产超广谱3-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌临床和药物敏感性分析

目的 了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌的耐药情况及产ESBLs感染的临床特点.方法 对126例大肠埃希菌感染患者(其中产ESBLs菌者70例为阳性组,非产ESBLs菌者56例为阴性组)耐药情况进行分析,通过病例对照分析产ESBLs大肠埃希菌感染的临床特点.结果 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌感染者较非产ESBLs者住院时间长、三/四代头孢和喹诺酮类药物的使用率、留置尿管和胃管率高,治愈好转率低.结论 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌株表现出较高的耐药性,临床上应合理使用抗生素,以减少耐药菌株的传播流行.     

小儿肺炎产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌耐药性分析

目的了解肺炎患儿产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)病原菌感染情况和耐药特征,指导临床合理用药。方法对2007年1月～2010年12月住院治疗的肺炎患儿吸取下呼吸道痰液,做细菌培养,对产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌进行药敏分析。结果共培养岀406株革兰阴性菌,检岀产ESBLs菌126株。肺炎克雷伯菌163株,ESBLs(+)58株,占35.6%;大肠埃希菌139株,ESBLs(+)56株,占40.3%;其他菌104株,ESBLs(+)12株,占4.5%。2007年～2010年革兰阴性菌产ESBLs菌株检岀率分别为29.3%、31.6%、30.7%和31.9%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。<1岁患儿产ESBLs菌检出率为39.1%,1～3岁组为23.8%,>3岁组为20.8%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对大多数β-内酰胺类抗生素如青霉素类、头孢菌素类、氨曲南基本耐药,对头孢吡肟、氨基糖苷类中度敏感,对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星敏感。结论肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌是产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)主要菌株,对大多数抗生素耐药明显。     

肺炎克雷伯菌的临床分布特征及耐药性分析

目的探讨肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiellapneumoniae,K.pneumoniae)的临床分布情况和耐药特征,为治疗提供经验指导。方法对我院2019年5月～2019年10月分离的208株肺炎克雷伯菌进行回顾性分析,其中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌组47株,非产ESBLs菌组161株。结果肺炎克雷伯产ESBLs菌组与非产ESBLs菌组均主要来源于痰液,检出率显著高于其他标本来源;并且在ICU感染率最高,显著高于神经内科;产ESBLs菌组与非产ESBLs菌组肺炎克雷伯菌对β-内酰胺类和头孢菌素类的耐药率均显著高于其他抗菌药物,但这两组间药物耐药性基本一致。结论我院肺炎克雷伯菌的临床耐药率较高,应探索选择其他合适的抗菌药物,根据药敏结果结合临床感染情况,合理制定抗生素使用方案,为有效控制耐药菌产生和提高临床感染的治愈率发挥作用。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌感染临床调查

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肠杆菌科细菌的耐药问题是当前全球最重要的医院内耐药问题之一，本文分析我院各临床科室产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌感染分布情况，为临床采取针对性的消毒隔离措施，提供理论上的依据。     

肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

目的探讨产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌感染的分布状况及耐药特点。方法对我院临床标本分离出的肺炎克雷伯菌用美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的表型确证法检测ESBLs,K-B纸片琼脂扩散法进行药敏试验。结果肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs的检出率为34.4%,其主要以呼吸道感染为主。产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南耐药率为0。产ESBLs菌株对抗生素的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株。结论产ESBLs菌对常用抗生素的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株,碳青霉烯类抗生素亚胺培南是治疗产ESBLs菌株感染的理想药物。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型及耐药性研究

超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）是革兰阴性细菌对新型广谱β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药最重要的机制，主要由大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌等肠杆菌科细菌产生。随着第三代头孢菌素在临床上的大量应用，产ESBLs的细菌种类不断增加，ESBLs基因表型也不断增加，成为细菌耐药机制研究的热点。     

超广谱β-内酰胺酶的测定及临床意义

随着第三代头孢菌素在临床的广泛大量使用,细菌因产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)而耐药的现象愈来愈多,由于产ESBLs菌株往往表现出对第三代头孢菌素低水平的敏感,临床实验室用常规的药敏方法不能检测而被忽视,故给临床感染性疾病的治疗带来一定困难.为了解常见产ESBLs菌株的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据,我们采用纸片确证法对我院分离到的442株细菌 (大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、阴沟肠杆菌)所产ESBLs进行检测.现报告如下. 　　……     

卡它莫拉菌药物敏感及耐药试验结果分析

卡它莫拉菌(moraxella catarrhalis，MC)为革兰阴性双球菌，是寄生在人上呼吸道中的正常菌群，80年代初期被明确为条件致病菌。为进一步观察卡它莫拉菌的耐药情况，我们对从361例肺、上呼吸道感染患者痰、咽分泌物标本中分离出的95株卡它莫拉菌进行了药物敏感、产β-内酰胺酶、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)测试，现将结果报告如下。     

小儿院内HAP产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌的耐药性及危险因素分析

目的探讨小儿院内获得性肺炎(HAP)产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌的耐药性,并分析相关危险因素。方法对137例HAP患儿痰液行ESBLs菌检测,比较产ESBLs菌与非产ESBLs菌对抗生素体外耐药情况,对小儿HAP产ESBLs菌的危险因素进行Logistic多因素回归分析。结果产ESBLs菌对除亚胺培南外抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌(P0.05);第3代头孢菌素使用时间≥3 d、气管插管、留置鼻饲管、反复口鼻腔吸痰和住ICU均为小儿HAP产ESBLs菌的危险因素(P0.01或P0.05)。结论小儿HAP产ESBLs菌感染应首选亚胺培南治疗,针对危险因素制定有效防治措施可降低小儿HAP产ESBLs菌感染的发生率。     

儿科院内感染肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型检测及分析

采用琼脂纸片扩散法和双纸片协同试验,对儿科院内感染肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株进行检测;用PCR检测耐药基因和DNA序列,分析产ESBLs菌株的基因型.结果 从422份感染标本中分离出201株肺炎克雷伯菌,产ESBLs菌株阳性率39.4%(63/201);携带blaCTX-M-11基因17株(17/63,26.9%)、blaTEM-1基因7株(7/63,11.1%)、blaSHV-2基因5株(5/63,7.8%).ESBLs阳性株对多种抗生素的耐药率高于ESBLs阴性株,只对亚胺培南敏感.提示吉林地区儿科院内感染肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率高,并呈多重耐药性,携带三种ESBLs基因型.     

2006年1月～2007年12月败血症患者520例病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的 了解败血症病原菌分布及其耐药性的变化,指导临床合理用药.方法 应用全自动血培养仪对520例疑似败血症患者外周血标本进行培养,使用Vitek AMS系统对培养阳性者进行病原菌鉴定,采用K-B法进行体外药敏试验,并采用体外扩散确证法进行ESBLs检测.结果 520例外周血标本中检出107株(20.6%)病原菌,从中分离出革兰阴性菌56株(52.3%),革兰阳性菌40株(37.4%),真菌11株(10.3%).引起败血症的主要病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌(28株,26.2%)、葡萄球菌(25株,23.4%)、克雷伯菌(11株,10.3%);28株大肠埃希菌和11株克雷伯菌中分别确证ESBLs阳性菌13株和3株,检出率分别为46.4%和27.3%.ESBLs阳性菌株对多种抗生素耐药,其耐药率明显高于ESBLs阴性菌株.结论 革兰氏阴性菌是败血症的主要致病菌,大肠埃希菌是最常见的病原菌.导致败血症的病原菌常存在多重耐药性,产ESBLs是大肠埃希菌耐药的重要原因.应加强对病原菌ESBLs的监测,预防和控制耐药菌株的传播流行.     

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases

Resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins among Klebsiella pneumoniae has increased significantly, particularly in the intensive care unit setting, in the past decade.The problem has been noted not only in the United States, but around the world. A major mechanism responsible for this is the emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs).These plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases confer resistance to broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics, including third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, aztreonam, and extended-spectrum penicillins. Other resistances, such as aminoglycoside and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance, are often cotransferred on the same plasmid. Fluoroquinolone resistance is also frequently associated, resulting in an organism resistant to most broad-spectrum options. The carbapenems are currently considered the drug of choice for these pathogens. Prevention and control measures are important because of the multiresistant nature of these pathogens. Such traditional infection control measures as contact precautions are recommended. In addition, because this type of antimicrobial resistance appears to be particularly influenced by antibiotic use, antibiotic control measures may also be a very important intervention in controlling the spread of ESBLs.     

2006～2009年武汉同济医院血液科病房主要病原菌耐药性变迁

目的了解武汉同济医院血液科病房2006～2009年主要病原菌耐药性变迁。方法将分离的病原菌采用K-B法进行药敏试验,应用WHONET5．4软件进行数据分析。结果前3位病原菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌耐药严重。耐甲氧西林的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和超广谱13内酰胺酶（ESBLs）阳性大肠埃希菌检出率在2006～2008年间呈逐年上升趋势,2009年稍有下降,铜绿假单胞菌2007年后对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、美罗培南、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦及左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率呈下降趋势。结论凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌是血液科病房主要致病菌;耐甲氧西林的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和ESBLs（＋）大肠埃希菌耐药2006—2008年间呈逐年上升趋势,2009年稍有下降;铜绿假单胞菌2007年后对常用抗生素耐药率呈下降趋势。     

Antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacteria isolated from intensive care units in a Cardiology Institute in Istanbul, Turkey

Antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative rods (GNRs) causing hospital-acquired infections poses a threat, particularly to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. This study was undertaken in order to achieve the following: to detect the frequency of GNRs isolated from coronary and surgical ICUs at the Institute of Cardiology, Istanbul University, between January 2000-December 2002; to compare the resistance of these GNRs to selected antibiotics; and to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). A total of 367 isolates were obtained from 171 patients. Susceptibility testing and detection of ESBLs were performed using the E-test method. Ceftazidime-clavulanate was used for the detection of ESBLs. The majority of microorganisms were isolated from the respiratory tract (45.5%) and blood (36.7%). Acinetobacter baumannii was the most frequently isolated GNR (24.5%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%). ESBL positivity was found to be 21.1%. High rates of the ESBLs of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were observed, i.e., 27.7 and 57.5%, respectively. High rates of resistance to all antibiotics studied were observed. The most active agent against the majority of the isolates was imipenem (79.2%), followed by levofloxacin (77%) and ciprofloxacin (71%).     

Plasmid-mediated Extended-spectrum beta-Lactamases in Organisms Other Than Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli: A Hidden Reservoir of Transferable Resistance Genes

Conclusions Resistance due to AmpC β-lactamases and ESBLs in gramnegative bacillary pathogens is a growing and important problem and is tied to extensive use of extended-spectrum cephalosporins The emergence of these β-lactamases is then amplified by spread of resistant clones or resistant genes among patients within institutions or among patients who move between institutions within a region. Genes encoding β-lactamases are frequently linked to resistance genes for other classes of antibiotics. Thus, use of any one class of antibiotic may select for emergence of resistance to another. Treatment of infections caused by these multidrug-resistant pathogens is often problematic. One strategy to circumvent β-lactamase production has been use of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, but AmpC β-lactamases and hyperproduction of ESBLs evade this therapeutic strategy. Use of carbapenems and cefepime, which are the most stable of all β-lactam antibiotics to hydrolysis by ESBLs and AmpC β-lactamases, can be expected eventually to select for emergence of resistance to these drugs as well. Traditional isolation precautions that include use of gloves and gown have been shown to be effective during contact with the patient infected or colonized with ESBLproducing K. pneumoniae or E. coli. However, if infection control efforts are directed only at those isolates that the laboratory is capable of identifying as ESBL-producers, the presence in an institutional setting of undetected plasmidencoded ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae, other than K. pneumoniae and E. coli, will likely be an epidemiologic hazard. A patient infected with these organisms is a hidden reservoir of plasmid-encoded resistance genes that can spread among different species of Enterobacteriaceae. Development of rapid assays to detect the presence of these resistance genes would be a major asset. Control measures that may be effective include early detection of ESBLs in any Enterobacteriaceae, especially Enterobacter species or P. aeruginosa; universal glove use and hand hygiene; cohorting of colonized or infected patients; implementation of control measures simultaneously in all health care facilities linked by patient transfers; and of greatest importance, control of unnecessary and inappropriate antibiotic use.     

心外科ICU血流感染患者血培养病原菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的:了解心外科重症监护室(CDICU)血流感染患者的病原菌分布特点及其耐药性,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法:回顾性分析2012-01-2013-05武汉市协和医院CDICU临床血培养病原菌分布特点和耐药性。结果:669例血培养阳性113例,血培养阳性率16.9%,共分离出115株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌48株(占41.7%),革兰阳性球菌46株(占40.0%),真菌21株(占18.3%)。革兰阴性杆以鲍曼不动杆菌为主,对多种抗生素的耐药率均较高;革兰阳性球菌以表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌和人葡萄球菌为主,对替考拉丁和利奈唑胺耐药率均为米诺环素也未出现耐药株,人葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌和施氏葡萄球菌对青霉素和红霉素的耐药率都是100%;真菌以热带假丝酵母菌为主。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠杆菌的发生率为100%。多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(MDRA)的发生率为95.2%。耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)发生率为100%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(MRSCoN)为97.0%。屎肠球菌对高水平庆大霉素耐药(HLGR)的发生率为50.0%。结论:CDICU血流感染患者的病原菌谱中,革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌比例相近,其中革兰阴性菌稍占优势,均高于真菌的比例。多重耐药菌中MDRA、HLGR、MRSA、MRSCoN发生率较高。加强细菌耐药检测,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供重要依据。     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎病原菌大肠埃希菌74株药敏分析

目的分析肝病患者自发性细菌性腹膜炎病原菌大肠埃希菌的药敏检测,以供临床治疗参考。方法回顾性分析74例肝病患者经腹水培养筛选出的74株大肠埃希菌,按照院内感染和非院内感染检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）阳性菌株,采用Kirby—Bauer法检测药物敏感性。结果74株大肠埃希菌中,36株为院内感染,38株为非院内感染,两组患者年龄、性别、病情严重程度比较无显著性差异,ESBLs阳性株分别为21株（58．3％）和18株（47．4％）,两组比较无显著性差异（P=0．3450）。大肠埃希菌产ESBLs率高,产酶大肠埃希菌呈多重耐药,对氟喹诺酮类药物、三代和四代头孢菌素耐药率高,对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢美唑敏感率高。除复方新诺明外,院内感染和非院内感染的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌素耐药率间无显著性差异。结论无论院内感染还是非院内感染,引起重型肝病患者自发性细菌性腹膜炎的常见病原菌大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌素的耐药性明显较高,氟喹诺酮类药物、三代和四代头孢菌素耐药率高,加用β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合制剂敏感率可提高,头孢美唑、亚胺培南可作为首选抗菌素。     

安徽地区腹泻患者感染肠致病大肠埃希氏菌的耐药特征

目的 对安徽地区腹泻患者粪便标本中肠致病大肠埃希氏菌(EPEC)进行检测,了解本地区EPEC的检出情况、耐药特征及耐药机制。方法 使用多重实时荧光定量PCR法对分离疑似菌株进行鉴定,微量肉汤稀释法对EPEC进行药物敏感性检测,使用双纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,采用多重PCR法检测ESBLs基因型;根据药敏结果,进行基因扩增和测序分析检测喹诺酮类耐药基因。结果 2013-2017年,本地区10家哨点医院共检出不典型EPEC 85株,典型EPEC和艾伯特埃希氏菌各1株;87株菌对红霉素、氨苄西林、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑、萘啶酸和头孢噻肟耐药率分别为:100%、51.7%、40.2%、34.5%和20.7%,对亚胺培南、头孢他定、头孢西丁和环丙沙星耐药率分别为:0、3.4%、5.7%和6.9%。87株菌中检测出产ESBLs 18株,TEM阳性14株、CTX-M group 1阳性6株、CTX-M group 9阳性7株。喹诺酮类耐药机制有:药物靶位及编码基因gyrA和parC突变;质粒介导的qnrA、qnrB、qnrS和aac(6′)-Ib耐药基因阳性;药物外排泵qepA和oqxAB基因阳性。结论 EPEC是本地区重要的肠道致病菌之一,对青霉素、红霉素和萘啶酸耐药率较高,对亚胺培南、环丙沙星和阿奇霉素耐药率较低;ESBLs检出率较高,基因型以TEM、CTX-M group 1和CTX-M group 9为主,对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制主要与gyrA、parC突变和Qnr蛋白家族相关,少数与QepA 和OqxAB外排泵相关。     

莆田地区临床常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解莆田地区临床病原菌流行分布及对常用抗生素耐药性。方法按《全国临床检验操作规程》培养分离菌种,VATEK 32鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定及药敏感试验。结果2年共检出细菌3230株,其中G-杆菌1652株,占51.1%,以非发酵菌为主;G 球菌1012株,占31.3%;真菌486株,占15.1%。大部分病原菌对常用抗菌素产生多重耐药,产ESBL s的大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属检出率分别为38.3%和55.9%,耐苯唑西林的葡萄球菌为68.4%。结论真菌感染和细菌多重耐药性是目前最严重的问题,注意合理使用抗生素,加强对细菌变迁动态及耐药性的全面监测。     

Therapeutic considerations in the treatment of respiratory infections caused by ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

Klebsiella pneumoniae are important human pathogens, particularly as causes of nosocomial respiratory tract infections. Intrinsically resistant to ampicillin, in recent years K. pneumoniae strains have acquired resistance to a broad variety of extended-spectrum cephalosporins. This resistance is most commonly mediated by the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), plasmid-mediated enzymes that have evolved through point mutations in the genes encoding the more susceptible penicillinases TEM-1 and SHV-1. In a small minority of cases, K. pneumoniae have also been found to express extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance by the elaboration of plasmid-mediated AmpC-type enzymes. These mutant enzymes confer resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, penicillins, and in some cases cefamycins or beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. The most reliable and effective antimicrobial treatment of infections caused by these strains are the carbapenems imipenem and meropenem.