660MW超临界四角切圆锅炉空气动力场试验研究

介绍了某厂660MW超临界四角切圆锅炉空气动力场的试验研究,主要进行了一次风风速调平、二次风挡板特性、一次风浓淡比测试、一次风射流衰减特性测试和空气动力场试验。通过试验研究,了解了锅炉燃烧器的运行特性,掌握了炉内空气动力场情况,为锅炉热态运行提供了数据支撑,对电厂运行人员具有一定的指导意义。     

基于排渣量大的锅炉燃烧系统优化改造研究

山西某热电有限公司1^#机组炉内动力场存在切圆偏大且刷墙现象，导致锅炉出现热效率降低、排渣量大等问题，严重影响锅炉的安全稳定运行。针对上述问题，对此机组炉内空气动力场优化改造，通过对一、二风喷口及燃尽风进行优化设计，同时对1^#磨煤机分离器进行电动改造，改造完成后进行冷、热态性能测试试验，结果表明，改造后炉膛燃烧区域实际切圆与水冷壁四周较远，无刷墙现象，炉内充满度较好；分离器挡板调节性能好，煤粉细度可控制在较低水平；锅炉效率提高约1.5%，单位渣量约下降1.5倍，改造达到预期效果。     

中二次风水平摆角对炉内流场的影响

燃煤锅炉NOx的排放对环境的污染非常严重,发展洁净煤发电技术已经成为当务之急。针对某电厂9号炉的NOx排放量较高的问题,提出水平浓淡燃烧器和摆动中二次风相结合的方案。通过对改造后锅炉试验数据的研究,可知增大中二次风摆角对煤粉炉的影响较大。对数值模拟结果和试验研究数据进行了对比分析,两者吻合情况较好。结果表明：随着中二次风摆角增大,二次风切圆直径大于一次风切圆直径,形成“风包粉”的环境,有利于降低NOx的排放量。     

多次分级中心给粉旋流煤粉高效低氮氧化物燃烧技术

为了实现煤粉高效燃烧和低NOx排放,将中心给粉旋流燃烧器与燃烬风技术相结合,形成多次分级中心给粉旋流燃烧技术。阐述多次分级中心给粉旋流煤粉燃烧技术原理和特点,并指出该技术不仅可以大幅降低NOx排放,同时还具有燃烧效率高、防止结渣和高温腐蚀的优点,并通过实验室试验和工业试验验证该技术的原理。在实验室和实际锅炉上,采用飘带示踪法对不同燃烬风率和外二次风叶片角度下的空气动力场进行测量。试验表明,该燃烧器可以在燃烬风率为25%时可以形成稳定的中心回流区,回流区随着外二次风叶片角度减小而增大。采用三维激光多普勒动态粒子分析仪对采用多次分级技术条件下中心给粉旋流燃烧器出口气固流动特性进行测量。试验表明,颗粒相对数密度峰值出现位置靠近燃烧器中心位置。在一台600 MW机组锅炉上进行热态试验。试验表明,煤粉在距离喷口约为0.1 m位置着火,具有较强的稳燃能力。同时,介绍该技术的应用情况。     

墙式布置切圆燃烧的冷态模化试验

部分厂家对超临界以及超超临界技术采用了墙式切圆燃烧方式.对一台采用这种燃烧方式的超超临界锅炉进行冷态模化试验,并且采用三维粒子动态分析仪(Particle dynamics analyzer,PDA)测量燃烧器区域的气固两相流动特性,以研究该燃烧器在炉内的气流流动特性以及不同运行参数对流场变化的影响.分别对墙式燃烧方式的速度分布、速度衰减特性以及浓度分布进行了分析.结果表明,一次风率越高,切圆越小;而且提高一次风率,也有助于减缓射流的衰减;该燃烧方式会在炉膛中心形成一高浓度区,形成低NOx燃烧,且该区域浓度随着一次风率的提高而略有增大,但是由于射流偏转,也会在侧墙边壁处形成高浓度区.     

四角切圆锅炉炉内煤粉燃烧过程数值模拟

利用计算流体动力学软件PHOENICS 3.5对一台200 MW四角切圆水平浓淡燃烧煤粉炉进行数值模拟研究,采用多流体两相流动模型及煤粉燃烧综合模型,计算得出在垂直方向不同二次风风量分布的工况下,炉内各截面处的烟气温度、燃料浓度、燃烧产物组分浓度以及炉内辐射热流的分布。结果表明,在燃烧器出口处出现了高煤粉浓度和烟气高温区,并出现气固两相分离的现象,使得煤粉着火及时,燃烧器区域维持较高温度,并防止水冷壁结渣,炉内温度、炉膛出口氧量和飞灰可燃物的计算结果和试验结果相比,吻合较好。二次风分级配风工况下,下部燃烧器区烟气温度升高,但氧气推迟混入,相应位置飞灰可燃物有所增加。计算模型能够合理地模拟水平浓淡煤粉气流在大型锅炉炉膛内的燃烧过程,适用于运行工况的优化和炉内污染物的控制。     

四角喷燃炉膛冷态模化试验研究与数值模拟

四角切圆燃烧方式存在炉膛出口气流的残余旋转,这将引起水平烟道宽度方向的烟温偏差,且随锅炉容量的增大这种偏差越严重,影响锅炉的安全经济运行。通过冷态模化试验,指出减小二次风切圆直径、采用屏式过热器可削弱炉膛出口的残余旋转,减轻烟温偏差,但过小的二次风切圆直径会使炉膛出口燃尽率减小,降低锅炉的经济性,而一、二次风旋转方向会影响烟温偏差的位置。     

1000MW超超临界燃煤锅炉燃烧与NO_x排放特性试验研究

为实现高效燃烧和低NOx排放,在一台1000MW对冲燃烧烟煤锅炉上进行燃烧优化调整试验,测量炉膛烟气温度分布,研究煤种、省煤器出口氧量、燃尽风量、燃烧器及燃尽风风门开度、燃烧器投运方式和负荷等因素对燃烧和NOx排放的影响规律。试验表明,省煤器出口氧量和燃尽风量对锅炉效率和NOx排放有较大影响,二者分别保持在3.0%和750t/h时运行效果较好,且利于消除屏式过热器结焦;调整同层燃烧器外二次风挡板开度可减轻沿炉膛宽度的氧量不均;燃用设计煤种、全关燃尽风喷口外二次风挡板、保持燃烧器中心风母管风门开度为50%并在满负荷时尽量停止一层上排燃烧器利于降低飞灰中碳的质量分数。调整后测得锅炉效率超过94.4%,NOx排放浓度低于300mg/m3,明显优于国内目前运行的锅炉。     

炉底漏风对炉内燃烧及NOx生成排放特性的影响

干式排渣系统的冷却风会影响炉内燃烧的组织,现有研究多采用现场试验的方法,研究对象多为排烟温度或锅炉效率。以一台湿渣机改干渣机的660 MW超临界机组为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法,研究了干渣机漏风对炉内燃烧和NO_x生成排放特性的影响,对比分析了不同炉底漏风来源时,炉膛火焰中心、飞灰含碳量、NO_x排放浓度等关键参数的变化。研究结果表明,炉底漏风量为燃尽风减量的工况对于炉内燃烧影响不明显;炉底漏风量全部或部分为燃烧器二次风减量时,随着漏风量占二次风比例的增大,主燃区氧量水平、出口飞灰含碳量、NO_x排放浓度均随之增高。从冷却风量对炉内燃烧及NO_x排放特性的角度分析了干渣机不同冷却风来源对机组运行的影响,为干式排渣机设计、改造及运行提供理论指导。     

UP型直流锅炉低NOx燃烧技术应用

对300 MW燃煤UP型直流锅炉进行了低NOx燃烧改造.在炉内三次风上部水冷壁角部增开水冷套,在水冷套中增设分离布置的燃尽风,并相应减小主燃区二次风喷口面积,同时二次风采用偏转二次风系统.锅炉改造后NOx体积分数降低了40%以上,炉内没有结渣等现象,飞灰含碳量低.     

立体分级燃烧对NO_x排放特性的影响

采用水平浓淡燃烧器及燃尽风联用的立体分级燃烧技术,对某台220 t/h燃烟煤、矩形炉膛锅炉机组进行降低NOx排放的改造,并对其进行试验研究.重点考察水平浓淡燃烧器、二次风配风方式和不同燃尽风份额对NOx排放量、炉膛温度水平、CO、CO2的影响规律.研究表明,采用新型水平浓淡燃烧器后,在强化燃烧的同时,可降低13%左右的NOx排放量;二次风配风方式对NOx排放影响明显,采用倒宝塔配风方式可降低NOx排放浓度至408 mg/m3;在燃尽风份额分别为0、0.21、0.31和0.43时,除出口氧量增加外,CO、CO2、飞灰碳体积分数变化不大,主燃烧区域温度水平总体呈降低趋势,燃尽区温度水平呈现先增加后降低趋势,NOx排放浓度持续降低.在未投三次风情况下,NOx排放浓度可降低到363 mg/m3.改造后,NOx排放浓度可稳定在450 mg/m3以下,为浓淡燃烧与燃尽风联用技术在大容量锅炉机组上的推广提供重要技术依据.     

Research on resistance characteristics of secondary air damper and nozzle in pulverized coal boiler

This article provides an industrial application method for monitoring and regulating the secondary air through the burner nozzle of a tangentially fired boiler. A geometric model from the inlet of the damper to the burner nozzle was established, which divides the grid for numerical calculation of the flow field to get the drag coefficients of the nozzle and damper under different opening ratios of the damper. In the range of 20–70% opening, the damper has perfect regulation performance, which has the main resistance comparing with that of nozzle. The disc-type damper has a slightly larger resistance than that of the splayed one. A precise corresponding function relationship between the opening ratio and the gas flow rate was established, and base on which, an exact control method on the secondary air damper was proposed. The result can apply to the intelligent transformation of thermal power plants to save energy and reduce consumption.     

管内螺旋导流板引发的气液两相旋流场

用数值模拟的方法研究某种螺旋导流板结构引发的管内气液两相旋流的流动特点。空气为主相,水为次相,入口为雾状流。研究旋转给流型转变、气液相分布、速度分布及旋流衰减带来的影响。发现雾状流在螺旋导流板的作用下,转变为环状流。螺旋导流板内有二次涡的生成,且二次涡结构不断发展变化,离心力分布不均匀而形成沿管壁周向不连续的液膜;流出螺旋导流板后,二次涡会衰减消失,流体做螺旋向前运动,液膜沿圆管周向逐渐分布均匀。管中心处气相切向速度小,气相切向速度较大的区域远离旋流中心区,旋流中心与圆管中心存在小的偏心距;与直管及螺旋纽带相比,螺旋导流板引发的气液两相旋流在圆管中心的气相轴向流速远高于光管和螺旋纽带;与螺旋纽带相比,螺旋导流板引发的旋流强度更大且衰减减慢。     

Investigation of two-phase flow mixing mechanism of a swirl burner using an electrostatic sensor array system

A novel electrostatic sensor array was designed to measure particle concentration downstream of a swirl burner. The fundamental mechanism and the primary constituent elements of the sensor array were described. The root-mean-square magnitude of the measured electrostatic voltage was determined as an indication of the particle concentration. The accuracy of the electrostatic sensor array was calibrated by the optical fluctuation method. Local particle concentrations at different cross-sections of the measuring chamber were measured to investigate the diffusion characteristic of the pulverized coal particles. Electrostatic sensor array showed its ability in the field measurement in this work. The measurements indicated that the velocity of the inner secondary air had a significant effect on the diffusion of the pulverized coal particles. The particles concentrated in the center of the cross-section after leaving the burner. With the development of the gas–solid two-phase flow, the particles distributed like a ring shape. The radius of the particle ring increased with the increase of the velocity of the inner secondary air. But the effect of the velocity of outer secondary air on the radius of the particle ring is very slight. The maximum radius occurred when the velocity of inner secondary air was 21 m/s, which was favorable for stable combustion.     

An experimental study on the combustion characteristics of a low nox burner using reburning technology

The combustion characteristics of a low NO_x burner using reburning technology have been experimentally studied. The reburn burner usually has three distinct reaction zones which include the primary combustion zone, the reburn zone and the burnout zone by provided secondary air. NO_x is mainly produced in a primary combustion zone and a certain portion of NO_x can be converted to nitrogen in the reburn zone. In the burnout zone, the unburned mixtures are completely oxidated by supplying secondary air. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was used as main and reburn fuels. The experimental parameters investigated involve the main/ reburn fuel ratio, the primary/secondary air ratio, and the injection location of reburn fuel and secondary air. When the amount of reburn fuel reaches to the 20-30% of the total fuel used, the overall NO reduction of 50% is achieved. The secondary air is injected by two different ways including vertical and parallel injection. The injector of secondary air is located at the downstream region of furnace for a vertical-injection mode, which is also placed at the inlet primary-air injection region for a parallel-injection mode. In case of the vertical injection of the secondary air flow, the NO_x formation of stoichiometric condition at a primary combustion zone is nearly independent of the reburn conditions (locations, fuel/air ratios) while the NO_x emission of the fuel-lean condition is considerably influenced by the reburn conditions. In case of the parallel injection of the secondary air, the NO_x emission is sensitive to the air ratio rather than the fuel ratio and the reburning process often coupled with the multiple air-staging and fuel-staging combustion processes.     

高速动车组减振器载荷特征研究

减振器的主要功能是提供阻尼力以衰减和抑制车辆系统振动,对高速动车组动力性能有十分重要的影响。既有研究主要将减振器处理为阻尼力以研究车辆系统动力性能,极少从动力学和结构可靠性角度关注减振器自身承受的载荷。制作某型高速动车组转向架抗蛇行减振器、轴箱减振器、二系横向和垂向减振器测力元件,在大同-西安高速线路上测试并获得该型动车组运行过程中四种减振器载荷引起的应变信号。对测试数据进行处理和分析,获得高速动车组运行工况下四种减振器载荷的时间历程,分析减振器载荷的时域和频域特征。采用雨流计数法统计减振器载荷峰谷值和频次,获得不同速度等级下载荷分布。结果表明,高速动车组抗蛇行减振器载荷最大、二系横向减振器载荷最小。轴箱减振器相对速度最大、二系横向减振器相对速度最小。减振器载荷总体上呈正态分布,而且一般有列车运行速度越高减振器载荷越大。列车正线行驶时曲线半径对轴箱减振器、二系垂向减振器以及二系横向减振器载荷影响不明显,列车速度和线路小半径曲线对抗蛇行减振器载荷影响明显。