非酸催化酯化合成对苯二甲酸二异辛酯的反应动力学

由对苯二甲酸与异辛醇在ＳｎＣｌ_２非酸催化剂作用下酯化合成了对苯二甲酸二异辛酯。研究了酯化反应的动力学行为，提出酯化反应的速率方程（－ｄＣ_Ａ）／（ｄｔ）＝ｋＣ_Ａ，反应表观活化能Ｅ＝４０．ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，反应速率常数ｋ＝３．８２×１０~４ｅｘｐ（－４８３７／Ｔ）。     

BHBT端基热分解过程分析

根据ＢＨＢＴ热分解过程规律，导出了ＢＨＢＴ热分解反应速度式。通过恒温实验数据，得出该分解过程符合一般反应的动力学规律，并求得分解速度常数和反应温度的关系式：ｋ１＝４．５０×１０（１０）ｅｘｐ（－１５４６０／Ｔ）ｍｉｎ（－１）分解反应的活化能Ｅ＝１２８．４ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．     

对硝基苯甲酸催化加氢本征动力学

用活性炭载钯催化剂,在排除扩散影响的条件下,研究了对硝基苯甲酸加氢的动力学。实验测定了氢气压力、温度、催化剂浓度等因素对反应速率的影响。研究结果表明：对硝基苯甲酸催化加氢反应为一级反应,表面化学反应活化能Ｅ＝２５．９１０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,原子氢吸附热ＱＨ＝３８．４８７ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,其总括动力学方程为ｒ＝Ｋｃ２ＴＫＨαＰＨ（１＋ＫＨα·ＰＨ）２·ｃＡ其中：ｃ２ＴＫ＝４．０３５×１０３ｅｘｐ［－２５９０９．４９／ＲＴ］,ｍｉｎ－１αＫＨ＝５．０１３×１０－６ｅｘｐ（３８４８６．９３／ＲＴ）,ＭＰ     

4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶非均相催化氧化动力学研究

在搅拌釜式间歇反应器中研究了以负载Ｍｇ２＋的ＨＤ－８型阳离子交换树脂为催化剂的 ４－ＯＨ－ＴＭＰ非均相氧化反应动力学。探讨了该反应的反应机理,推导出４－ＯＨ－ＴＭＰ催化氧化动力学方程。其速度方程可表示为ｒ＝ｋＣＡＣＢ。从实验中得到反应活化能 Ｅａ＝５０．９６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,反应速率常数 ｋ＝８．５２×１０３ｅｘｐ（－５０．９６／ＲＴ）,反应速率常数与催化剂用量之间的关系为ｋ＝３８．６＋６．１９ｗ－０．６４ｗ２。     

乙酸异戊酯杂多酸催化合成及其动力学研究

研究了以钨硅酸为催化剂,苯为带水剂乙酸和异戊醇直接酯化合成乙酸异戊酯的优化反应条件,该杂多酸催化反应的速率方程为－ｄＣＡ／ｄｔ＝ｋＡｃＡｃＢ,反应表现活化能Ｅａ＝１４２．５７ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,反应速率常数ｋＡ（Ｌ·ｍｏｌ＾－１·ｍｉｎ＾－１）＝７．７５×１０＾１７ｅｘｐ（－１７１４８．２／Ｔ）。     

浸渍活性炭脱除H2S的反应动力学

提出了浸渍活性炭脱除Ｈ２Ｓ的反应过程机理模型，认为脱硫过程主要是Ｈ２Ｓ在活性炭的吸附水膜内离解后被活化的Ｏ２分子以及活性氧原子氧化生成单质硫逐渐沉积在活性炭表面，同时应用最小二乘法回归实验数据得到了脱硫动力学方程ｄＷｓ／ｄｔ＝ｋ１ｋ２／ａｐｏ２／ｐＨ２Ｓ／１＋ｋ２ｐｏ２×（１－αＷｓ）＾２其中动力学参数ｋ１＝３．７５３×１０＾５ｅｘｐ「－３００６．５／Ｔｒ」ｋ２／０．２６３ｅｘｐ「１９４５．６／Ｔ     

对苯二甲酸双羟丁酯合成过程中副产物四氢呋喃生成动力学的研究

对在工业生产条件下，以０．０５％（质量比）Ｔｉ（Ｏ－ｎ－Ｃ＿４Ｈ＿９Ｏ）＿４为催化剂，将对来二甲酸与１，４－丁二醇直接酯化，ＢＤ／ＴＰＡ＝１．７０（ｍｏｌ比），生成四氢呋喃（ＴＨＦ）的副反应动力学进行了研究，得出了ＴＨＦ生成的动力学方程ｄＦ／ｄｔ＝Ｋ（Ｍ＿Ｒ－Ｘ－Ｆ），反应速率常数ｋ＝１．７８×１０￣（１２）ｅｘｐ（－３２９００／ＲＴ）和ＴＨＦ生成的活化能Ｅ．＝１３７．５ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，略高于酯化反应的活化能，表明以控制反应温度的方法抑制ＴＨＦ的生成是困难的。     

1,3—二氯丙烯水解反应动力学

本文研究了顺及反－１,３－氯丙烯混合物水解反应过程的动力学。结果表明,利用１０％ａＯＨ水溶液,在６５￣８０℃的条件下,顺及反－１,３－二氯丙烯的水解反应均为二级反应,顺、反异构体的表观活化能分别为８７．５１ＫＪ·ｍｏｌ＾－１和１１３．６０ＫＪ·ｍｏｌ＾－１,反应速率常数Ｋ顺＝２．６２×１０＾１０ｅｘｐ（－１０５２５．６／Ｔ）,ｋ反＝１．０９×１０＾１４ｅｘｐ（－１３６６３．１／Ｔ）。     

3－氯－4－氟硝基苯气相氯化反应动力学

研究了由３－氯－４－氟硝基苯气相氯化合成２．４－二氯氟苯的影响因素。在５５８～６５９Ｋ温度范围内测定动力学数据，根据实验数据得到反应速率方程式为ｋ＝１．２４４×１０５ｅｘｐ（－６２８５／Ｔ）     

马来酸酐与十八醇酯化反应研究

本文以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,讨论了催化剂用量、反应温度等对马来酸单酯及马来酸酐与十八醇酯化反应的影响,发现当催化剂用量大于１．７ｇ时,反应速率与催化剂用量无关。在本实验反应体系下,测定了各步反应的活化能,验证了反应动力学方程：ｄ〖Ｃ〗ｄｔ＝１３５７５〖Ａ〗〖Ｂ〗ｅｘｐ（－１２０２／Ｔ）－６１７００〖Ｂ〗〖Ｃ〗ｅｘｐ（－４７８／Ｔ）：ｄ〖Ｄ〗／ｄｔ＝６１７００〖Ｂ〗〖Ｃ〗ｅｘｐ（－４４７８／Ｔ）。     

近临界水中禽类废弃物超低酸水解成氨基酸

为寻求禽类废弃物的有效利用途径,对其进行在近临界水中超低酸水解制备氨基酸的工艺优化及反应动力学研究。以鸡肠为原料,氨基酸总收率为指标,采用正交试验设计对反应温度、反应时间、硫酸浓度3种水解条件进行研究。实验结果表明,近临界超低酸水解法最佳的工艺条件为:T=533 K,t=28 min,c(H2SO4)=0.002 mol/L,氨基酸的总收率为11.49%。在反应温度分别为473,503,533,553 K,c(H2SO4)=0.002 mol/L条件下,鸡肠在近临界水中水解为氨基酸的动力学表观速率常数分别为1.52×10-2,3.35×10-2,11.58×10-2,14.01×10-2。其反应级数为1.52,反应活化能为64.44 kJ/mol,指前因子为1.91×105。     

醋酸甲酯水解的反应动力学

针对醋酸甲酯水解悬浮催化蒸馏工艺的要求,对杂多酸铵盐用作醋酸甲酯水解反应催化剂的反应动力学做了研究。研究表明,磷钨酸铵催化醋酸甲酯水解反应为二级可逆反应,采用拟均相模型回归了该水解反应的动力学方程,求得其活化能为E₊=52.02 kJ·mol^-1,E_-=44.7 kJ·mol^-1。使用磷钨酸铵在100 ℃下醋酸甲酯水解正反应速率常数k₊=12.84 L²·（mol·min·g）^-1,明显高于现有工业催化剂强酸性阳离子交换树脂在其最高使用温度下的速率常数值6.453 L²·（mol·min·g）^-1,有望开发成为悬浮催化蒸馏醋酸甲酯水解催化剂良好前景,为以后的工业试验提供了依据。     

醋酸甲酯水解反应及产物分离工艺的改进研究

针对现有的醋酸甲酯水解反应及产物分离工艺提出一种反应与精馏结合的改造方案。使用工厂提供的进口阳离子交换树脂作为催化剂在间歇反应器中对醋酸甲酯水解反应动力学进行了研究,结果表明,反应平衡常数随着温度的升高而增大,温度对反应速率的影响符合Arrhenius公式,反应速率与催化剂用量呈线性关系。在消除外扩散的影响下得到了醋酸甲酯非均相水解的反应速率方程为:dcMeAc-r=-1dt=k(cMeAccH2O-cMeOHcHAc/K)Mk=4.95954×105exp(-69682.7/RT)m6·kmol-1·min-1·kg-1K=exp(1.44707-1114.9/T)在此基础上通过模拟计算对改进工艺进行研究并确定,理论塔板数为20块的精馏塔和第二水解塔结合后进料位置为第10块塔板,侧线采出位置为第2～9块塔板,适宜回流比为1 2603。经比较表明,新工艺比原工艺节约能耗8 33%。     

分子筛催化葡萄糖水解的宏观动力学

分别采用硅铝比为20~25和30的两种ZRP-5分子筛催化剂研究不同温度下葡萄糖水解动力学。研究结果表明,葡萄糖水解属于一级反应,反应温度显著地影响葡萄糖的转化。在相同反应温度下,前者作用下葡萄糖水解的表观反应速率常数大于后者。前者作用下葡萄糖水解的表观活化能为99.24 kJ/mol,后者作用下葡萄糖水解的表观活化能为108.99 kJ/mol。该反应动力学方程的葡萄糖水解转化率计算值与实验值吻合较好。     

Liquid phase synthesis of methyl tert-butyl ether catalyzed by ion exchange resin

Synthesis of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) from methanol and isobutene was studied using macroporous cation exchange resin, Amberlyst 15 in the hydrogen form, as a catalyst in the temperature range of 313-328 K. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor at a pressure of one atmosphere in the liquid phase. A high degree of agitation was maintained in order to eliminate film diffusion resistance. The effect of catalyst loading, catalyst particle size and reaction temperature on reaction rate were studied. The reaction rate increased with increase in catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Resin particle size had virtually no effect on the rate under the experimental conditions. The reaction rate data were analysed using homogeneous kinetics and heterogeneous models based upon Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expressions. The apparent activation energies using homogeneous and heterogeneous models were determined and found as 79.0 kJ/mol and 76.7 kJ/mol respectively.     

001×7（732）阳离子交换树脂催化醋酸甲酯 水解反应过程模拟与优化

在充分搅拌和可忽略粒度影响条件下，测定了间歇搅拌反应釜中001×7（732）阳离子交换树脂催化醋酸甲酯水解反应动力学数据，建立了其拟均相与非均相反应动力学模型，进行了模型筛选和参数估值。结果表明，醋酸甲酯与水均吸附，表面反应为控制步骤的非均相反应动力学模型能较好地拟合实验数据，并满足统计检验。根据优选的反应动力学模型，对醋酸甲酯水解过程进行了模拟计算，考察了反应温度、树脂浓度、水酯摩尔比对水解过程的影响，得到的优化反应条件为：反应温度55℃、树脂浓度260 g·L^-1、水酯摩尔比1.5∶1。此时反应90 min接近醋酸甲酯平衡水解率34.8%。     

Grain Boundary Diffusion of Magnesium in Zirconia

This paper reports the transport kinetics of Mg in cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia (containing 10% mol of Y₂O₃ (10YSZ)) involving the bulk and the grain boundary diffusion coefficients. The diffusion-controlled concentration profiles of Mg were determined using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in the range 1073–1273 K. The determined bulk diffusion coefficient and the grain boundary diffusion product may be expressed as the following functions of temperature, respectively: D = 5.7 exp[(−390 kJ/mol)/ RT ] cm²·s⁻¹ and D 'αδ= 3.2 × 10⁻¹⁵ exp[(−121 kJ/mol)/ RT ] cm³·s⁻¹, where α is the segregation enrichment factor and δ is the boundary layer thickness. The grain boundary enhancement factor decreases with temperature from 10⁵ at 1073 K to 10³ at 1273 K.     

Study of the Kinetics of Ammonia Synthesis and Decomposition on Iron and Cobalt Catalysts

Activity of cobalt and iron catalysts in ammonia synthesis was determined under a pressure of 10 MPa and at the temperature range of 673–823 K, in a six-channel integral steel reactor. The catalytic ammonia decomposition was studied in a differential reactor under the atmosphere of low concentration of ammonia (<6%) in the temperature range of 673–823 K under atmospheric pressure. The determined values of the activation energy for the ammonia synthesis reaction over cobalt and iron catalysts are 268 and 180 kJ/mol, respectively, whilst for the ammonia decomposition reaction they are equal to 111 and 138 kJ/mol. The cobalt catalyst showed lower activity than a commercial iron catalyst in ammonia synthesis reaction. The cobalt catalyst turned out to be more effective in ammonia decomposition reaction than the iron one.     

Thermoplastic elastomeric hydrogenated styrene-butadiene elastomer: Optimization of reaction conditions,thermodynamics, and kinetics

Thermoplastic elastomeric hydrogenated styrene—butadiene (HSBR) elastomer was prepared by diimide reduction of styrene-butadiene rubber in the latex stage. The products were characterized by infrared, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The standard free energy change, ΔG⁰ at 298°K is −44.7 × 10⁴ kJ/mol, indicating that the formation of HSBR is thermodynamically feasible. The value of heat change of the reaction at constant volume, ΔU_T is −41.6 × 10⁴ kJ/mol. The effect of different reaction parameters on the level of hydrogenation, calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, was also investigated. The degree of hydrogenation increases with the increase in reaction time, temperature, the concentration of reactants and catalyst. A maximum of 94% hydrogenation was obtained under the following conditions: time, 4 h; temperature, 45 ± 2°C; pH, 9.36; cupric sulphate (CuSO₄ · 5H₂O) catalyst concentration, 0.0064 mmol; hydrazine concentration, 0.20 mol; and hydrogen peroxide concentration, 0.26 mol. The diimide reduction of SBR is first-order with respect to olefinic substrate, and the apparent activation energy is 9.5 kJ/mol. The glass transition temperature increases with the increase in saturation level due to development of crystalline segments. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 1151–1162, 1997