近β马氏体钛合金中的β→ω相变

近β马氏体钛合金的典型热处理制度为固溶时效,该类钛合金在水冷条件下会发生β→ω相变,该相变属于无扩散型相变,相变的形核源于母相(111)晶面的弹性位移重组,而后续时效过程是扩散型相变,其中强化相α相的析出与ω相的体积分数和形貌密切相关。综述了β→ω相变的相变机理和几种典型近β马氏体钛合金中的β→ω相变特点,总结了水冷态近β马氏体钛合金的电子衍射花样的规律。     

超高强β钛合金等温相转变特性及力学性能

近β钛合金的等温相转变具有多样性和复杂性的特点,对温度敏感性强,直接影响其时效后的力学性能.本工作所用合金为自主研发的Ti-Al-V-Mo-Cr-Zr-Fe-Nb超高强β钛合金,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、硬度计等分析表征手段对等温处理后合金的微观组织演变及力学性能进行系统研究.结果表明,合金300℃时效时只析出等温ω相,等温ω相随时效时间的延长发生长大.合金400℃时效时先析出等温ω相,随着时效时间的延长,α相依附于ω/β界面处形核.合金500℃时效时无ω相析出,针状α相直接从β基体中析出,呈"V"字形均匀分布在β基体中.400℃时效12 h时抗拉强度为1716.1 MPa,伸长率为2％.500℃时效12 h时抗拉强度为1439.8 MPa,伸长率为9.84％,具有良好的强塑性匹配.     

一种低成本钛合金相变点的测定方法

目的获得一种低成本钛合金Ti12LC准确的相变点。方法采用差热分析法和连续升温金相法,对钛合金的相变温度进行了测定。首先通过差热分析,初步确定了该钛合金相变温度范围,接着采用连续升温金相法,进一步精确分析钛合金的相变点。通过分析DSC曲线中的吸热、放热现象,对该合金的相变温度范围进行研究,再通过试样淬火后的金相分析,研究α相和β相的数量及分布。结果确定了Ti12LC钛合金的相变温度在880~890℃之间,而连续升温淬火金相法测得Ti12LC钛合金的相变温度为885℃。结论由于淬火温度间隔小,两种分析方法下,该相变温度的测定较为准确。     

亚稳β钛合金热处理显微组织演变和元素再分配行为

研究了在不同固溶及时效热处理条件下Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-0.6Fe亚稳β钛合金的显微组织演变和元素的再分配行为。在β单相区固溶保温后炉冷至(α+β)两相区的两阶段固溶处理,合金中生成了连续粗大的α晶界(α_GB)和少量的晶内初生α相(α_p);进一步进行低温/高温两阶段的时效热处理,在低温时效过程中初步形成的ω相对在高温终时效过程中生成的次生α(α_s)片层尺寸有显著的影响。用电子探针显微分析表征热处理过程中α相和β相之间的元素再分配行为并讨论了对上述显微组织演变的影响。结果表明,在固溶热处理过程中α_GB和α_p附近的元素再分配使α相附近局部β稳定元素的含量较高,提高了该区域β基体的稳定性,在低温时效过程中出现了无ω相析出的区域。在高温终时效过程中,在ω相辅助形核的作用下晶内析出的α_s片层尺寸较小,而在α_GB附近约2μm范围内,因没有ω相的辅助生成的α_s片层尺寸较大。     

β热处理对TA15钛合金组织及性能的影响

研究了TA15钛合金两种组织在相变点以上热处理,不同冷却速度,对组织及性能的影响。结果表明,在相变点以上温度热处理,组织发生相变,随着冷却过程的进行,单一的β相组织析出集束状次生α相→次生α相长大,并形成α相域。较慢的冷却速度,对应强度较低,冲击、断裂韧性较高,塑性明显升高。     

书讯

《钛合金相变及热处理》为国家出版基金项目"有色金属理论与技术前沿丛书"之一,主要介绍了钛及钛合金的特点、分类及锻造加工,钛合金研究的发展现状及趋势,钛及钛合金的应用,钛合金相变研究方法,钛合金的相     

集成计算材料工程在钛合金微观结构设计中应用的进展

基于集成计算材料工程的思想,结合CALPHAD、相场动力学模拟与关键的实验测量手段、以及钛合金中最新发现的非传统的固-固相变机制,和近来提出的伪调幅分解相变机制为钛合金微观结构设计提出了新的方向.这一机制首先被Ni和Khachaturyan提出并用来解释斜纹组织的形成,并被Fraser等人引入到钛合金体系,Banerjee和Wang等人通过实验和模拟证明了其正确性,这种新的转变路径为设计具有超细、超均匀α+β相微观结构新型钛合金提出了新的设计思路,并且有可能产生新的机械性能.另外,为了扩展制备超细、超均匀钛合金微观结构所需的温度及成分范围,基于存在的热力学数据库,Fraser等人提出了一种通过预先预相分离来产生成分和结构不均匀,进而改进钛合金微观结构的新方法,作者团队基于热力学数据库和相场动力学的计算机模拟证明了其存在.对集成计算材料工程方法在提高设计与选择具有超细、超均匀微观结构的钛合金的效率方面进行了评论总结,集成计算材料工程为钛合金的开发设计提供了新的思路.     

钛合金β相向ω相转变产生的漫散射条纹特征

利用透射电子显微镜研究了钛合金β相的选区电子衍射花样中漫散射条纹特征。花样中的漫散射条纹互相交叉形成网格,对于大多晶带轴,几段条纹互相平行,但不在一条直线上。漫散射条纹位于{112}β面上,在晶带轴为[uvw]β时,条纹方向为[uvw]β×{112}β。解释了漫散射条纹不在一条直线上的原因。漫散射条纹的出现与{112}β面上的声子模软化有关。     

TC4钛合金相变温度的测定与分析

相变温度对钛及钛合金加工和热处理具有重要意义。采用计算法、差热分析法和连续升温金相法3种手段计算和测定了TC4两相钛合金(α+β)/β的相变温度。计算法由于各主要元素及杂质元素含量对相变温度的影响值是在一个含量范围内的计算值,因此计算的相变温度与实测值是接近的;差热分析法由于测量过程中加热产生相变滞后现象,导致所测相变温度略高;而连续升温金相法由于淬火温度间隔选择较小,测量的准确性较高,因此更能准确测量TC4钛合金的相变温度。通过连续升温金相法,观察不同淬火温度的试样在光学显微镜下的显微组织变化,发现升温过程中初生α相完全消失的温度,从而确定了TC4钛合金的相变温度为998℃。并分析了不同钛合金相变温度差异的原因。     

杂质对新型β型钛合金显微组织及其硬度的影响

β型钛合金具有良好的强度、耐腐蚀性和优越的加工性能,尤其高强度和强耐腐蚀性在核电领域有着广泛应用,本文主要通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X-衍射和能谱等工具来分析杂质元素C、O等对β型Ti-Nb-Zr合金的组织和硬度影响。C、O等杂质使得合金在α相转变成β相的相变温度提高,扩大α相相区范围,均匀化热处理后将析出α相和微量脆性ω相,使合金的硬度提高,塑性降低,加工性能恶化。     

The assisting and stabilizing role played by ω phase during the {112} <111>β twinning in Ti-Mo alloys:A first-principles insight

The ω phase is commonly observed in β-Ti alloys and plays a significant role on various properties of β-Ti alloys.Although many results about the role ofω phase on mechanical properties of β-Ti alloys have been derived from theoretical and experimental studies,the role ofω phase on deformation mechanism hitherto remains elusive and deserves to be further studied.In this work,the role played by ω phase during the {112 } <111>β twinning in Ti-Mo alloys were investigated by first-principles calculations at atomic scale.In the energy favorable interface of(112)β/(10(1)0)ω,we found that partial dislocations slipping on the successive (10(1)0)ω planes ofω phase can lead to the formation of { 112} <111>β twin nucleus.And the twin nucleus grows inwards ω grain interior through atomic shuffle.Thus,a new twinning mechanism of {112 } <111>β assisted by ω phase was proposed.Furthermore,our calculations indicated that the Pearance of ITB (interfacial twin boundary) ω phase can improve the stability of the symmetrical 12 } <111 >β twin boundary (TB),which can well explain the experimental phenomenon that the ITB ω phase always accompanies the formation of {112 } <111>β twin.Finally,a probable microstructure evolution sequence was suggested,namely β matrix → β matrix + athermal ω phase → (112)[11(1)]twin → (112)[11(1)]β twin + ITB ω phase.Our calculations provide new insights on the role played by ω phase during the twinning process of {112} <111>β,which can deepen the understanding on the deformation behaviors of β-Ti alloys.     

Self-adjustment of Young's modulus in biomedical titanium alloys during orthopaedic operation

In spinal fixation devices, the Young's modulus of the metallic implant rod should be not only sufficiently low to prevent stress shielding for the patient but also sufficiently high to suppress springback for the surgeon. This paper proposes a novel function of biomedical titanium alloys—self-adjustment of Young's modulus. Deformation-induced ω phase transformation was introduced into β-type titanium alloys so that the Young's modulus of only the deformed part would increase during operation, while that of the non-deformed part would remain low. The Young's modulus increase by deformation was investigated for a binary Ti-12Cr alloy. This alloy successfully underwent deformation-induced ω phase transformation and exhibited the increase in the Young's modulus by deformation.     

Insights into Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of the Eutectoid Ti–6.4(wt%)Ni Alloy Modified with Fe and Cr

Titanium alloys gain increasing importance in industry due to the expansion of advanced manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing. Conventional titanium alloys processed by such technologies suffer from formation of large primary grains and anisotropy of mechanical properties. Therefore, novel alloys are required. Herein, the effect of ternary alloying elements Fe and Cr on the Ti–6.4(wt%)Ni eutectoid system is investigated. Both elements act as eutectoid formers. Fe and Cr show sluggish transformation behavior, whereas Ni is an active eutectoid-forming element. Thereby, sluggish refers to slow and active to fast transformation kinetics. The focus of this work is on the combined addition of such elements studied under different heat-treatment conditions. It is shown in the results that largely varying microstructures can be generated resulting in hardness values ranging from 239 to 556 HV_0.1. Moreover, the formation of a substructure within the α phase of direct aged alloys is observed. The formation mechanism of this substructure is investigated in detail. The mechanical properties are discussed based on the microstructural characteristics. The presence of intermetallic Ti₂Ni phase increases the Young's modulus, whereas the presence of ω phase results in embrittlement. The results shed light upon the complex phase formation and decomposition behavior of titanium alloys based on Ti–6.4Ni.     

Martensitic transformation and shape memory properties of Ti-Ta-Sn high temperature shape memory alloys

The effects of Ta and Sn contents on the martensitic transformation temperature, crystal structure and thermal stability of Ti-Ta-Sn alloys are investigated in order to develop novel high temperature shape memory alloys. The martensitic transformation temperature significantly decreases by aging or thermal cycling due to the formation of ω phase in the Ti-Ta binary alloys. The addition of Sn is effective for suppressing the formation of ω phase and improves stability of shape memory effect during thermal cycling. The amount of Sn content necessary for suppressing aging effect increases with decreasing Ta content. High martensitic transformation temperature with good thermal stability can be achieved by adjustment of the Ta and Sn contents. Furthermore, the addition of Sn as a substitute of Ta with keeping the transformation temperature same increases the transformation strain in the Ti-Ta-Sn alloys. A Ti-20Ta-3.5Sn alloy reveals stable shape memory effect with a martensitic transformation start temperature about 440 K and a larger recovery strain when compared with a Ti-Ta binary alloy showing similar martensitic transformation temperature.     

Kinetics of the ω phase transformation of Ti-7333 titanium alloy during continuous heating

Dilatometry method was used to study the ω phase transformation kinetics of a near-β titanium alloy Ti–7Mo–3Cr–3Nb–3Al during continuous heating. The local activation energy as a function of transformed volume fraction f _ω was determined by Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) method, which increases with the transformation proceeding and the average value is about 85.06 kJ/mol. The nucleation and growth mechanism of the ω phase was investigated by the non-isothermal local Avrami exponent n, which appears a significant change with the transformed volume fraction, indicating that the transformation mechanism varies at different stages. The local Avrami exponent lies between 0.5 and 2 in a wide transformed volume fraction range of 0.05–0.9, indicating that the dominating mechanism of ω phase transformation in Ti-7333 titanium alloy is the three-dimensional growth with a near-zero nucleation rate.     

Designation and development of biomedical Ti alloys with finer biomechanical compatibility in long-term surgical implants

Developing the new titanium alloys with excellent biomechanical compatibility has been an important research direction of surgical implants materials. Present paper summarizes the international researches and developments of biomedical titanium alloys. Aiming at increasing the biomechanical compatibility, it also introduces the exploration and improvement of alloy designing, mechanical processing, microstructure and phase transformation, and finally outlines the directions for scientific research on the biomedical titanium alloys in the future.     

组合材料芯片技术在钛合金研究中的应用

综述了组合材料芯片技术在钛合金研究中应用的新进展.利用组合材料芯片技术在短周期内制备出合金元素梯度变化的多元钛合金样品,由于样品的加工状态和热处理条件相同,可以确定某种合金元素含量与整个钛合金体系组织和力学性能的定量关系.利用多种表征手段,从样品库中系统地分析组织和力学性能的变化规律并筛选出目标成分,显示出组合材料芯片技术在钛合金相变研究和合金设计中的优势.     

Impurities block the alpha to omega martensitic transformation in titanium

Impurities control phase stability and phase transformations in natural and man-made materials, from shape-memory alloys to steel to planetary cores. Experiments and empirical databases are still central to tuning the impurity effects. What is missing is a broad theoretical underpinning. Consider, for example, the titanium martensitic transformations: diffusionless structural transformations proceeding near the speed of sound. Pure titanium transforms from ductile alpha to brittle omega at 9 GPa, creating serious technological problems for beta-stabilized titanium alloys. Impurities in the titanium alloys A-70 and Ti-6Al-4V (wt%) suppress the transformation up to at least 35 GPa, increasing their technological utility as lightweight materials in aerospace applications. These and other empirical discoveries in technological materials call for broad theoretical understanding. Impurities pose two theoretical challenges: the effect on the relative phase stability, and the energy barrier of the transformation. Ab initio methods calculate both changes due to impurities. We show that interstitial oxygen, nitrogen and carbon retard the transformation whereas substitutional aluminium and vanadium influence the transformation by changing the d-electron concentration. The resulting microscopic picture explains the suppression of the transformation in commercial A-70 and Ti-6Al-4V alloys. In general, the effect of impurities on relative energies and energy barriers is central to understanding structural phase transformations.