基于Lou-2013韧性断裂准则5182铝板成形极限研究

以Lou-2013韧性断裂准则为理论基础研究5182铝合金板材的韧性断裂力学性能,设计圆孔试件、平面应变试件和平面剪切试件的拉伸试验来获取准则中的材料参数。通过该准则确定"断裂应变?应力三轴度"曲线,为ABAQUS软件中的韧性损伤材料模型提供损伤判据,构建5182铝合金板材的韧性损伤仿真模型。利用此模型对上述三个试件的拉伸过程,以及半球形凸模胀形试验过程进行有限元仿真,并通过数据分析绘制基础拉伸试验与半球形凸模胀形仿真相结合的5182铝合金板材成形极限图。试验与仿真表明,所建立的有限元材料模型能够准确地再现三种试件的力程曲线和断裂特征;通过基础拉伸试验与半球形凸模胀形仿真相结合求解出的成形极限图包含两条曲线:损伤成形极限曲线(Damageforminglimitcurve,Damage FLC)和断裂成形极限曲线(Fracture FLC)。与成形极限试验数据对比表明,采用Damage FLC判定板材破裂失稳偏于安全,为实测成形极限数值的下限,而采用Fracture FLC判定则偏于危险。     

复合变形路径下的板材冲压成形极限应变(Ⅰ)——冲压成形极限应变的立论与解析

从4个方面就变形路径对成形极限图影响的研究现状进行综述,并进一步论述了复杂变形路径和单一变形路径的概念,以及基于Hill'48屈服准则的塑性应变几何关系.为了在任意复杂变形路径下计算冲压板材的失稳极限应变,提出"任意复杂变形路径均可简化为线性复合变形路径"、"板材的冲压成形能力亦即板材允许的极限厚度应变",以及"板材在线性复合变形路径下的冲压成形能力取决于其最终变形路径的应变比值"等3个工程简化假设,并对它们进行立论和诠释.同时基于这些假设,在板材承受线性复合变形路径和前后变形路径的应变主轴发生转动的条件下,解析和推导出计算冲压成形极限应变的理论公式.利用这些简化假设和理论公式,可以在任意复杂变形路径下计算板材的冲压成形极限应变并绘制其冲压成形极限图.     

基于连续介质损伤力学的7075铝合金高温成形极限理论预测与数值仿真

开展7075铝合金高温单向拉伸试验和成形极限试验,获得了不同温度和应变率的应力-应变曲线和成形极限曲线。结果表明,在较高的温度和应变率时7075铝合金的强度减小、成形性提高。为描述7075铝合金高温损伤演化过程,提出一种改进的连续介质损伤模型,并建立了耦合损伤的多轴统一黏塑性本构模型。基于试验结果,运用NSGAII遗传算法标定了模型中的参数,标定后的本构模型可以很好地预测7075铝合金的高温热力行为和极限应变。通过有限元软件Abaqus的用户材料子程序VUMAT,该本构模型被编入到Abaqus软件中进行数值仿真计算。结果表明,仿真获得的成形极限曲线和应变场分布与试验和理论结果吻合度好,进一步证明了所建立的耦合损伤的多轴本构模型的正确性及其在高温成形极限有限元仿真中的适用性。     

板材初始温度对22MnB5钢热冲压成形过程中细观损伤影响的数值研究

基于Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman(GTN)细观损伤模型,建立三维U形件的热冲压成形有限元模型,研究在不同的加工环境温度下,22MnB5钢板材在热冲压成形过程中的形变和细观损伤演化行为,以及不同高温下板材热冲压成形后的损伤分布和等效塑性应变分布。结果表明,升高板材的初始温度,凸模的支反力会有所减小,但板材的细观损伤会明显增大。     

复合变形路径下的板材冲压成形极限应变(Ⅱ)——冲压成形极限应变的计算与试验

第I部分提出"任意复杂变形路径均可简化为线性复合变形路径"、"板材的冲压成形能力亦即板材允许的极限厚度应变",以及"板材在线性复合变形路径下的冲压成形能力取决于其最终变形路径的应变比值"等三个简化假设,依据这些假设在线性复合变形路径以及应变主轴发生转动的条件下,推导出计算板材冲压成形极限应变的公式.根据这些假设和公式,首先计算出板材在初始变形分别为单向拉伸、平面应变和等双拉应变的二重线性复合变形路径作用下且应变主轴发生转动时的成形极限图(Forming limit diagram, FLD),然后通过一定的试验来验证和讨论这些计算结果.试验和讨论表明,根据这些假设和公式计算获取的FLD,与本文试验结果和某些文献报道的试验结果具有吻合性.此外,以往的研究大多从塑性力学或塑性物理方面解释了变形路径改变对FLD的影响,而这里则根据等值曲线图,从塑性几何方面对变形路径改变FLD图形状态的现象做出了描述.     

基于不同失稳理论的DP780双相钢成形极限预测

采用板材综合成形试验机对DP780双相钢进行极限应变试验,分别基于C-H失稳理论和M-K凹槽失稳理论搭载Yld2000屈服准则和幂指数硬化模型对DP780双相钢成形极限曲线进行预测,并与试验结果进行对比。结果表明：基于M-K凹槽失稳理论和C-H失稳理论获得的成形极限曲线对成形极限的预测精度分别为97.97%和95.82%;初始厚度不均匀度越大,钢板表面越光滑,越有利于成形;当初始厚度不均匀度为0.992时,M-K凹槽失稳理论对DP780双相钢成形极限的预测精度最高,相对误差为0.66%,在实际冲压生产中,当初始厚度不均匀度取0.992时,该理论模型可作为获取DP780双相钢成形极限曲线的一种可靠方法。     

基于Gissmo失效模型的6016铝合金板材断裂行为研究及应用

准确预测金属板材在成形过程中的失效行为是当前面临的挑战。许多试验表明,金属材料的断裂失效行为伴随着强烈的应变路径依赖性。Gissmo失效模型采用非线性方式计算损伤积累,考虑材料的应力状态对断裂失效应变临界值的影响,适用于预测金属材料在不同应力状态下的断裂行为。以汽车用6016铝合金板材为研究对象,设计六种反映材料不同应力状态的试样,通过试验结合有限元仿真对标的方法,校准Gissmo失效模型中的参数。将Gissmo失效模型用于预测铝合金板材汽车发动机罩内板在冲压过程的断裂失效问题,并对数值模型计算结果进行试验验证。结果表明,与传统成形极限图相比,Gissmo失效模型的计算结果与试验结果更加吻合,铝合金汽车发动机罩内板样件均未出现裂纹区域,表明Gissmo失效模型适合用于准确预测6016铝合金板材的断裂行为。     

Ti2AlNb合金板材的成形性能研究

本文通过板材不同温度下的本构关系,板材在不同温度下的成形极限,板材在设定温度的不同应变速率条件下的成形性能参数的试验研究,评价Ti_2AlNb合金板材的成形性能,为该材料不同钣金成形方式提供基础数据参考。     

板料成形极限曲线测试及NADDRG模型预测

利用ARAMIS动态应变测量系统测试了不同钢板的成形极限曲线(FLC),分析了钢板厚度、应变硬化指数和强度对成形极限的影响,并与NADDRG模型预测的FLC进行了对比。结果表明:钢板的成形极限应变与钢板厚度和硬化指数正相关,与强度负相关;NADDRG模型对DC系列冷轧低碳钢的FLC预测结果基本准确,但平面应变点并非试验所测FLC的最低点,试验所测FLC的最低点较平面应变点向右偏移,其主应变值与NADDRG模型预测结果一致,次应变值与各向异性塑性应变比显著负相关。     

基于ABAQUS的马鞍形曲面板材渐进折弯成形研究

为改善大幅面曲面板材成形精度,提出一种渐进折弯成形新方法。以马鞍形曲面成形为例,采用平面应变和Mises各向同性屈服准则,建立基于ABAQUS/ExplicitStandard求解分析平台的板材三维弹塑性渐进折弯成形有限元模型,对板材渐进折弯与回弹全过程进行了数值模拟,结合试验研究,获得最优工艺参数。模拟及实验结果表明:采用曲面凸凹模及优化工艺参数可实现高精度大幅面曲面板材的成形,模拟成形工件的平均误差为+2.1/-1.8 mm,实验测量成形板材曲率与目标模型理论曲率误差较小,模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合,这对曲面冷弯成形技术的应用,具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

汽车后延臂液压胀形的数值模拟

在基于刚塑性模型的HydroFORM-3D有限元平台上,对汽车后延臂的液压胀形工艺进行数值模拟分析和研究,分别考察了汽车后延臂液压胀形的主要工艺参数,如管内压力、轴向进给量及摩擦条件对成形过程的影响。并与实际试验结果进行验证和比较,结果表明,数值模拟具有较好的计算精度,可以准确地预测出几何变形和厚度变薄量。     

Al-Mg-Si基合金车身板材成形极限及数值应用

采用成形极限图（FLD）试验,运用网格应变自动测试分析系统ASAME,对Al-Mg-Si基合金车身板的成形极限进行了检测,同时,将FLD应用于有限元分析作为成形时出现破裂缺陷的判据,并分析车门外板在冲压成形过程中破裂危险部位主应变在FLD上分布。结果表明：Al-Mg-Si基合金板材的成形极限高于目前常用的AA6111铝合金车身板;拉延筋的形状和位置对成形过程的影响很大,采用双曲面法设计车门可以改善车门腹部拉深不充分引起的刚度问题。     

镁合金板材温热成形韧性破裂准则

针对镁合金板材温热成形数值模拟过程中无法精确判断材料损伤破裂失稳的技术难题,建立考虑温度效应的镁合金板材温热成形韧性破裂准则;基于单向拉伸试验和温热成形极限试验,采用试验和数值模拟相结合的研究方法,确定镁合金板材温热成形韧性破裂准则中的材料参数;以建立的考虑温度效应的镁合金板材韧性破裂准则作为判断破裂的标准,对AZ31镁合金板材的温热成形极限进行预测,并且通过温热拉延试验进行试验验证。研究结果表明,考虑温度效应的镁合金板材韧性破裂准则适合镁合金温热成形数值模拟,应用建立的韧性破裂准则成功的预测板材温热破裂方式,揭示板材温热成形韧性破裂机理,预测结果与试验结果体现较好的一致性。     

Influences of material properties of components on formability of two-layer metallic sheets

Formability of two-layer metallic sheet is constrained by plastic instability and localized necking. Forming limit diagram (FLD) is an accepted measure of sheet metal formability. The formability of two-layer sheets depends on the material properties of their components such as strain hardening exponent, strain rate sensitivity coefficient, stiffness coefficient, and grain size. In this paper, the effects of the mentioned parameters on the FLD of two-layer sheets are investigated with a theoretical model which has been verified with an experimental approach. The results show that the forming limit of two-layer sheet lies between the forming limits of its components depends on their material properties.     

不同强化模型下的板料成形极限

介绍Hill48屈服准则下基于不同强化模型的屈服方程。推导出能够用来确定随动强化模型和混合强化模型中参数的方程。采用单向拉伸曲线上所取得的数据,对所得方程进行拟合,得到参数值,并使用所得参数值得出三种强化模型下的单向拉伸曲线。结果表明采用上述方法能够准确地确定强化模型中的参数。给出随动强化模型和混合强化模型下成形极限的计算方法。基于三种强化模型,针对分散性失稳准则、Hill集中性失稳准则、凹槽失稳准则和平面应变漂移失稳准则,得到简单加载路径下的成形极限图和成形极限应力图。从这些图中可以看出,强化模型对成形极限图和成形极限应力图影响明显。因此应当确定板料在成形过程中的强化规律,选择合适的强化模型进行成形极限预测。     

Experimental evaluation of coating delamination in vinyl-coated metal forming

In this paper, a new evaluation and prediction method for coating delamination during sheet metal forming is presented. On the basis of the forming limit diagram (FLD), the current study evaluates the delamination of PET coating by using a cross-cut specimen, dome test, and rectangular-cup drawing test. Dome test specimens were subjected to biaxial, plane strain, and uniaxial deformation modes. Rectangular cup-drawing test specimens were subjected to the deep-drawing deformation mode, and compression deformation mode. A vinyl-coated metal (VCM) sheet consists of three layers of polymer on the sheet metals: a protective film, a PET layer and a PVC layer. The areas with coating delamination were identified, and the results of the evaluation were plotted according to major and minor strain values, depicting coating delamination. The constructed delamination limit diagram (DLD) can be used to determine the forming limit of VCM during the complex press-forming process. ARGUS (GOM) was employed to identify the strain value and deformation mode of the delaminated surface after the press forming. After identifying the areas of delamination, the DLD of the PET coating can be constructed in a format similar to that of the FLD. The forming limit of the VCM sheet can be evaluated using the superimposition of the delamination limit strain of the coating onto the FLD of VCM sheet. The experimental results showed that the proposed test method will support the sheet metal forming process design for VCM sheets. The assessment method presented in this study can be used to determine the delamination limit strain under plastic deformation of other polymer coated metals. The experimental results suggested that the proposed testing method is effective in evaluating delamination for specific applications.     

Neck growth and forming limits in sheet metals

An analytical model that is capable of predicting the development of nonuniform flow in sheet metals under various plane-stress loading conditions is presented. The model is based on the previously formulated idea that the neck grows from the initial geometric or material inhomogeneity. Applying a rate-dependent flow theory of plasticity and a simplified constitutive equation to the nonuniform section where the state of stress is assumed to be uniform, successive stages of neck profile are computed under an imposed state of strain. The computation of the detailed neck growth is then repeated over a wide range of proportional loading conditions to establish the forming limit diagram. The specific magnitude of the initial inhomogeneity that is used in the analysis has been estimated from the measured variations in sheet thickness in a representative sheet of AK steel. The necessary input material parameters have also been determined from the same sheet material. Predicted forming limit diagrams based on these input parameters compare favorably with the general trend observed in the published data on AK steel. Some discrepancies are observed between the predicted and experimental forming limits for 2036 aluminum alloy when the published material parameters are used in the neck growth model. Based on these results, some of the limitations of the analytical model are discussed in light of available experimental observations.     

Study of multi-point forming for polycarbonate sheet

The multi-point forming (MPF) process of polycarbonate (PC) sheet is introduced briefly, geometrical relationship between objective surface and punch element is determined, and a simple calculation scheme of punch height is developed. Numerical simulations of spherical and saddle-shaped parts are carried out by dynamic explicit finite element analysis; the effects of forming temperature, forming pressure, punch matrix, and punch radius on the forming quality are investigated, and the suitable forming parameters are determined. Then, the MPF experiments of PC sheet for spherical and saddle-shaped parts based on the forming parameters are done, and the comparisons of shape error between experimental parts and object surfaces are carried out. Consequently, the PC products have good shape accuracy, which confirms that MPF used for forming PC sheet is feasible and the forming parameters obtained by numerical simulation are sensible.     

考虑接触演变的板材回弹过程建模与优化

回弹是由工件在卸载后的弹性变形引起的。板料成形过程中为了控制成形件的最终形状,必须进行回弹设计优化。准确预测回弹对于板料成形过程的模具设计非常重要。降低回弹模拟结果与试验结果的偏差是设计过程中的难题。基于NUMISHEET’02的自由弯曲标准考题考虑板材与模具间的接触演变过程,建立了一个有限元模型来预测回弹。采用一个常规的优化方法对有限元分析中的材料和单元模型进行了分析,研究发现不同模型对回弹结果有较大影响。模拟结果与参考文献中的试验结果比较表明了模型的正确性和可行性。     

Prediction of forming limits for anisotropic sheets containing prolate ellipsoidal voids

In sheet metal forming operations, the formability of sheet metals is limited by the occurrence of internal damage evolution that eventually yields a localized neck. Thus, designing and optimizing a sheet metal forming process, requires the precise prediction of the forming limits of the sheet materials. Accordingly, the current work attempts to theoretically predict the forming limit diagrams (FLDs) of voided anisotropic sheets using a new version of the Marciniak and Kuczynski (M–K) model. The analysis employs Gologanu–Leblond–Devaux's yield function for materials containing axisymmetric prolate ellipsoidal cavities with random orientations in conjunction with Barlat and Lian's 1989 anisotropic yield criterion. The effect of a void shape parameter on a ductile material under biaxial tensile loading is introduced and examined within the framework of the M–K model, along with the effect of including a first-order strain gradient term in the flow stress. To confirm the validity of the proposed M–K model, the predicted FLDs were compared with experimental results for steel sheets. The predicted forming limits for the voided sheets were found to agree well with the experimental data.