问题。重点介绍三维问题的波函数组合法的理论推导和程序的算例验证,并给出将该方法应用到高面板坝地震动输入的基本步骤。     

Wave energy input into the Ekman layer

This paper is concerned with the wave energy input into the Ekman layer, based on 3 observational facts that surface waves could significantly affect the profile of the Ekman layer. Under the assumption of constant vertical diffusivity, the analytical form of wave energy input into the Ekman layer is derived. Analysis of the energy balance shows that the energy input to the Ekman layer through the wind stress and the interaction of the Stokes-drift with planetary vorticity can be divided into two kinds. One is the wind energy input, and the other is the wave energy input which is dependent on wind speed, wave characteristics and the wind direction relative to the wave direction. Estimates of wave energy input show that wave energy input can be up to 10% in high-latitude and high-wind speed areas and higher than 20% in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, compared with the wind energy input into the classical Ekman layer. Results of this paper are of significance to the study of wave-induced large scale effects.     

Mechanism and bounding of earthquake energy input to building structure on surface ground subjected to engineering bedrock motion

The mechanism of earthquake energy input to building structures is clarified by considering the surface ground amplification and soil–structure interaction. The earthquake input energies to superstructures, soil–foundation systems and total swaying–rocking system are obtained by taking the corresponding appropriate free bodies into account and defining the energy transfer functions. It has been made clear that, when the ground surface motion is white, the input energy to the swaying–rocking model is constant regardless of the soil property (input energy constant property). The upper bound of earthquake input energy to the swaying–rocking model is derived for the model including the surface ground amplification by taking full advantage of the above-mentioned input energy constant property and introducing the envelope function for the transfer function of the surface ground amplification. Extension of the theory to a general earthquake ground motion model at the engineering bedrock is also made by taking full advantage of the above-mentioned input energy constant property.     

Bound of earthquake input energy to soil–structure interaction systems

A new critical excitation method is developed for soil–structure interaction systems. In contrast to previous studies considering amplitude nonstationarity only, no special constraint of input motions is needed on nonstationarity. The input energy to the soil–structure interaction system during an earthquake is introduced as a new measure of criticality. It is demonstrated that the input energy expression can be of a compact form via the frequency integration of the product between the input component (Fourier amplitude spectrum) and the structural model component (so-called energy transfer function). With the help of this compact form, it is shown that the formulation of earthquake input energy in the frequency domain is essential for solving the critical excitation problem and deriving a bound on the earthquake input energy for a class of ground motions. The extension of the concept to MDOF systems is also presented.     

Application of wavelets to analysis and simulation of earthquake motions

A method of applying wavelet transform to earthquake motion analysis is developed from the viewpoint of energy input structures, in which relationships between wavelet coefficients and energy input, namely energy principles in wavelet analysis are derived. By using the principles, time–frequency characteristics of the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake ground motions are analysed and time histories of energy input for various ranges of frequencies and epicentral distances are identified. Furthermore, a technique to simulate earthquake ground accelerations by wavelet inverse transform is developed on the condition that target time-frequency characteristics are specified. Structural responses to the simulated accelerations are compared with the target time–frequency characteristics, which shows satisfactory correlations between wavelet coefficients and energy responses in both time and frequency domains. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.