逆境条件下植物体内渗透调节物质的积累与活性氧代谢

本文介绍逆境胁迫下植物体内渗透调节物质的积累和作用,及其对活性氧的产生与清除的影响。阐述以脯氨酸为代表的渗透调节物质对活性氧的直接清除作用,Ca2+、甜菜碱等对抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化剂含量的影响。近年来人们广泛利用转基因技术合成脯氨酸、甜菜碱,为提高作物的抗氧化能力及培育抗逆新品种提供了一条有效途径。     

逆境条件下植物体内渗透调节物质的积累与活性氧代谢

本文介绍了逆境迫下植物体内渗透调节物质的积累和作用,及其对活性氧的产生与清除的影响,阐述以脯氨酸为代表的渗透调节物质对活性氧的直接清除作用,Ca^2 ,甜菜碱等对抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化剂含量的影响,近年来人们广泛利用转基因技术合成氨酸,甜菜碱,为提高作物的抗氧化能车及培育抗逆新品种提供了一条有效途径。     

氮代谢参与植物逆境抵抗的作用机理研究进展

近年来,植物所受到的诸如干旱、盐、高温、低氧、重金属胁迫和营养元素缺乏等环境胁迫越来越多,严重影响了植物的生长发育及作物的质量和产量。氮素是植物生长发育所需的必需营养元素,同时也是核酸、蛋白质和叶绿素的重要组成成分,其代谢过程与植物抵抗逆境的能力息息相关。氮代谢是指植物对氮素的吸收、同化和利用的全过程,是植物体内基础代谢途径之一。氮代谢主要从氮素吸收、同化及氨基酸代谢等方面参与植物的抗逆性,并通过调节离子吸收和转运、稳定细胞形态和蛋白质结构、维持激素平衡和细胞代谢水平、减少体内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成以及促进叶绿素合成等生理机制来影响植物抵抗非生物胁迫的能力。因此,提高植物在逆境下的氮代谢水平是减轻外界胁迫对其损伤的一种潜在途径。该文从氮素同化的基本途径出发,分别阐述了氮代谢在干旱胁迫、盐胁迫和高温胁迫等多个方面的逆境抵抗过程中的作用机理,为氮代谢参与植物抗逆性研究提供了有利参考。     

植物谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)研究进展

逆境胁迫会诱导植物产生过多的活性氧(ROS),引起氧化胁迫,严重影响其生长发育。相应地,植物为适应诸多不良环境会产生多种抗氧化剂、抗氧化酶等协调氧化还原平衡,其中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)是植物体内重要的抗氧化酶之一。对近年来植物中GPX的结构、亚细胞定位、酶催化底物特点及作用研究进展进行综述,并对未来可能的研究方向进行展望。     

盐胁迫过程中抗坏血酸对植物的保护功能

以拟南芥抗坏血酸突变体 vtc- 1 和野生型 wt 为材料 ,研究了抗氧化系统对盐胁迫的响应机制 ,以揭示抗坏血酸 ASA 的抗氧化机理及对植物的保护功能 .结果显示 :10 0 mm ol/ L Na Cl处理 12、2 4、4 8、72 h,vtc- 1和 wt体内 MDA 丙二醛 及 H2 O2 过氧化氢 的含量均明显增加 ,但 vtc- 1增加的程度明显高于 wt,说明盐胁迫可能对vtc- 1造成了更严重的氧化伤害 .胁迫过程中 ,wt体内的几种抗氧化酶 [超氧化物歧化酶 SOD 、过氧化氢酶 CAT 、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 APX ]活性均升高 ,而 vtc- 1体内 SOD、CAT活性降低 ,APX活性在胁迫 2 4 h之前增加 ,2 4 h之后降低 ;同时 ,vtc- 1中总的抗坏血酸含量和还原型谷胱甘肽 /氧化型谷胱甘肽 GSH/ GSSG 的比值下降 ,而 wt与此相反 .本研究表明 :抗坏血酸参与活性氧 AOS 的代谢 ,减轻 AOS对植物的伤害 ;并可能对植物细胞内的抗氧化酶具有调节作用 ,增强逆境胁迫下植物的抗逆能力 ,对植物有重要的生物学保护功能     

植物谷胱甘肽还原酶的生物学特性及功能

谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GR: EC 1.6.4.2)是植物体内一种重要的抗氧化酶类,其主要的生理功能是将氧化型谷胱甘肽(oxidaized glutathione disulfide,GSSG)还原成还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione,GSH),从而为活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）的清除提供还原力,保护植物免受伤害.文中主要从Gr基因及其氨基酸序列的比较等方面分析了该酶的生物学特性;又对植物逆境响应,酶基因的缺失等方面的研究进行综述,阐释了GR酶在植物体内的作用原理、在逆境胁迫中抗逆表达调控途径及其作用机制;并对已有的研究成果进行总结分析,探讨了GR酶可能的起源及系统进化过程,为今后该酶的研究提供理论参考.     

Mn-SOD基因导入黄瓜的遗传转化体系

黄瓜是我国栽培面积最大的喜温蔬菜之一。在生产上,高温干旱等环境胁、迫因子严重危害黄瓜的产量和品质,甚至导致绝收。任安芝等综述了SOD与水分、盐分、低温和大气污染等逆境胁迫之间的关系,认为:各种逆境胁迫引起的活性氧代谢平衡失调、生物膜结构破坏是导致植物遭受逆境伤害的机理之一。通过基因工程提高植物体内抗氧化酶活性及增加抗氧化代谢的水平是增强植物抗逆性的有效     

植物miRNA的分子特征及其在逆境中的响应机制

逆境胁迫是影响植物生长发育、生物产量与品质形成的主要因素之一。通过诱导表达抗逆有关的编码基因与部分非编码基因是植物响应逆境的主要方式。miRNA作为一种非编码基因在植物生长、发育以及抗逆等过程中起重要的调控作用。研究表明:逆境胁迫下miRNA可以形成miRNA诱导沉默复合物(miRNA-induced silencing complex,miRISC),并与靶mRNA互补配对结合,进而引起靶mRNA的降解或者抑制其翻译,从而实现对下游抗逆相关基因表达的调控,最终引起代谢与信号转导途径的变化实现对逆境的响应。本文从植物逆境胁迫下诱导miRNA的产生、靶基因的识别以及作用机制等方面进行了综述。     

植物中的活性氧研究概述

活性氧作为有氧代谢的副产物不断在植物体内产生。在正常的生长环境条件下,植物将产生活性氧(reaction oxygen species, ROS)作为信号代谢分子以调控不同的代谢反应,例如病毒防御、细胞程序性死亡和气孔开闭等;当氧化胁迫发生时,胞内活性氧稳态受到严重破坏,影响作物的生长发育,从而降低作物产量及品质。为了降低因过量活性氧对植物体所造成的伤害,植物体内进化出了两种活性氧清除系统:酶清除系统和非酶清除系统。本文就此对植物在生长发育过程中ROS的产生、利弊、清除机制以及在作物改良上应用的可能性进行了系统的讨论。     

逆境胁迫下植物体内活性氧代谢及调控机理研究进展

活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)在植物生长发育中扮演着十分重要的角色。适当浓度的ROS是植物所必需的,而在逆境胁迫下ROS会大量积累,从而抑制植物的生长发育甚至杀死植物。为了维持体内ROS的动态平衡,植物进化出了一系列的ROS产生及清除机制。本文对近年来植物在逆境下的ROS产生、清除及其调节机制的研究进展予以综述,重点介绍转录及翻译后水平的ROS清除及其调节机制,并对植物ROS代谢及调控机理的研究提出了进一步展望。     

氢气调节植物生长发育和提高植物抗逆性的研究进展

氢气作为新发现的活性气体被广泛研究。在植物生长发育方面,氢气具有促进种子发芽、幼苗发育、不定根生长等作用;在植物遭受逆境胁迫过程中,氢气通过调控抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质的生成及其相应的转录本来应对胁迫带来的氧化损伤,提高植物对干旱、盐胁迫、重金属胁迫、除草剂、紫外照射等胁迫的抗性,同时氢气还可以调控与抗病虫害等胁迫相关基因的表达。该文对国内外有关氢气在促进植物生长发育和提高植物抗性方面的作用,以及逆境胁迫下氢气作为信号分子通过调控抗氧化防御系统提高植物抗逆性的机制进行综述,以期更好地了解和促进氢气在农业科学上的研究与应用。     

植物响应镉胁迫的生理生化机制研究进展

镉(Cd)是一种分布广泛且污染严重的重金属; 其毒性大, 不仅影响植物的生长发育, 而且危害人类健康。该文对植物Cd胁迫的生理生化响应方面的最新研究进展进行了总结概括。从植物光合系统、活性氧、活性氮、抗氧化防御系统、激素、钙信号、蛋白和基因等方面, 概述了植物对Cd胁迫的响应及应答机制, 探讨了植物对Cd胁迫响应机制的研究方向, 旨在为今后开展植物响应Cd胁迫的生理生化及分子机制研究提供理论依据。     

Pollen development at high temperature and role of carbon and nitrogen metabolites

Fruit and seed crop production heavily relies on successful stigma pollination, pollen tube growth, and fertilization of female gametes. These processes depend on production of viable pollen grains, a process sensitive to high‐temperature stress. Therefore, rising global temperatures threaten worldwide crop production. Close observation of plant development shows that high‐temperature stress causes morpho‐anatomical changes in male reproductive tissues that contribute to reproductive failure. These changes include early tapetum degradation, anther indehiscence, and deformity of pollen grains, all of which are contributing factors to pollen fertility. At the molecular level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate when plants are subjected to high temperatures. ROS is a signalling molecule that can be beneficial or detrimental for plant cells depending on its balance with the endogenous cellular antioxidant system. Many metabolites have been linked with ROS over the years acting as direct scavengers or molecular stabilizers that promote antioxidant enzyme activity. This review highlights recent advances in research on anther and pollen development and how these might explain the aberrations seen during high‐temperature stress; recent work on the role of nitrogen and carbon metabolites in anther and pollen development is discussed including their potential role at high temperature.     

脱落酸与植物细胞的抗氧化防护

水分胁迫是一种影响植物生长发育、限制植物产量的重要胁迫因子.植物能够通过感知刺激、产生和传导信号、启动各种防护机制来响应与适应水分胁迫.植物激素脱落酸(ABA)作为一种胁迫信号,在调节植物对水分胁迫的反应中起着重要的作用.ABA不仅能诱导气孔关闭,而且能诱导编码耐脱水蛋白的基因表达.正在增加的证据显示,ABA增强水分胁迫的耐性与其诱导抗氧化防护系统有关.本文综述了ABA在诱导活性氧(ROS)产生、调节抗氧化酶基因表达以及增强抗氧化防护系统方面的作用,着重讨论了在ABA诱导的抗氧化防护过程中Ca2 、NADPH氧化酶与ROS之间的交谈机制.     

Hydrogen Peroxide in Plants： a Versatile Molecule of the Reactive Oxygen Species Network

Plants often face the challenge of severe environmental conditions, which include various biotic and abiotic stresses that exert adverse effects on plant growth and development. During evolution, plants have evolved complex regulatory mechanisms to adapt to various environmental stressors. One of the consequences of stress is an increase in the cellular concentration of reactive oxygen species （ROS）, which are subsequently converted to hydrogen peroxide （H2O2）. Even under normal conditions, higher plants produce ROS during metabolic processes. Excess concentrations of ROS result in oxidative damage to or the apoptotic death of cells. Development of an antioxidant defense system in plants protects them against oxidative stress damage. These ROS and, more particularly, H2O2, play versatile roles in normal plant physiological processes and in resistance to stresses. Recently, H2O2 has been regarded as a signaling molecule and regulator of the expression of some genes in cells. This review describes various aspects of H2O2 function, generation and scavenging, gene regulation and cross-links with other physiological molecules during plant growth, development and resistance responses.     

Transgenic plants: An insight into oxidative stress tolerance mechanisms

Environmental stresses considerably limit plant productivity. At the molecular level the negative effect of stress is often mediated by reactive oxygen species-initiated oxidative damage. Hence, it was hypothesised that increased tolerance to several environmental constraints could be achieved through enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress. In recent years much effort has been undertaken to improve oxidative stress tolerance by transforming plants with native or bacterial genes coding either for reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzymes or for enzymes modulating the cellular antioxidant capacity. This review deals with data on transgenic plants with altered antioxidant capacity and focuses on the new insight into the antioxidant defence mechanism given by this type of experimental model.     

Comparative roles of brassinosteroids and polyamines in salt stress tolerance

Salt stress is among the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect the global crop production and its adverse impacts are getting more serious in the regions where saline water is used for irrigation. It induces reactive oxygen species, alters the activity of antioxidant system and adversely affects the process of photosynthesis. Various strategies have been employed to mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress. Presently, the recommended strategies to overcome the adverse effects of salt stress include the use of tolerant cultivars, ameliorative water management and diverse cultural practices. However, none of these approaches have been found to be fully effective under salt stress conditions. An alternative and technically simpler approach to induce salt stress tolerance is the exogenous application of plant growth regulators (PGRs). This technique has gained significant importance during the past decade. PGRs have been implicated to regulate a wide range of metabolic and physiological activities in plants, ranging from cell division and organogenesis to protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the important factors for enhanced plant productivity by PGRs is their efficiency to overcome the salt-induced stress conditions. Recent findings on the effects of brassinosteroids and polyamines on the salt stress tolerance of crops open new avenues to address the salinity problems. This review enlightens the role of brassinosteroids and polyamines in different plant processes like their role in regulation of photosynthesis, antioxidant systems and other related aspects, thereby improving overall performance of plants.     

Melatonin, an underestimated natural substance with great potential for agricultural application

Melatonin (MEL) was thought to be only a neurotransmitter found in vertebrates until its detection in other organisms including plants. Although the number of publications on MEL function in plants is expanding, the knowledge of this subject is still insufficient. Among many functions which MEL performs in plants, its role as an antioxidant and a growth promoter is most supported by experimental evidence. This compound is an independent plant growth regulator and it may mediate the activities of other plant growth regulators. Due to its antioxidant properties MEL may also stabilize cell redox status and protect tissues against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species which accumulated under stressful environment. Some researchers propose that MEL could be used to improve the phytoremediation efficiency of plants against different pollutants. In this paper we show that exogenous MEL applied into the seeds could be a good biostimulator improving not only seed germination, seedling/plant growth but also crop production especially under stress conditions. We also believe that this compound can increase food quality (the aspect of functional food) and may improve human health. Since MEL is inexpensive and safe for animals and humans its application as a biostimulator could be a good, feasible and cost-effective method useful in agriculture.     

脱落酸与植物细胞的抗氧化防护

水分胁迫是一种影响植物生长发育、限制植物产量的重要胁迫因子。植物能够通过感知刺激、产生和传导信号、启动各种防护机制来响应与适应水分胁迫。植物激素脱落酸(ABA)作为一种胁迫信号,在调节植物对水分胁迫的反应中起着重要的作用。ABA不仅能诱导气孔关闭,而且能诱导编码耐脱水蛋白的基因表达。正在增加的证据显示,ABA增强水分胁迫的耐性与其诱导抗氧化防护系统有关。本文综述了ABA在诱导活性氧(ROS)产生、调节抗氧化酶基因表达以及增强抗氧化防护系统方面的作用,着重讨论了在ABA诱导的抗氧化防护过程中Ca2 、NADPH氧化酶与ROS之间的交谈机制。