胃癌患者可溶性白介素—2受体测定及其意义

本文应用双抗体夹心直接ＥＬＩＳＡ法对３６例胃癌患者血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平进行了测定。胃癌患者血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显高于正常人群（Ｐ〈０．０１）及慢性良性胃病患者（Ｐ〈０．００１）；Ⅲ－Ⅳ期患者血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显高于Ⅰ－Ⅱ期患者（Ｐ〈０．０１）：胃癌根治后１０天血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平较术前明显下降（Ｐ〈０．０１），与正常人群对照无明显差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结果说明血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ测定可作为胃癌的     

乳腺癌p53,c—erbB—2基因蛋白,表皮生长因子受体与雌,孕激素受体…

应用免疫组化ＡＢＣ法检测１００例乳腺癌和１００例乳腺良性病变组织中ｐ５３，ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２，ＥＧＦＲ 与ＥＲ，ＰｇＲ的表达，结果显示，乳腺癌各种标记阳性率均高于乳腺良性病变；ＥＲ性率在５０岁以上组高于５０岁以下组（Ｐ〈０．０５），不同病理学类型中各种标记的阳性率亦存在一定差异，乳腺癌中ｐ５３，ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２，ＥＧＦＲ和ＥＲ及ＰＲ的表达呈显著负相关（Ｐ〈０．０１），可能成为判断乳腺癌治疗和预后的重     

乳腺癌p53、c－erbB－2基因蛋白、表皮生长因子受体与雌、孕激素受体的表达及其临床意义

应用免疫组化ＡＢＣ法检测１００例乳腺癌和１００例乳腺良性病变组织中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＥＧＦＲ与ＥＲ、ＰｇＲ的表达。结果显示：乳腺癌各种标记阳性率均高于乳腺良性病变；ＥＲ阳性率在５０岁以上组高于５０岁以下组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；不同病理学类型中各种标记的阳性率亦存在一定差异，乳腺癌中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＥＧＦＲ和ＥＲ及ＰＲ的表达呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），可能成为判断乳腺癌治疗和预后的重要标志。     

恶性肿瘤患者血清sIL—2R临床意义的评估

用ＥＬＩＳＡ对测定３６５例肿瘤患者（包括胃癌，肝癌，胰腺癌，结肠癌，乳腺癌，卵巢癌，肺癌，恶性淋巴瘤，白血病）和２３０例相关脏器的良性疾病患者以及５１名健康人的血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ浓度，发现恶性肿瘤患者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显高于良性疾病患者和健康人对照组（Ｐ〈０．００１），伴转移患者的ｓＩｌ－２Ｒ升高更明显，与不伴转移者相比，差异显著（Ｐ〈０．００１），作为免疫活性标志，血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ可以作为评估     

恶性肿瘤患者血清sIL－2R临床意义的评估

用ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定３６５例肿瘤患者（包括胃癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、恶性淋巴瘤、白血病）和２３０例相关脏器的良性疾病患者以及５１名健康人的血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ浓度，发现恶性肿瘤患者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显高于良性疾病患者和健康人对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１），伴转移患者的ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ升高更明显，与不伴转移者相比，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。作为免疫活性标志，血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ可以作为评估肿瘤发生和检测复发的辅助手段。     

PCNA、C-erbB－_2、ER和PR检测在乳腺癌中的意义

本文用ＡＢＣ法对乳腺癌和乳腺良性病变的组织进行ＰＣＮＡ、Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＥＲ和ＰＲ检测。１５例乳腺癌中ＰＣＮＡ均为阳性，Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２８例阳性，ＥＲ１１例阳性，ＰＲ６例阳性。１５例良性病变中，ＰＣＮＡ２例阳性，Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２２例阳性。ＰＣＮＡ和Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２在良恶性乳腺组织的表达，经统计学Ｘ￣２检验有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。指出ＰＣＮＡ和Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２可反映细胞增殖情况，与临床病理结合可帮助乳癌的早期诊断和预后估价。为对患者的综合治疗提供理论依据。     

乳腺癌P-gp免疫组化染色对预测多药耐药的价值

为了探索免疫组织化学技术在检测乳腺癌多药耐受表型中的价值，我们采用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白——过氧化物酶连结法（ＳＰ法）分析了６０例术前未经任何化学治疗的乳腺癌组织Ｐ－ｇｐ表达情况，１２例癌旁正常乳腺组织和８例乳腺良性肿瘤组织作为对照。结果发现：三种组织阳性率分别为：乳腺癌组７６．７％（４６／６０），癌旁正常乳腺组织１６．７％（２／１２），乳腺良性肿瘤２５．０％（２／８）。癌组织与其它两种组织相比，差异具有显著性（Ｐ＜０．００５）。并且，乳腺癌组织Ｐ－ｇｐ表达水平与提示乳腺癌疾病发展和预后的临床病理参数，如年龄、原发灶大小、淋巴结转移数、ＴＮＭ分期、病理学类型和组织学分级无关（Ｐ＞０．０５）。我们得出结论，多药耐受表型是与乳腺癌恶性表型同时发生的一种内在本质特征，并且其表达程度不受疾病发展的影响，Ｐ－ｇｐ免疫组化染色能够有效地检测乳腺癌多药耐受。     

晚期卵巢癌患者外周血sIL－2R的检测及临床意义

应用ＥＬＩＳＡ法对２０例晚期卵巢癌患者外周血可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ＳｏｌｕｂｌｅＩｎｔｅｒｌｅｕｋｉｎ－２Ｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ，ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）进行了测定，并以２５例良性卵巢肿瘤及１５例正常人作对照。结果显示，卵巢癌患者术前ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ明显高于良性肿瘤及正常对照组，且具有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；卵巢癌患者经手术后，血ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ含量明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），推测卵巢癌患者细胞免疫功能紊乱可能与ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ升高有关。     

乳腺癌P—gp免疫组化染色对预测多药耐药的价值

为了探索免疫组织化学技术在检测乳腺癌多药耐受表型中的价值，我们采用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白－－过敏货物酶链结法（ＳＰ法）分析了６０例术前未经任何化学治疗的乳腺癌组织Ｐ－ｇｐ表达情况，１２例癌旁正常乳腺组织和８例乳腺良性肿瘤组织作为对照。结果发现：三种组织阳性率分别为：乳腺癌组７６．７％（４６／６０），癌旁正常乳腺组织１６．７％（２／１２），乳腺良性肿瘤２５．０％（２／８）。癌组织与其它两种组织相比，差异     

遗传性乳腺癌易感基因BRCA1在女性患者表达的研究

目的 探讨中国人群中乳腺癌与乳腺癌基因ＢＲＣＡ１的关系。方法 应用聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性分析技术（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）和ＤＮＡ序列测定技术对上海地区５０例良笥乳腺肿瘤和２５例恶性乳腺肿瘤患者和香港地区１３０例乳腺癌患者进行了ＢＲＣＡ１基因表达的研究,并结合免疫组织化学分析其雌激素受体（ＥＲ）,孕激素受体（ＰＲ０水平。     

~（99m）Tc－MIBI核素显像在乳腺肿块诊断中的价值

目的评价核素显像在乳腺肿块诊断中的价值。方法应用９９ｍ锝－甲氧基异丁基异腈（９９ｍＴｃ－ＭＩＢＩ）核素显像技术检查女性乳房肿块３８例和乳腺癌局部切除术后２例。结果术后病理确诊为乳腺癌的２４例中，术前２１例９９ｍＴｃ－ＭＩＢＩ显像为阳性：而１４例良性乳腺肿块中，１０例显像为阴性。该法检测乳腺癌的灵敏度为８７．５％，特异性为７１．４％，准确性为８１．６％。９例乳腺癌腋下淋巴结转移者中术前显像阳性３例，８例乳腺癌扩大根治术者中术前显像阳性２例，均与病理检查结果相符。结论９９ｍＴｃ－ＭＩＢＩ显像对于鉴别乳腺良恶性肿块有一定价值。     

The value of the tumor marker CA 15-3 in diagnosing and monitoring breast cancer. A comparative study with carcinoembryonic antigen

To estimate the utility of the tumor-associated antigen CA 15-3 in the diagnosis of patients with breast cancer, this tumor marker was measured preoperatively in 1342 patients. This group included 509 patients with malignant disease (134 breast cancer patients and 375 patients with other malignancies not involving the breast) and 833 patients with benign surgical diseases (95 patients with fibroadenoma of the breast and 738 patients with other benign diseases). The results were compared with those obtained for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the diagnosis of breast cancer. The CA 15-3 level was above normal (25 U/ml) in 31% of the patients with breast cancer, in 22% of patients with other malignancies, and in 9% of patients with benign diseases. The CEA level was elevated in 26% of patients with breast cancer (more than 3 ng/ml). There was a good correlation of CA 15-3 levels with the tumor stage of breast cancer. Both CA 15-3 and CEA also were determined in 671 patients who had received initial curative surgery of breast cancer and who regularly attended our follow-up clinic. The CA 15-3 was found to be more sensitive than CEA in detecting recurrences of breast cancer. In the postcare period, carcinoma recurred in 205 patients. Of these, 73% had CA 15-3 concentrations above 25 U/ml; only 50% had CEA values above 3 ng/ml (P less than 0.0001). Although neither CA 15-3 nor CEA were sensitive enough for the screening and diagnosis of early breast cancer, CA 15-3 was significantly better than CEA in the detection of breast cancer metastases.     

Concentration of thymidine kinase 1 in serum (S-TK1) is a more sensitive proliferation marker in human solid tumors than its activity

Activity of thymidine kinase 1 in serum (STK) is a useful marker for leukaemia and lymphoma, but not for solid tumors. We investigate thymidine kinase 1 concentration in serum (S-TK1) as a potential tumor marker. S-TK1 concentration and STK activity levels were determined in 9 human malignant diseases (breast, gastric, rectal, colorectal, lung, brain cancer, hepatoma, lymphoma, leukaemia) and in benign and non-cancerous diseases, representing 850 preoperative cases. Healthy volunteers (n=43) were used as positive controls. S-TK1 concentration was determined by ECL dot blot assay and STK activity levels by an RIA assay. S-TK1 concentrations and STK activity levels in preoperative malignant patients were significantly higher than in healthy individuals, in patients with benign tumors and in those with non-cancerous diseases. Significant correlations between concentration and activity level were only found in healthy individuals, in patients with benign tumors, and in some patients with malignancies, i.e. leukaemia, and breast and gastric cancers. About 90-95 percent of the malignant patients showed S-TK1 concentrations above those of the healthy controls. The corresponding value for STK activity was about 75 percent. When sera from malignant patients were diluted with sera from healthy individuals, S-TK1 concentrations and STK activity levels decreased more than expected. This indicates the presence of a compound (or compounds) in the serum of healthy individuals that destabilises S-TK1. We conclude that S-TK1 concentration is a more sensitive tumor marker in solid malignancies than is STK activity.     

Monoclonal antibody assays for measuring ovarian tumor antigen in blood. Detection of NB/70K in patients with ovarian cancer and nongynecologic diseases

Blood levels of human ovarian tumor antigen NB/70K were measured using four different monoclonal anti-NB/70K antibody radioimmunoassays (NB12123, NB12913, NB13834, and NB13831 assays). Four hundred thirty-two blood samples were obtained from apparently disease-free controls, from patients with benign and malignant ovarian tumors, and from patients with benign nontumorous and malignant diseases of the breast, lung, and gastrointestinal systems. The means, medians, and percent of samples that had elevated levels of NB/70K were calculated for each group of patients or controls for each assay. For all control versus malignant disease comparisons, there were statistically significant differences in all assays. For all benign versus malignant disease comparisons in the ovary, breast, lung, and gastrointestinal systems, there were statistically significant differences in all assays with the exception of the benign versus malignant gastrointestinal disease comparison in the NB12123 assay. Elevated NB/70K levels were detected in blood from ovarian cancer patients, almost all of whom had adenocarcinomas. Elevated NB/70K levels were also detected in blood samples from patients with adenocarcinoma, squamous, and clear cell carcinomas of the lung as well as in adenocarcinoma and ductal carcinoma of the breast. These results indicate that NB/70K is a marker for different pathologic types of malignancies.     

Evaluation of CA 15-3 radioimmunoassay

The CA 15-3 RIA kit (Centocor Co.) based on a solid-phase radioimmunoassay was evaluated both experimentally and clinically. The results of a basic study of the reproducibility, recovery and dilution were very satisfactory. Serum levels of CA 15-3 were determined in 211 patients with malignancies including 13 breast cancers, 81 patients with benign diseases and 13 controls. Elevated levels of this antigen (greater than 25 U/ml) were observed in 16.7% of esophageal cancers, 9.7% of gastric cancers, 7.9% of colon cancers, 10% of hepatocellular cancers, 10% of biliary tract cancers, 10% of pancreatic cancers, 33% of lung cancers, and 75% of recurrent breast cancers. Thus, in malignant diseases the positivity was low except for recurrent breast cancer. On the other hand, the false-positive rate in benign diseases was only 3.7% and the false-positive cases had a level of 40 U/ml or less. These results indicate that the serum levels of CA 15-3 may have diagnostic value in patients with recurrent breast cancer.     

Lymphoma Affecting the Breast: A Pictorial Review of Multimodal Imaging Findings

Hematological malignancies rarely affect the breast, and the majority of those that do are lymphomas. In this review, we describe the clinical aspects and multimodal imaging findings of breast lymphoma. We also illustrate the key clinical and radiological findings that allow it to be distinguished from various other malignant and benign diseases of the breast. Breast lymphoma manifests as a breast mass, a change in the subcutaneous tissue or the skin, or enlargement of the associated lymph node on radiological examination. Radiological findings associated with other breast malignancies, such as calcifications, spiculations, or architectural distortions are extremely rare. Skin and subcutaneous changes frequently accompany T-cell lymphoma. Multimodal breast imaging characteristics may aid in the diagnosis of breast lymphoma.     

The lady with raised prostate specific antigen: do we need to worry?

Background: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is generally considered a biological marker of prostate cancer although raised values may also be observed in benign prostatic diseases. PSA can be secreted in females from skeine’s periurethral gland but at low levels. This case - control study aimed at the evaluation of relation of PSA with different diseases in women. Method: A total of 297 patients were included, 107 with breast cancer, 90 with benign breast disease (BBD) and 100 controls (patients attending our surgery department for non-breast diseases). PSA was measured in the serum of all and a statistical analysis was conducted. Result: An association of raised PSA with breast diseases was observed. Total PSA was more sensitive for benign breast diseases, whereas breast cancer showed a predilection towards increase in free PSA. PSA decreased after surgery. Conclusion: PSA can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of breast cancer in women, therefore helping secondary prevention of breast cancer.     

1 OOO例女性乳腺肿物近红外扫描检查与其病理检查结果的比较

目的：探讨乳腺癌及乳腺良性疾病的近红外扫描成像特点、规律及病理组织学基础，为近红外扫描检诊乳腺疾病提供更可靠的诊断依据。方法：对1000例乳腺肿块患者进行近红外扫描检查，分析其图像特征并分别与病理组织学对照。结果：1000例乳腺肿物中，经近红外扫描检查诊断为恶性者562例，诊断为良性者287例。经病理诊断为恶性肿瘤者646例，良性肿物者354例。近红外扫描对良、恶性肿块的诊断符合率分别为81．1％、87．0％。良、恶性肿块的影像图有明显差异，且良性肿块中各病理类型的近红外扫描表现亦不尽相同。结论：乳腺癌与许多良性疾病均存在其各自的近约外扫描成像特点。这些特点将是鉴别诊断乳腺良、恶性疾病的重要依据。     

乳腺良性病变和乳腺癌临床病理特征及相关性分析

目的：探讨乳腺良性病变和乳腺癌的临床病理特征及相互关系.方法：对2 222例乳腺良性病变和乳腺癌的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析,免疫组化检测ER在癌旁组织中的表达.结果：乳腺增生性病变占乳腺良性病变的94.8%,乳腺浸润性癌在恶性肿瘤中占95.8%;乳腺癌平均发病年龄为47.1岁,显著高于乳腺增生性病变的34.98岁（Wilcoxon秩和检验,P＜0.000 1）;有恶性肿瘤家族史的乳腺疾病患者,发生乳腺癌的概率（6.5%）大于发生乳腺良性病变的概率（1.9%）,P＜0.001;72%的乳腺增生性病变存在＞3种病理成分;乳腺癌旁组织中不典型增生的发生率（23.5%）显著高于良性乳腺增生性病变中不典型增生的发生率（2.49%）,P＜0.01;乳腺癌旁不同良性病变与癌一样,对ER均有高表达.结论：乳腺增生性病变是女性最常见的病变成分复杂的良性疾病,其演变过程与乳腺癌有关.     

EXPRESSION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ANTIGENS RECOGNIZED BY MAb SCI3A IN BREAST MASSES

本文用PAP免疫组化法,对13种不同组织学类型157例乳腺肿物组织活检标本中的单克隆抗体SC13A所识别的抗原表达作了检测分析。结果该抗体的对应抗原在8种84例乳腺癌中表达的阳性率为89.3％,其中强阳性率占65.5％,表明此抗原在乳腺癌中的表达水平较高,这对其进一步的有关研究将是一种有用的标志物。此抗体在与73例的乳腺增生性病变的反应中16例(21.9％)呈阳性结合。这可能与这类病变中存在着与乳腺癌相同的抗原物质有关。提示其对乳腺癌的发生可能提供了一定的物质基础。