微螺旋碳纤维/高密度聚乙烯复合材料电渗流行为及机制

以微螺旋碳纤维(CMCs)作为复合材料的导电填料,以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)作为复合材料的基体树脂,研究了CMCs/HDPE基复合材料的电渗流行为、渗流阈值附近复合材料的导电机制。结果表明:CMCs/HDPE复合材料存在明显的渗流行为,其渗流阈值为6.28%(CMCs的体积分数)或9.77%(CMCs的质量分数);当CMCs的体积分数接近于渗流阈值时,CMCs/HDPE复合材料的导电方式由隧道效应所致。     

石蜡/高密度聚乙烯/木粉/石墨复合相变储能材料的制备及性能

以石蜡为相变材料,高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为支撑材料,木粉(WF)为载体材料,石墨为填料,采用加热共熔法制备石蜡/HDPE/WF/石墨复合相变储能材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析仪(TGA)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、步冷试验和渗漏实验等对复合相变材料进行性能测试。结果表明,石蜡质量分数为50%,WF质量分数为10%,石墨质量分数为4%时,该复合相变材料结构稳定,密封性能优异,热稳定性好,相变温度为60.1℃,相变潜热为93.71 J/g,渗漏率低,应用前景广阔。     

HDPE/POE/无机粒子复合材料的制备及性能

采用熔融共混的方法,通过无机粒子填充HDPE/POE共混体系制备复合材料。研究了Al粉、Al_2O_3粉、石墨(GP)这3种单一填料以及Al_2O_3/GP、Al/GP共2种复配填料对复合材料的导热导电和流变性能的影响。流变性能表明复合材料的动态模量随着石墨含量的增加而增加,且复合材料的损耗因子(tanδ)逐渐减小。当石墨含量(质量分数)为33%和50%时,复合材料的损耗因子小于1,复合材料内填料形成了网络结构。由于形成了导热导电通路,复合材料的热导率和电导率都得到明显提高。将含量为50%的石墨填充到HDPE/POE基体中,HDPE/POE/GP的导热率是1.8 W/(m·K),是HDPE/POE的5.3倍。     

钒电池集流板用导电塑料的研制

采用高速搅拌混合的方式制备了高密度聚乙烯/超高分子量聚乙烯/石墨/碳纤维(HDPE/UHMwPE/GP/CF)复合材料,分析了复合材料的导电性能及微观相态结构,并对复合材料的物理机械性能及加工成型性能进行了研究.结果表明:HDPE和UHMWPE发生相分离,UHMWPE占据非导电相,使得导电相HDPE中的导电填料的浓度相对提高,从而有效提高了复合材料的导电性能;HDPE与UHMWPE的质量比为1/3时,复合材料的导电性能最佳;导电填料质量分数为65%时,复合材料的体积电阻达到0.1 Ω·cm,缺口冲击强度为5.2 kJ/m2,材料的成型性良好,具有最优的综合性能,符合钒电池(VRB)集流板的使用要求.     

基于碳材料的高密度聚乙烯导热材料的制备

为了提高高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD)的导热性能,扩大其应用范围,通过开炼及模压的方法将碳材料与PE-HD进行复合,详细研究了碳材料的种类、含量及复配等对复合材料热导率及拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,随着石墨含量的增加,复合材料的热导率增大,但其断裂伸长率显著下降。固定碳材料总质量分数为15%,对不同种类的碳材料进行复配,发现当碳纤维/石墨质量比为1/4时,材料的热导率达到极大值,为0.588W/(m·K),但断裂伸长率仅为36%;当乙炔炭黑/石墨质量比为1/2时,复合材料热导率达到极大值,为0.602W/(m·K),相当于石墨质量分数为20%的复合材料热导率,断裂伸长率为303%,约为石墨质量分数为20%的复合材料的3倍,这表明石墨与乙炔炭黑的适量复配在赋予PE-HD良好导热性的同时保持了其延展性。     

高密度聚乙烯-膨胀石墨导热复合材料的制备与性能

鉴于高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)的导热性比较差,将HDPE与膨胀石墨(EG)共混得到HDPE-EG复合材料,并对其性能进行了研究。结果表明,EG能够均匀分散在HDPE中,随着EG用量的增加,HDPE-EG的导热系数缓慢增大,当EG的质量分数达到7%以上时,EG可以在HDPE中形成导热网络,导热系数显著提高。复合材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均随EG用量的增加而逐渐下降。HDPE-EG复合材料的热分解活化能通过Ozawa-FlynnWall(OFW)模型计算,得到的结果略小于纯HDPE。     

相容剂PE-g-MAH对HDPE/CF复合材料力学性能的影响

将马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(PE-g-MAH)作为相容剂添加至碳纤维(CF)增强高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)复合材料中,考察了PE-g-MAH的添加对HDPE/CF复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:相容剂PE-g-MAH的添加提高了CF和HDPE基体的界面相容性,改善了HDPE/CF复合材料的性能。其中,当CF、PE-g-MAH的添加量分别为15和9份时,复合材料HDPE/CF/PE-g-MAH具有最佳综合力学性能,其冲击强度较HDPE/CF(100/15)二元复合体系提高了17.7%,而拉伸及弯曲强度则有所下降,较HDPE/CF(100/15)分别降低了35.39%和11.80%。     

HDPE/石墨导热复合材料流变行为研究

制备了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/石墨导热复合材料,研究了该复合材料在毛细管流变仪中的流变行为。结果表明:该HDPE/石墨复合材料熔体在毛细管流变仪中的流动为非牛顿型流动,遵从假塑性流体的流动规律。随着石墨用量的增加,复合材料熔体的真实黏度、黏流活化能增大,非牛顿指数呈减小的趋势;随着剪切速率的增加,复合材料熔体的真实黏度和黏流活化能则均有所减小;而随着温度的升高,复合材料熔体的非牛顿指数呈增大的趋势。     

Nano-CaCO3/HDPE复合材料流变性能的研究

通过熔融共混法制备了纳米碳酸钙/高密度聚乙烯(nano-CaCO3/HDPE)复合材料,使用旋转流变仪研究了复合材料的动态流变性能。结果表明,当nano-CaCO3加入量≤4%(质量分数)时,随着nano-CaCO3含量的增加,nano-CaCO3/HDPE复合材料的储能模量、损耗模量和复数黏度均高于纯HDPE,并逐渐上升。     

碳纤维/膨胀石墨协同复合对天然橡胶导热性能的影响

以片层状膨胀石墨和纤维状碳纤维为导热填料、天然橡胶(NR)为基体,制备了导热填料/NR复合材料,并对其导热性能进行了探讨。研究结果表明:随着膨胀石墨或碳纤维掺量的不断增加,相应复合材料的导热系数增大,但由于碳纤维在NR基体内部没有实现定向排布,故碳纤维/NR复合材料的导热系数增幅不大;碳纤维/膨胀石墨的协同复合,使得相应复合材料的导热系数[0.413 7 W/(m·K)]比纯NR提高了96.6%;碳纤维与NR基体的界面结合力较弱,故对碳纤维表面进行改性,可有效增强碳纤维/NR基体的界面结合力,从而能进一步改善相应复合材料的导热性能。     

Compact Swelling in Bi1.4Pb0.6Sr2Ca2Cu3.6Oy During the Formation of High-Tc Superconducting Phase

Compact swelling in Pb-doped Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor has been studied by observing the effects of the size of calcined powders, volatilization of materials, and sintering of high- T _c (2223) powders. The bulk density increases at the early stage of sintering, for about 20 h, and then decreases. Densification occurs when the low- T _c (2212) phase and a liquid phase exist, whereas dedensification occurs with the formation of the 2223 phase regardless of the presence of the liquid. Gas evolution from specimens does not appear to be responsible for compact swelling. Compact swelling is explained by anisotropic growth of thin, platelike 2223 grains in random orientation. When 2223 grains grow in a preferred direction, compact swelling is suppressed.     

Synthetic routes to nanoscale BxCyNz architectures

B_xC_yN_z nanoscale materials, hybrids of h-BN and graphite, have been recently synthesised using various techniques. Here, we present the latest advances in the synthesis and characterisation of B-C-N nanotubes and nanofibres. In particular, we focus on layered BC₂N, BN, BC and CN_x systems, reviewing their production methods as well as their structural and electronic properties. These materials may find important applications in the fabrication of nanotransistors, robust nanocomposites, conducting polymers, storage components and field emission sources.     

Structure Evolution from Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 to La(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3

The crystal structure of lanthanum-modified lead magnesium niobates having composition (Pb_{1− x} La _x ) (Mg_{(1+ x )/3}-Nb_{(2− x )/3})O₃ with X = 0 to 1 was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction. It was found that the fundamental reflections from perovskite structure remain in the whole range of composition. The superlattice reflections from the A(B'_1/2-B"_1/2)O₃ ordered structure are also well preserved for La content greater than 50 at.%; however, a series of extra peaks of mixing indices appears, with intensities gradually enhanced with the increase of La content. For the complete substitution of Pb by La, a splitting of some reflections can be observed in the diffraction pattern. The results indicate that the crystal structure evolves continuously with the La content, from disordered cubic perovskite of space group Pm 3 m for X = 0, to ordered cubic perovskite of space group Fm 3 m for X = 0.5, distorted cubic perovskite of space group Pa 3 for 0.5 < X < 0.9, and finally to a rhombohedral perovskite, possibly belonging to the space group R 3 , for X ≥ 0.9. In the evolution of structure, a linear reduction of the lattice constant of the perovskite cell from 4.048 to 3.964 Å was observed.     

(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–Ba(Cu1/2W1/2)O3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics

(Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃ with 0–6 mol% Ba(Cu_1/2W_1/2)O₃ (BNT-BCW), a new member of the BNT-based group, has been prepared following the conventional mixed oxide route. The compacted bodies were sintered at 1130°C for 2 h to get dense ceramics. The addition of BCW into BNT ceramics facilitated the poling process because of a reduction in leakage current. 0.995BNT·0.005BCW ceramics exhibit a relatively high piezoelectric constant ( d ₃₃= 80 × 10⁻¹² C/N) and a relatively low dielectric loss (tan δ= 1.5%). Increased amount of BCW was found to increase the dielectric constant and loss of BNT-BCW ceramics and to suppress the grain growth. During sintering, some BCW diffuses into the lattice of BNT to form a solid solution and some remains on the grain boundaries.     

炭黑/煤矸石/碳纳米管复合填料体系对天然橡胶性能的影响研究*

利用硝酸氧化法对碳纳米管(CNTs)进行纯化,并用环氧天然橡胶(ENR)进行改性处理。结合胶质量分数测定结果表明, ENR用量15%(质量)时效果最佳。采用胶乳凝聚法制备CNTs/天然橡胶(NR)母料。煤矸石粉(CG)经高温煅烧和表面改性处理。 将CNTs/天然橡胶(NR)母料、CG和炭黑(CB)通过机械混炼法与天然橡胶及配合剂混合,制备CB/CG/CNTs/NR复合材料,并对复合材料进行硫化特性及物理机械性能。结果表明： CNTs延迟硫化效应明显;相比炭黑,CG对硫化具有促进作用。硫化特性和甲苯溶胀法测定结果表明,在填料份数相同的条件下,单独由CB填充的NR有最大的交联密度,CNTs对交联密度影响不明显。物理机械性能测试结果表明,当CG：CB：CNTs=17.5:16.5:1(Phr)时,NR硫化胶的300%定伸应力和扯断伸长率明显高于单独由CB填充NR,而拉伸强度与之接近,复合填料样填充NR具有较好的综合性能。扫描电镜测试结果表明,复合填料在NR基体中分布均匀。     

Dielectric-State Analysis in Solid-Solution Pb(Yb1/2Ta1/2)O3–Pb(Lu1/2Nb1/2)O3

The structure and temperature dependence of complex lead perovskite dielectrics were investigated for the system (1 − x )Pb(Yb_1/2Ta_1/2)O₃– x Pb(Lu_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃. Superlattice reflections for the compositions 0.8 < x < 1.0 were observed by X-ray diffractometry, and the temperature-composition dielectric-state diagram was determined. In the present study, the disordered middle composition, with 0.2 < x < 0.8, showed a diffuse paraelectric–ferroelectric phase transition, whereas the ordered end compositions, with 0 ≤ x < 0.2 and 0.8 < x ≤ 1.0, revealed successive sharp paraelectric–antiferroelectric and weak antiferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transitions. The dielectric state was confirmed by examining the variation of polarization ( P ) with electric field ( E ).