中华蚊母树虫瘿类型及其致瘿昆虫生活史初探

初步观察了中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense(Fr.)Diels)不同类型虫瘿的发生过程及致瘿昆虫生活史。结果表明,中华蚊母树的虫瘿有3种类型,分别为叶/枝上大型虫瘿、叶上泡状虫瘿和叶柄/果上球型虫瘿。三者均为单室封闭型,次生开口。经鉴定致瘿昆虫均为半翅目蚜科昆虫,其中叶上泡状虫瘿致瘿昆虫为蚊母新胸蚜Neothoracaphis yanonis Matsumura。该虫3月初在虫瘿内营孤雌生殖,繁殖2代,5月底前飞离出瘿。     

我国的五倍子

什么是五倍子、它怎样形成的 五倍子是长在漆树科漆树属(Rhus)的盐肤木类(Sumac)植物上的虫瘿的总称。古时寫作五构或构子,因为它生长在构木上,而构木就是现称的盐肤木(Rhus javanica Thunb.)。这类虫瘿是由同翅目蚜虫科绵蚜亚科(Eriosomati-nae)的某些种属所造成的。 这里要介绍一些五倍子形成的过程:当盐     

角倍蚜虫瘿形成对盐肤木保护酶及脂质膜的影响

角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis Bell可刺激盐肤木(Rhus chinensis Mill)叶片组织形成虫瘿。本研究通过对虫瘿形成过程中可溶性蛋白、保护酶、丙二醛和脯氨酸等生理指标的测定,分析虫瘿形成对盐肤木的影响。结果表明:在虫瘿发育的不同时期,除可溶性蛋白在有虫瘿叶片与无虫瘿叶片存在一定差异外,其他各项生理指标的差异均不显著,表明虫瘿形成未对植株造成严重氧化性损伤及脂质膜的破坏,但对盐肤木物质代谢存在一定程度的扰动。推测盐肤木通过形成虫瘿抵御蚜虫的攻击,而角倍蚜则从虫瘿中获得稳定的营养来源,二者在长期进化过程中可能已经形成了互利关系。     

榆树叶片虫瘿形成过程中蛋白质组学分析

为探究榆树虫瘿叶片形成的分子机制,以不同时期榆瘿蚜取食诱导的榆树叶片为试材,利用iTRAQ技术分析榆树虫瘿叶片形成过程中蛋白表达丰度的差异。通过质谱鉴定,共得到2 689个蛋白,与KEEG数据库进行比对,发现2 145个蛋白被注释到126个不同的代谢通路中,和本研究相关的蛋白有12条,涉及代谢途径的蛋白数量最多,为813(37.9%)个。未被榆瘿蚜取食的叶片与榆瘿蚜取食诱导叶片形成虫瘿的前期、中期、后期相比,差异蛋白分别有418个、390个、244个,筛选出虫瘿发育的共有差异蛋白29个,这些蛋白在榆瘿蚜取食形成虫瘿的初始形成期和成长分化期持续发挥作用的有过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶等氧化还原酶类;在前期持续发挥作用的有翻译控制肿瘤蛋白TCTP和肌动蛋白;在榆瘿蚜取食形成虫瘿的开裂期起到重要抗性作用的有溶质的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、70 kD热激蛋白等。在榆树虫瘿叶片发展过程中,数个蛋白基因涉及了应激防御反应、氧化还原、免疫系统过程和光合作用等生理反应过程,建议进一步进行榆树虫瘿叶片形成的分子机制研究。     

角倍蚜虫瘿对盐肤木光合特性和总氮含量的影响

通过温室栽培和接种实验,以接种角倍蚜形成虫瘿的盐肤木和未接种角倍蚜的盐肤木为实验材料,测定和分析虫瘿对盐肤木光合特性和不同组织氮含量的影响。结果表明虫瘿对盐肤木的光合作用形成扰动,与对照植株相比较：(1)有虫瘿复叶的最大净光合速率升高,其中虫瘿初期、中期和后期分别升高14.49%、32.17%和42.01%;虫瘿还引起无虫瘿复叶最大净光合速率升高,但中期以后下降到正常水平;(2)虫瘿中期有虫瘿复叶的光饱和点升高、无虫瘿复叶光饱合点下降;虫瘿初期和中期有虫瘿复叶的光补偿点升高、无虫瘿复叶光补偿点下降;(3)虫瘿初期引起有虫瘿复叶及邻近无虫瘿复叶暗呼吸速率升高,但中期和后期影响不显著。虫瘿对盐肤木光合作用的扰动程度与小叶的位置和虫瘿生长时期密切相关。同时,虫瘿改变了盐肤木叶片氮含量分布,其中虫瘿外壁、有虫瘿复叶和无虫瘿复叶的氮含量分别为1.13%、1.98%和2.14%,这可能是营养物质从无虫瘿复叶流向有虫瘿复叶,并最终流向虫瘿,满足虫瘿和瘿内蚜虫生长需求的原因。     

瘿绵蚜科虫瘿的多样性研究

是否形成虫瘿及虫瘿的位置、形态等是蚜虫生物学的重要特征.本文在已有标本采集记录和资料的基础上,从形成虫瘿的寄主植物、虫瘿的类型、虫瘿着生的部位和虫瘿的形态结构4方面对瘿绵蚜的虫瘿多样性进行了系统研究.结果表明该科蚜虫的虫瘿在类型上有虫瘿和伪虫瘿之别;在着生部位上,有叶片、侧脉、主脉、叶柄、复叶总轴、嫩枝等不同部位;就虫瘿而言,在形状上有尖椒状、鸡冠状、袋状、球状、黄瓜状、枫叶状和倍花状之分,在结构上有单室和多室两类.同时,基于系统分类及虫瘿多样性研究的结果,初步探讨了瘿绵蚜科虫瘿的演化,为进一步从分子水平深入研究虫瘿演化奠定基础.     

封面照片

正照片示角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis(半翅目:蚜科)秋迁蚜从其在盐肤木Rhus chinensis上形成的虫瘿裂口处爬出,准备迁飞。本期报道了角倍蚜各虫态蜡腺的数量、排列和发达程度的差异及其与生活微环境的关系(pp. 490-497)。照片由杨子祥于2020年9月19日摄于贵州省遵义市汇川区沙湾镇五倍子培育示范基地。     

肚倍蚜瘿内种群动态与虫瘿生长发育的关系

【目的】本研究拟对肚倍蚜Kaburagia rhusicola瘿内种群动态与虫瘿生长发育关系进行研究,为深入研究肚倍蚜的生物学特性奠定基础。【方法】在2014年4月27日至7月16日期间,在湖北竹山田间每间隔10 d随机选择长势基本一致的青麸杨,分别采集健康肚倍蚜虫瘿,每次采集样本30个。采用排水法测量虫瘿体积,之后将虫瘿解剖,取出瘿内蚜虫,置于培养皿内,采用四分法统计数量。对虫瘿体积增长与瘿内蚜虫种群变化进行了相关性分析。【结果】虫瘿体积增长与蚜虫种群数量增长之间呈极显著正相关(r=0.960,P0.01)。虫瘿体积与蚜虫种群数量增长分别呈现3个峰,即5月6日至5月16日、5月26日至6月6日和6月26日至7月6日。肚倍蚜瘿内密度变化的主要趋势是先降后升,中间有一个小的起伏。【结论】本研究表明虫瘿大小和瘿内蚜虫种群数量有关,虫瘿体积可用于评价干母的环境适合度。     

黑云杉蚜的初步研究

<正> 黑云杉蚜Cinara piceae Panzer属同翅目,大蚜科,长足大蚜属。分布于四川省甘孜、阿坝藏族自治州的高山针叶林区。我们于1980年在丹巴地区进行人工林病虫普查时发现该虫。黑云杉蚜为害云杉属的鳞皮云杉Picea aurantiaca var. retroflexa(Mast.)C.T.Kuan和粗枝云杉Picea asperata Mast.的幼树。 丹巴地区海拨2,500—3,800米处的云杉人工林均受到不同程度的为害,单株虫口密度在千头以上,平均有虫株率达43.％。成、若蚜群集云杉主干四周为害,寄主被害后,生长势普遍减弱,年高生长下降51.7％。1981至1983年,我们对     

瘿绵蚜属五新种和三堡瘿绵蚜新属新种

《蚜虫概论》(1957)中瘿绵蚜属仅有2种。本文记载9种,包括5新种。另记述三堡瘿绵蚜新属新种。这些蚜虫都为害杨树,在枝或叶上形成虫瘿。 中国已知的9种瘿绵蚜和二堡瘿绵蚜(节省篇幅,旧种记述略): 1.早螺瘿绵蚜Pemphigus protospirae Lichtenstein (图1-6,66)寄主:青杨。分布:北京;欧洲。 2.柄脉叶瘿绵蚜 Pcmphigus anobursarius Chang 新种 3.杨柄叶瘿绵蚜Pemphigus populi Courchet(图13—17,65)寄主:小叶杨。分布:北京、黑龙江、     

中国松科花粉形态研究

本文研究了我国松科(Pinaceae)9属61种的花粉形态, 其中有6种进行扫描电子显微镜观察和照相, 4种进行透射电子显微镜观察和照相, 每属都有代表种的绘图, 对该科花粉形态类型、科下的分类及演化问题进行讨论, 为本科的亚科、属、种的划分提供孢粉学方面的参考依据。     

云南油杉原胚发育过程中组织化学的变化

应用组织化学方法对云南油杉(Keteleeria evelyniana Mast)受精前后,原胚及幼胚形成早期细胞内的DNA、RNA、碱性蛋白质,酸性蛋白质及多糖物质进行了观察。结果表明,DNA在卵核受精前后为孚尔根弱正反应。在原胚及早期幼胚发育过程中,胚原细胞核DNA含量恢复正常,RNA及酸性蛋白质含量均较丰富,特别是在胚原细胞内。新细胞质中碱性蛋白质呈负反应,而DNA、RNA、酸性蛋白质及多糖物质均呈现正反应。     

青岩油杉的核型分析

本文报道了青岩油杉（Ｋｅｔｅｌｅｒｉａｄａｖｉｄｉａｎａｖａｒ．ｃｈｉｅｎ－ｐｅｉ（Ｆｌｏｕｓ）ＣｈｅｎｇｅｔＬ．Ｋ．Ｆｕ）的染色体数目及核型,并与铁坚杉（Ｋ．ｄａｖｉｄｉａｎａ）和台湾油杉（Ｋ．ｄａｖｉｄｉａｎａｖａｒ．ｆｏｒｍｏｓａｎａ．）的核型进行了比较,讨论了三种油杉核型进化趋势,提出了铁坚杉种群的变异及进化趋势为南面的类型比北面的类型进化。     

STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF DEMYELINATION REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN MYELIN STABILITY IN VITRO1

—Incubation of slices of rat central nervous system in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer produced a lipoprotein fraction which floated on 10·5% sucrose after homogenization of the slices and centrifugation. This fraction was not found after homogenization and centrifugation of fresh tissue and appeared to depend upon incubation. The amount of the light fraction increased in the following order per 100-mg slice: cerebrum < thalamic area < cerebellum < brain stem < spinal cord. The lipid composition of this fraction was similar to that of myelin, but contained a lower protein content compared to myelin of the corresponding area. This fraction was termed ‘dissociated myelin’. Upon incubation of slices a portion of the basic protein was lost from myelin subsequently isolated, and the dissociated fraction was slightly enriched in basic protein. The distribution of myelin protein among the characteristic three groups (basic, proteolipid and high mol. wt.) was quite different in myelin from spinal cord compared to that from other CNS area. Spinal cord myelin contained about 17% protein compared to about 23% in cerebrum, with brain stem myelin intermediate (19%), and the difference appeared to be due to lesser amounts of proteolipid in the caudal areas. The amount of dissociation after incubation was about 3–5 per cent of the total myelin in the cerebral cortex, 10 per cent in the thalamic area, 20 per cent in cerebellum, 35 per cent in the brain stem, and around 45 per cent in spinal cord. The smaller amount of proteolipid protein in spinal cord myelin may result in a deficiency of cohesive forces holding lipids and proteins together, thus causing greater instability and dissociation. Myelin dissociation increased with time of incubation up to 3 h, was augmented by Ca²⁺, and was substantial at pH 11, reaching a peak at pH 7, then decreased in the acid range. A similar fraction has been isolated previously from fresh CNS tissue made edematous by chronic treatment of rats with triethyl tin. The possible relationship of swelling in the disease process and myelin dissociation are discussed.     

A FIBER APPARATUS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE YEAST CELL

The structure and mode of division of the nucleus of budding yeast cells have been studied by phase-contrast microscopy during life and by ordinary microscopy after Helly fixation. The components of the nucleus were differentially stained by the Feulgen procedure, with Giemsa solution after hydrolysis, and with iron alum haematoxylin. New information was obtained in cells fixed in Helly's by directly staining them with 0.005% acid fuchsin in 1% acetic acid in water. Electron micrographs have been made of sections of cells that were first fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde, then divested of their walls with snail juice, and postfixed with osmium tetroxide. Light and electron microscopy have given concordant information about the organization of the yeast nucleus. A peripheral segment of the nucleus is occupied by relatively dense matter (the "peripheral cluster" of Mundkur) which is Feulgen negative. The greater part of the nucleus is filled with fine-grained Feulgen-positive matter of low density in which chromosomes could not be identified. Chromosomes become visible in this region under the light microscope at meiosis. In the chromatin lies a short fiber with strong affinity for acid fuchsin. The nucleus divides by elongation and constriction, and during this process the fiber becomes long and thin. Electron microscopy has resolved it into a bundle of dark-edged 150 to 180 A filaments which extends between "centriolar plaques" that are attached to the nuclear envelope.     

小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1/NDPK A的表达

nm23家族除与肿瘤转移抑制有关,它还参与调节正常细胞的发育、增殖、分化及凋亡等过程。运用RT-PCR、Western blot 和免疫组织化学技术,分析小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜着床点和着床旁组织nm23-M1/NDPK A 的表达,以未交配鼠作对照,为进一步阐明胚泡着床的机制提供有意义的实验依据。RT-PCR 结果显示,小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1/NDPK A mRNA 表达明显高于对照组,并且着床点明显高于着床旁,Western blot 和免疫组织化学分析nm23-M1/NDPK A 蛋白表达,也得到一致的结果。提示nm23-M1/NDPK A 参与胚泡着床这一重要生命活动过程。     

SECRETION OF LIPASES IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE CRICKET Gryllus bimaculatus

Little is known concerning the sites and the ratios of the lipase secretions in insects, therefore we undertook an examination of the lipase secretion of fed and unfed adult female Gryllus bimaculatus. The ratio of triacylglyceride lipase, diacylglyceride lipase, and phosphatidylcholine lipase secreted by fed females in the caecum and ventriculus is 1:1.4:0.4. These activities decrease in the caecum by 30–40% in unfed females. The total lipase activity (TLA) in the caecum is about 10 times that in the ventriculus. Minimal lipase secretion occurs before and during the final moult, and remains at this level in unfed crickets, indicating a basal secretion rate. In 2‐day‐old fed females, about 10% of the TLA in the entire gut is found in the crop, about 70% in the caecum, 20% in the ventriculus, and 3% in the ileum. Lipases in the ventriculus are recycled back to the caecum and little is lost in the feces. Oleic acid stimulated in vitro lipase secretion, but lipids did not. Feeding stimulated lipase secretion, starvation reduced lipase secretion, but this does not prove a direct prandal regulation of secretion, because feeding also induced a size and volume increase of the caecum.     

Two species of the Asian endemic genus Keteleeria form ectomycorrhizas with diverse fungal symbionts in southwestern China

The ectomycorrhizal status of Keteleeria species is reported for the first time based on morphological and molecular analyses of root tips from southwestern China. Based on internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequences, we detected 26 ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal species on roots of Keteleeria evelyniana and Keteleeria davidiana collected from natural sites and a botanical garden in Kunming, China. These ECM symbionts represent six fungal lineages, including /russula-lactarius, /inocybe, /sebacina, /tomentella-thelephora, /wilcoxina, and /cenococcum. Our results provide the first evidence of ECM formation by Keteleeria and also supply ecologically important information for conservation and restoration efforts to recover populations of Keteleeria.     

太原地区某些植物净化二氧化硫潜力的研究

本文以研究某些树木和农作物(以下简称植物)对SO2的净化潜力来评价太原地区大气环境容量中的生物净化参数。内容包括三部分:植物年生物量的调查;用人工模拟熏气试验测定植物吸收SO2的强度和吸收转运周期;以及该地区植物净化SO2潜力的估算。太原地区树木叶片的年生物量约18万吨．树叶平均吸收SO2的强度为1.9%。SO2在树叶中的吸收转运周期约30天。树叶旺盛生活期约90天,相当于三个周期．由此计算可得本地区树木叶片每年吸收SO2的总量约一万吨。郊区农作物年生物量总计为25万吨．农作物吸收SO2的强度为0.45％．SO2吸收转运周期为20天。作物旺盛生活期为40天,相当于两个周期。计算得出本地区农作物吸收 SO2的总量约两千余吨。把树木和农作物年吸收SO2量之和,作为全年植物净化SO2的总量,约1.2万吨。在所研究的525平方公里范围内,平均每平方公里内的植物每年净化SO2的最大潜力约为24吨。在加强污染源治理和控制排放的前提下,利用植物净化大气S02是一条经济、简便和有效的补充措施。