Strengthening of lightweight reinforced concrete slabs using different techniques

The present study examines the potential of using four different techniques in repairing and strengthening of preloaded, cracked, lightweight, reinforced concrete one-way solid slabs. Nineteen lightweight reinforced concrete (LWRC) slabs specimens were casted with one-third scale dimensions from prototype structure in buildings. The slabs dimensions were 1.2 m in length and cross section of (70 × 500) mm in depth and width. The slabs were reinforced with 3φ10 for the main reinforcement and tested under a four-point loading system. The tested slabs were divided into two groups according to preloading level to study the effect of cracking level. Two preloadings were selected, i.e. 60% and 80% from the ultimate load. The strengthening techniques used were ferrocement layer, steel plate, carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) sheets and CFRP strips. The slabs were loaded up to failure and the structural response of each slab specimen was predicted in terms of the onset of cracking, deflection, collapse load and failure mode. The efficiency of different repair and strengthening techniques and their effects on the structural behaviour of cracked concrete slab had been analysed. It was observed that the type of strengthening technique used affect the load carrying capacity, deflection, stiffness and toughness of the slab. All repair techniques were found to be able to restore and enhance the structural capacity of cracked concrete slabs. The enhancement ratio is found to be affected by the preloading or the cracking level.     

Strengthening of one-way spanning RC slabs with cutouts using FRP composites

This paper reports the results of tests on fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthened one-way spanning reinforced concrete (RC) slabs with central cutouts. Four wide slabs with cutouts were tested in addition to two narrow slabs without cutouts. Different positions of applied line loads for the slabs with cutouts resulted in different slab bending action and hence different FRP behaviour for the strengthened slabs. All FRP-strengthened slabs achieved a higher load-carrying capacity than their unstrengthened control counterparts. In addition, all strengthened slabs failed by debonding initiating at intermediate cracks (IC debonding) and in the case of the slabs with cutouts, the critical cracks were diagonal and originated from the corners of the cutout. The ability of the FRP to redistribute stresses around the cutout, the failure mechanisms, as well as pre- and post-debonding behaviour of the strengthened slabs was therefore assessed for different load application positions. Strains on the FRP, concrete and internal steel reinforcement, as well as deflections at different positions on the slab surfaces are also reported. An analytical model, which is based on the ultimate moment of resistance about critical crack lines, is also reported and it its predictions are found to correlate well with the experimental results. The analytical model is able to capture the different slab bending actions in addition to the debonding failure of the strengthened slabs.     

预应力高强钢绞线网加固钢筋混凝土板的试验研究

采用新型张拉锚固系统对钢绞线网施加预应力,研究预应力水平值对板加固效果的影响规律。对3块不同预应力水平加固板、1块非预应力加固板和1块对比板进行抗弯试验研究。试验结果表明:较对比板,预应力加固板的承载力、截面刚度大幅度提高,裂缝宽度明显减小;较非预应力加固板,其开裂荷载显著提高,屈服荷载、极限荷载、截面刚度均有提高,裂缝宽度减小;随预应力水平的提高,加固效果、钢绞线强度的利用率明显提高。对钢绞线的预应力损失进行分析,提出预应力加固板承载力的计算公式,计算结果与试验值吻合良好,可作为预应力钢绞线抗弯加固混凝土板理论分析和设计的参考。预应力高强钢绞线加固技术解决了非预应力加固方法钢绞线应变滞后、发生剥离破坏、高强度利用率低等缺点,是一种主动高效的加固技术,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

爆炸荷载作用下外贴FRP加固钢筋混凝土双向板试验研究

通过集团装药隔土爆炸荷载作用下4块外贴FRP条带加固钢筋混凝土双向板和1块普通板的对比试验,考察了裂缝的产生、开展过程及分布形状,分析了FRP加固板的荷载、位移、加速度、钢筋和混凝土以及FRP应变动力响应时程,研究了FRP加固板的抗爆破坏特征。研究结果表明：外贴FRP条带加固能有效延缓混凝土的开裂,限制裂缝的开展,改善钢筋混凝土板的抗爆性能;外贴FRP条带加固后,RC双向板的跨中位移响应、混凝土和钢筋应变响应明显降低,结构的抗爆炸冲击波能力得到明显提高;外贴FRP条带加固双向板在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的破坏形态有受弯破坏和弯曲屈服后的剪切破坏,外贴FRP条带在极限状态时发生了剥离及断裂破坏。图12表6参10     

Zeitabhängiges Verhalten von Makrokunststofffaserbeton und dessen Einfluss auf die Bemessung von Industriefußböden

Time Dependent Behaviour of Macro Synthetic Fibre. Reinforced Concrete and its Influence on the Design of Industrial Slabs on Ground Material tests and tests on structural elements with synthetic macro fibre reinforced concrete are presented. The experimental program included the investigation of the load carrying capacity and the deformation behaviour under short‐term as well as under long‐term loading conditions. Long‐term load tests were carried out on pre‐cracked fibrereinforced concrete beams to measure the load level above which creep failure can occur. At service load level creep coefficients for a time period of up to three years were determined. Centre point load tests were carried out on concrete slabson‐ground. Two slabs were reinforced with steel mesh and two with synthetic macro fibres only. The tests were performed under short‐term and long‐term loading conditions over a period of 18 month. The current main application of synthetic macro fibre reinforced concrete is slab‐on‐ground. Slabs‐on‐ground can be designed under the assumption of elastic subgrade reaction. The concrete slab itself can be calculated either by elastic theory for uncracked concrete or by yield line theory taking fibre reinforcement into account. Based on the test results of the experimental programme, design recommendations for permanently loaded slabs‐on‐ground are presented.     

纤维增强复合材料加固钢筋混凝土单向板受弯性能研究

通过纤维增强复合材料（FRP）布加固钢筋混凝土单向板的受弯性能试验,研究了FRP布种类、层数、宽度、粘贴方式和锚固措施等因素对加固效果的影响。结果表明：在板底粘贴CFRP布和高强GFRP布均可明显提高钢筋混凝土单向板的受弯承载力和纵筋屈服后刚度。当采用横向粘贴1层U形CFRP布条作为端部锚固措施时,所有加固单向板试件的破坏模式均为跨中弯曲裂缝引起的剥离破坏。当FRP布宽度和层数相同时,采用CFRP布加固效果优于高强GFRP布加固。与对比试件相比,FRP布加固钢筋混凝土单向板试件的位移延性略有降低。高强GFRP布加固钢筋混凝土单向板的位移延性优于CFRP布加固钢筋混凝土单向板。FRP布的粘贴方式对FRP加固钢筋混凝土单向板的位移延性也有影响,单层FRP布加固单向板试件的延性较好。通过对试验结果的分析,提出了FRP布加固钢筋混凝土单向板构件受弯破坏模式的判别方法,验证了已有文献和GB 50608-2010《纤维增强复合材料建设工程应用技术规范》中给出的跨中弯曲裂缝引起的FRP剥离应变计算公式对FRP布加固混凝土单向板的适用性,建立了FRP布加固钢筋混凝土单向板受弯承载力计算方法。     

GFRP筋地下连续墙混凝土板受弯性能试验研究及有限元分析

为了解GFRP筋地下连续墙的受弯性能,通过GFRP筋混凝土板和钢筋混凝土板的对比受弯试验,分析了两者的受力-变形过程和破坏形态,对比了两者的挠度、开裂荷载、极限荷载以及混凝土应变。结果表明：GFRP筋混凝土板的受力-变形曲线大致可划分为开裂前和开裂后两个阶段,其破坏表现为脆性;混凝土开裂前两种板的截面应变变化规律均基本符合平截面假定,但开裂后GFRP筋混凝土板的挠度增长速率远大于钢筋混凝土板,且该速率基本不变;两种板的开裂荷载较为接近,而GFRP筋混凝土板的极限荷载为钢筋混凝土板的1.2倍。在试验基础上,建立了GFRP筋混凝土板的有限元模型,通过参数分析表明,GFRP筋混凝土板的抗弯刚度在开裂后随配筋率的增大而增大。图13表6参8     

Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab-Column Connections

Abstract:   The article presents experimental and analytical research on providing adequate ductility and rotational capacity to reinforced concrete slab-column connections. Post peak-load ductility of connections in reinforced concrete framed structures is essential for ensuring structural integrity and preventing local failure that may lead to progressive collapse of such systems. The importance of ductility for resistance against abnormal loading and the role of transverse reinforcement in providing ductility is discussed, and a new shear-strengthening technique, shear bolts, is presented. Shear bolts are a special type of reinforcement developed specially for retrofitting of existing, previously built, flat slabs. The results of an experimental work are presented which show how transverse reinforcement increases punching shear capacity and post-failure ductility of slab-column connections. The described work also applies a specially developed finite element formulation based on layered shell elements, to the analysis of continuous reinforced concrete slabs. The formulation is applicable for global structural analysis of slabs failing in flexure or punching modes. The finite element and experimental results are compared in the article.     

竖向荷载作用下带现浇楼板的连续梁受力性能试验研究

因梁端钢筋较少的现浇钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋评估改造的需要,对7根带现浇楼板的连续梁进行了竖向静力加载对比试验,研究现浇楼板对连续梁受力性能的影响,分析受压翼缘内混凝土与受拉翼缘内钢筋的应力分布规律以及有效翼缘宽度的变化规律.试验结果表明:现浇楼板对梁的截面应力状态、刚度、破坏模式和承载力均有很大影响,对支座截面抗弯承载力的提高作用尤其明显.     

Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete axially loaded elements with polymer-modified cementicious mortar

The aim of the paper is to investigate the compatibility and the efficiency of the rehabilitation intervention on reinforced concrete columns with polymer-modified cementicious mortar. This paper presents the results of experimental tests on axial behaviour of reinforced concrete columns, with square cross-section, repaired by polymer-modified cementicious mortar. Tests were repeated varying repair thickness, which included or did not include the steel reinforcement on one face of the square column. Despite this type of intervention is quite common in practice, the effect of repair thickness on the intervention efficiency, in relation to the existing steel reinforcement configuration, had not been previously studied in detail for axially loaded elements.Results were discussed and compared with those from control columns, which were tested in non-damaged, non-repaired conditions. The main findings of this work can be summarized as follows. The repair cannot restore the load-bearing capacity of non-damaged control columns, although they give acceptable results. Repairs that include the longitudinal reinforcement show good properties, with stable behaviour, sharing of loads, and plasticization of the material before failure, whereas thin repairs that do not include the reinforcement do not have adequate performance due to premature debonding. Non-linear numerical models also confirmed the different behaviour of the two types of repair.     

Flachdecken aus Stahlfaserbeton

Steel Fibre reinforced concrete Flat Slabs Steel fibre reinforced concrete is a proven and reliable material for slabs on grade of industrial floor systems. Since several years, steel fibre reinforced concrete with additional reinforcement bars is used for free suspended pile supported industrial floors. The load carrying behaviour under service loading conditions is similar to that of elevated flat slabs. Recently, concretes with high fluidity allow higher fibre dosages than before. A full scale loading test on a flat slab of 340 m² at TREFILARBED in Bissen, Luxemburg has proven that elevated slab structures made of steel fibre reinforced concrete with 100 kg/m³ fibre content can compete with traditional reinforced concrete slabs by means of load carrying capacity as well as concerning cost effectiveness. This paper deals with the development of free suspended SFRC slabs based on the performed full scale tests. Formulas for the ultimate limit state design according to the yield line theory are presented. Design criteria at serviceability limit state are provided.     

钢筋混凝土单向梁板子结构抗连续倒塌试验研究

梁和板组成的楼盖系统是框架结构的主要抗连续倒塌构件。为了分析各类结构参数对钢筋混凝土楼盖系统抗连续倒塌性能的影响,该文首先根据《混凝土结构设计规范》GB 50010—2010设计制作了8个钢筋混凝土单向梁板子结构缩尺试件,这些试件具有不同的截面尺寸和配筋率。然后通过竖向加载试验研究这些试件在中柱破坏后的材料变形/损伤和抗连续倒塌承载力。试验结果表明：带楼板的子结构试件的承载能力明显高于相同截面的梁试件的承载能力;试件在梁机制阶段的承载能力主要由截面尺寸和钢筋面积所决定,而悬链线机制阶段的承载能力主要由截面中连续钢筋面积所决定;楼板的宽度、厚度和板内配筋以及梁高对梁机制下的承载力有较大的提高,其中板宽在大于一定值后影响变得不显著;只有楼板宽度和楼板配筋率对悬链线机制下的承载力有显著影响;梁内抗震配筋对缩尺试件在两个阶段的抗连续倒塌承载力影响都不大。     

收缩对混凝土组合板长期应力与变形的影响

混凝土板和钢面板组合而成的单向板常作为永久模板在建筑结构中得到广泛应用。钢面板在浇筑混凝土时作为模板,待混凝土凝固后作为外部加固构件。这类板的使用性能具有时间依赖性,目前对其研究较少,在计算长期变形时为结构工程师提供的指导也较少。众所周知,板底部的不透水钢面板对沿组合板板厚分布的混凝土干燥收缩特性有着重要影响,但该影响尚未被量化。通过试验测定了沿组合板板厚非均匀分布的收缩特性,考虑了该结果对这类板长期变形的影响。组合板的应力与变形随时间变化而变化,该文描述了确定组合板应力和变形的分析过程,通过所测量的收缩特性,给出几种常见板型的分析结果。     

钢筋钢纤维高强混凝土板冲切承载力

通过对6块尺寸为1 800 mm×1 800 mm×150 mm钢纤维高强混凝土板的冲切试验,研究混凝土强度等级和钢纤维体积率对板冲切极限承载力的影响。结果表明:钢纤维高强混凝土板冲切破坏之前的变形主要是弯曲变形,钢纤维的掺入提高了钢筋混凝土板的冲切承载力。在试验结果的基础上,运用统一强度理论和塑性极限分析方法,建立钢筋钢纤维高强混凝土板冲切极限承载力的计算公式。     

CFRP布和钢条带混合法加固某住宅楼楼板

某小区砖混住宅在建设过程中发现部分楼板的混凝土强度不足,决定采用在楼板板底粘贴CFRP布条带和在板顶粘贴钢条带的混合法加固,以充分发挥钢材和CFRP布材料的潜力,提高结构承载力。粘钢条带采用一般钢筋混凝土构件的计算方法,粘CFRP布条带的计算根据基本假定及相关公式进行。施工中由于对各施工要点严格控制,收到了很好的加固效果。     

带柱头钢筋混凝土无腹筋单向板受剪试验研究与非线性分析

共完成22块钢筋混凝土无腹筋简支单向板的受剪试验,分析了有无柱头、剪跨比、纵向配筋率对试验板的受剪承载力和破坏模式的影响,并采用非线性有限元软件ATENA对试验结果进行模拟;结合试验数据和收集到的无腹筋单向板、梁（有效高度大于500 mm）试验数据,对中国规范GB 50010-2010、美国规范ACI 318-11、欧洲规范EN 1992-1-1:2004的受剪承载力计算公式的准确性进行评估。结果表明：剪跨比、纵向配筋率等因素对单向板受剪破坏的影响与其对梁受剪破坏的影响类似;有限元分析结果能够从受力机理上反映柱头对单向板受剪承载力的影响;对于截面有效高度约150 mm的单向板,上述各规范的计算公式偏于安全,但是对于截面有效高度大于500 mm的厚板,特别是在配筋率较低的情况下,规范中的公式均存在不同程度的安全隐患。     

Strengthening of two-way concrete slabs with FRP composite laminates

This paper presents an experimental and analytical investigation for evaluating the ultimate response of unreinforced and reinforced concrete slabs repaired and retrofitted with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite strips. A uniformly distributed pressure was applied to several two-way large-scale slab specimens using a high-pressure water bag. Both carbon/epoxy and E-glass/epoxy composite systems were used in this study. In predicting the behavior of the repaired slabs, the finite element method was used. Comparison between the experimental and the analytical results indicated the validity of the computational models in capturing the experimentally determined results for both the control and the rehabilitated slabs. For repair applications, test results indicated that both FRP systems were effective in appreciably increasing the strength of the repaired slabs to approximately five times that of the as-built slabs. For retrofitting applications, use of FRP systems resulted in appreciable upgrade of the structural capacity of the as-built slabs up to 500% for unreinforced specimens and 200% for steel reinforced specimens.     

Behaviour of GFRP-strengthened RC cantilever slabs

This paper presents an experimental study on reinforced concrete (RC) cantilever slabs bonded with glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) strips. Ten tests in three series were conducted on such slabs with different amounts of internal steel reinforcement and external FRP reinforcement. All FRP-strengthened test slabs were found to experience debonding of FRP strips from the slab, which started near the fixed end and propagated towards the free end, with the final failure mode being either complete debonding or FRP tensile rupture. The severity or likelihood of debonding is shown to depend on the thickness and width of the bonded FRP strips. It is further shown that debonding in these slabs does not have a serious detrimental effect on the ultimate strength, particularly when the FRP reinforcement ratio is low. Instead, it leads to a more ductile behaviour.     

GFRP筋加固混凝土板的试验分析

本文介绍了GFRP筋混凝土板和钢筋混凝土板的试验室抗弯试验,描述了试件的受力～变形过程和破坏形态,对两种混凝土板的开裂荷载和极限荷载、挠度以及混凝土的应变进行了对比和分析。同时,对不同配筋率GFRP筋混凝土板进行了有限元模拟试验,探讨了配筋率对GFRP筋混凝土板刚度的影响,给出了GFRP筋混凝土板开裂后抗弯刚度的计算公式。     

Modelling of unbonded post-tensioned concrete slabs under fire conditions

This paper investigates the structural behaviour of unbonded post-tensioned one-way spanning concrete slabs in fire conditions. The slabs were simply supported and reinforced with 15.7 mm nominal diameter seven-wire mono-strand tendons. A nonlinear finite element model for the analysis of post-tensioned unbonded concrete slabs at elevated temperatures was developed. The mechanical and thermal material nonlinearities of the concrete, prestressing tendon and anchorages have been carefully inserted into the model. The interface between the tendon and surrounding concrete was also modelled, allowing the tendon to retain its profile shape during the deformation of the slab. The temperature distribution throughout the slab, time–deflection behaviour, time–longitudinal expansion, time–stress behaviour in the tendon, and the failure modes were predicted by the model and verified against test data. The study has shown that the coefficients of thermal expansion currently used in the European Code for calcareous and siliceous concrete can lead to inaccurate predictions of the structural behaviour. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects on the global structural behaviour due to the change in the aggregate type, load ratio and boundary conditions. It was shown that by varying the boundary conditions the fire resistance was greatly affected. Although changing the aggregate type and load ratio affected the time-displacement response, the fire resistance defined by failure of the slab was not affected due to the splitting mode of failure above the tendon locations not being affected by these parameters. Comparison with the codes shows that the UK code BS8110 is generally unconservative, whereas the Eurocode EN1992-1-2 provides reasonable design rules.