陆生植物自身能否排放甲烷?

一般认为自然来源的甲烷是在厌氧环境下形成的,而最近研究却发现在有氧环境下植物自身也能释放甲烷,这将对全球甲烷收支产生重大影响。但这一发现目前还存在很大争议,一些研究证实植物在有氧环境下能排放甲烷,果胶、聚半乳糖醛酸等含甲氧基官能团的组分是植物产生甲烷的主要来源物质,甚至纤维素、木质素等植物结构组分也能排放甲烷;而另一些研究却发现植物并不能排放甲烷或者排放速率极小,而观测到的植物甲烷排放可能来自于土壤中,即溶解有甲烷的土壤水分被被植物吸收并通过蒸腾或蒸发作用而排放到大气中。有氧环境下植物排放甲烷的机制仍不清楚,光照、温度、紫外辐射、机械损伤等环境胁迫可能是导致植物排放甲烷的重要原因,但这些因素的影响作用仍存在很大的不确定性。即使如此,一些研究仍对全球或区域植物甲烷排放的通量进行了估算,估计全球植物甲烷排放通量为10-236Tg.a-1。未来研究应在更多地区针对不同生境的各种植物是否排放甲烷进行独立检验,并在此基础上探讨植物排放甲烷的机制。     

维管植物对自然湿地甲烷排放的影响

综合评述了维管植物在自然湿地甲烷产生、氧化、传输和排放过程中的作用。维管植物光合作用的产物是甲烷产生的主要碳源,植物根系的周转和碳物质的分泌为产甲烷细菌提供底物;维管植物根际氧化是甲烷氧化最主要的途径,在植物的生长期占到总氧化量的80%左右。植物传输O2的能力和根际O2的需求是影响根际氧化的主要因素;维管植物通气组织的传输促进了甲烷从土壤向大气的输送,但所采用的传输机制影响着气体的输送效率。此外,自然湿地甲烷排放的各个过程均受到维管植物形态和植被类型的影响。维管植物在甲烷排放中的作用可以部分解释自然湿地甲烷在排放的时间(季节性变化、日变化)和空间尺度上的差异。维管植物对于自然湿地甲烷排放具有指示意义,可以用于大尺度自然湿地甲烷排放量的估算。     

陆地生态系统甲烷产生和氧化过程的微生物机理

陆地生态系统存在许多常年性或季节性缺氧环境,如:湿地、水稻土、湖泊沉积物、动物瘤胃、垃圾填埋场和厌氧生物反应器等。每年有大量有机物质进入这些环境,在缺氧条件下发生厌氧分解。甲烷是有机质厌氧分解的最终产物。产生的甲烷气体可通过缺氧-有氧界面释放到大气,产生温室效应,是重要的温室气体。产甲烷过程是缺氧环境中有机质分解的核心环节,而甲烷氧化是缺氧-有氧界面的重要微生物过程。甲烷的产生和氧化过程共同调控大气甲烷浓度,是全球碳循环不可分割的组成部分。对陆地生态系统甲烷产生和氧化过程的微生物机理研究进展进行了概要回顾和综述。主要内容包括:新型产甲烷古菌即第六和第七目产甲烷古菌和嗜冷嗜酸产甲烷古菌的发现;短链脂肪酸中间产物互营氧化过程与直接种间电子传递机制;新型甲烷氧化菌包括厌氧甲烷氧化菌和疣微菌属好氧甲烷氧化菌的发现;甲烷氧化菌生理生态与环境适应的新机制。这些研究进展显著拓展了人们对陆地生态系统甲烷产生和氧化机理的认识和理解。随着新一代土壤微生物研究技术的发展与应用,甲烷产生和氧化微生物研究领域将面临更多机遇和挑战,对未来发展趋势做了展望。     

植物排放甲烷的研究进展

甲烷是一种重要的大气痕量气体,参与全球变暖和大气化学作用。传统上已知的甲烷生物排放源只有专性厌氧的原核生物即甲烷产生菌。然而近年来有研究发现,植物在好氧条件下能通过一种未知的机理排放甲烷,即非微生物机制产生甲烷。本文对植物排放甲烷的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了今后应加强研究的方面。     

植物排放甲烷的研究进展

甲烷是一种重要的大气痕量气体,参与全球变暖和大气化学作用。传统上已知的甲烷生物排放源只有专性厌氧的原核生物即甲烷产生菌。然而近年来有研究发现,植物在好氧条件下能通过一种未知的机理排放甲烷,即非微生物机制产生甲烷。本文对植物排放甲烷的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了今后应加强研究的方面。     

盐分对湿地甲烷排放影响的研究进展

当前在全球气候变化和人类活动双重作用下,湿地正在或者将要面临着显著的盐分变化形势,尤其是内陆和滨海咸化湿地。湿地是大气甲烷的重要排放源。甲烷排放是甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程综合作用的结果。盐分变化将影响湿地水-土环境,降低植物群落初级生产力和有机物积累速率,改变微生物主导的有机物矿化速率和途径等,进而改变湿地生态系统的结构和功能,影响湿地甲烷产生、氧化、传输和排放系列过程。本文综述了盐分(浓度与组成)对湿地甲烷产生与排放的影响结果,从底物供给、微生物(产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌等)数量、活性与群落组成、酶活性、植物、电子受体、p H和氧化还原电位等几个关键方面分析了盐分影响湿地甲烷排放过程的内在机制。在此基础上提出了今后需重点关注的5个方面:1)加强盐分浓度与组成对湿地甲烷产生、氧化、传输与排放影响的系统性、框架性研究;2)深入探讨盐分背景、变化幅度与速率的耦合如何影响湿地甲烷系列过程;3)不同离子组成及其交互效应如何影响湿地甲烷动态过程;4)结合生物学、基因组学及同位素技术等,加强湿地产甲烷菌与甲烷氧化菌与盐分的关系及其响应研究;5)湿地甲烷对盐分变化响应的时空分异规律。     

有氧产甲烷研究进展

甲烷是温室气体的一种,对全球气候变化和人们的生活都有着重要的影响。全球绝大部分甲烷来自于产甲烷古菌的代谢,因此主要发生在厌氧环境之中。然而一些最新的研究发现,自然界的有氧环境中同样存在着甲烷产生现象,而产甲烷微生物也不仅限于产甲烷古菌。本文从微生物的产甲烷作用出发,对有氧环境中的甲烷产生进行整体的归纳,总结已有的研究结果,为以后产甲烷方面的研究提供新的思路和方向。     

湿地甲烷代谢对氮输入响应的复杂性及其机制分析

氮素是影响湿地甲烷代谢过程的重要因素之一。氮输入是否影响湿地甲烷排放,增加全球气候变暖的风险,一直受到科学界的高度关注。目前关于氮输入对湿地甲烷排放影响的几篇meta-analysis文章的主要结论均为氮输入促进湿地甲烷排放,但是多篇研究性论文的结果为氮输入抑制或不影响湿地甲烷排放,由此可见氮输入对湿地甲烷排放的影响十分复杂。湿地甲烷代谢包括湿地甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程以及最终的甲烷排放,综述不同形态氮输入对水稻田、内陆湿地和滨海湿地甲烷排放通量影响的复杂性;分析湿地甲烷产生速率和途径、甲烷好氧氧化和硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐型厌氧甲烷氧化对不同形态氮输入的响应及机制。硝态氮输入对湿地甲烷产生具有抑制作用已成共识,然而其它形态氮输入对湿地土壤甲烷产生的影响具有较大的不确定性,氮输入影响湿地甲烷产生的机制主要包括电子受体-底物竞争机制、离子毒性机制、促进植物生长-碳底物供给增加机制以及pH调控机制等。氮输入对湿地好氧甲烷氧化影响的研究多集中在水稻田和泥炭湿地,影响的结果包括促进、抑制或影响不显著;氮输入促进湿地土壤硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐型厌氧甲烷氧化。着重分析氮输入对湿地甲烷代谢影响不确定性的成因,指出...     

温度对甲烷产生和氧化的影响

综述了温度对土壤产甲烷和氧化甲烷的影响及其机制．温度主要通过土壤中产甲烷菌的优势菌发生更替来改变土壤的产甲烷能力．较高温条件下产甲烷菌以乙酸和H2／CO2都能利用的甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcinaceae)为主,使得土壤处于较高的产甲烷状态．较低温条件下产甲烷菌以只能利用乙酸的甲烷毛菌(Methanosaetaceae)为主,土壤形成甲烷的能力相对较弱．温度提高可以显著地增加甲烷的产生,Q10为1．5-28,平均4．1,但是温度效应明显受控于底物浓度,提高底物浓度降低了产甲烷菌对底物的亲和力,相应地增加了度效应,因此在较低温条件下提高底物浓度可以促进甲烷的产生．温度对大气甲烷氧化的影响弱于产甲烷,甲烷氧化菌较少受温度变化的影响,即便在较低温条件下,土壤也具有一定的氧化大气甲烷能力,原因尚不清楚,可能与甲烷氧化菌对大气甲烷具有较高的亲和力有关,有待进一步研究．     

植物源挥发性有机物的生态意义(综述)

植物释放的挥发性有机气体(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)在对流层大气中通过一系列氧化还原反应,改变大气的化学组成,对臭氧合成、一氧化碳生成、甲烷氧化等有重要作用,其氧化物质对区域乃至全球的环境和气候都产生一定的影响。本文综述植物释放的VOCs对大气化学、温室效应、光化学烟雾的影响;介绍VOCs释放机制、合成途径及排放速率;对今后研究方向和大面积种植林木、城市绿化提出建议。     

植物在CH4产生、氧化和排放中的作用

综合评述了植物对CH4产生、内源CH4氧化和CH4排放的影响．不同植物释放根系分泌物能力的不同是造成CH4产生量差异的主要原因。而植物不同生育期分泌分泌物能力的差异是造成季节性变化的关键．植物泌O2能力的高低和季节性变化通过影响内源CH4的氧化来改变CH4的排放数量．植物问通气组织数量和密度的差异及其随生育期的变化,通过影响对CH4的传输能力来改变CH4的排放量．因此,植物排放CH4的通量及其季节性变化规律是由植物根系分泌分泌物能力、分泌O2能力和传输CH4能力综合决定的．     

Growth stimulation of sparse, serum deprived and of confluent, contact inhibited mammalian fibroblasts by a preparation of 3':5'-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

Resting mammalian fibroblasts, either sparse and maintained in a serum-free medium, or confluent and contact inhibited, are stimulated to divide by treatment with a preparation of 3':5'-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. This enzyme preparation contained a low level of trypsin-like and alpha-chymotrypsin-like activity, but its effect on cell growth could not be mimicked by pure, crystallized trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin at concentration equivalent to their contamination in the above preparation. Preincubation of the 3':5'-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase preparation with the protease inhibitor, phenyl methane sulfonyl fulride, did not affect, either, its stimulation of DNA synthesis in fibroblasts, or its enzymatic hydrolysis of cyclic AMP.     

GROWTH STIMULATION OF SPARSE, SERUM DEPRIVED AND OF CONFLUENT, CONTACT INHIBITED MAMMALIAN FIBROBLASTS BY A PREPARATION OF 3':5'-CYCLIC AMP PHOSPHODIESTERASE

Resting mammalian fibroblasts, either sparse and maintained in a serum-free medium, or confluent and contact inhibited, are stimulated to divide by treatment with a preparation of 3′: 5′-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. This enzyme preparation contained a low level of trypsin-like and α-chymotrypsin-like activity, but its effect on cell growth could not be mimicked by pure, crystallized trypsin and α-chymotrypsin at concentrations equivalent to their contamination in the above preparation. Preincubation of the 3′: 5′-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase preparation with the protease inhibitor, phenyl methane sulfonyl fluoride, did not affect, either, its stimulation of DNA synthesis in fibroblasts, or its enzymatic hydrolysis of cyclic AMP.     

The dependence of methane transport in rice plants on the root zone temperature

Large diurnal and seasonal variations in methane flux from rice paddies have been found in many studies. Although these variations are considered to result from changes in methane formation rates in the soil and the transport capacity (e.g. biomass, physiological activities, and so on) of rice plants, the real reasons for such variations are as yet unclear. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of temperature on the rate of methane transport from the root zone to the atmosphere using hydroponically grown rice plants. Methane emission rates from the top of the rice plants whose roots were soaked in a solution with a high methane concentration were measured using a flow-through chamber method with the top or root of the rice plants being kept at various temperatures. The methane emission rates and methane concentrations in solution were analyzed using a diffusion model which assumes that the methane emission from a rice paddy is driven by molecular diffusion through rice plants by a concentration gradient. In the experiment where the temperature around the root was changed, the conductance for methane diffusion was typically 2.0-2.2 times larger when the solution temperature was changed from 15 to 30 °C. When the air temperature surrounding the top of the rice plant was changed, the change in conductance was much less. In addition, from measurements of methane flux and methane concentration in soil water in a lysimeter rice paddy during the 2 growing seasons of rice, it was found that the conductance for methane transport was correlated with the soil temperature at 5 cm depth. These results suggest that the temperature around the root greatly affects the methane transport process in rice plants, and that the process of passing through the root is important in determining the rate of methane transport through rice plants.     

The intracellular distribution of free nucleotides in the tobacco leaf. Formation of adenosine 5′-phosphate from adenosine 5′-triphosphate in the chloroplasts

1. A method of studying the free nucleotides of leaf tissue is outlined and the need for a metal ion-binding agent for the complete extraction of certain nucleotides by aqueous ethanol is established. 2. The method was used to study the effect of illumination or darkening of tobacco plants on the free nucleotides present in the chloroplast and non-chloroplast tissue components. 3. When plants that had been in the dark for a prolonged period were given 30sec. of bright light there was a rapid phosphorylation of ADP to ATP in both chloroplast and non-chloroplast components of the tissue. 4. Where plants were moved into the dark from conditions suitable for rapid photosynthesis there was a rapid conversion of ATP into AMP and the AMP was formed only in the chloroplast fraction. In continuing darkness the AMP remained restricted mainly to the chloroplast fraction for at least 2min., but eventually its concentration fell to the low value that is typical of tobacco leaves during conditions of constant illumination. If the plants were returned to the light for 30sec. the AMP was rapidly rephosphorylated.     

Zero methane emission bogs: extreme rhizosphere oxygenation by cushion plants in Patagonia

? Vascular wetland plants may substantially increase methane emissions by producing root exudates and easily degradable litter, and by providing a low-resistance diffusion pathway via their aerenchyma. However, model studies have indicated that vascular plants can reduce methane emission when soil oxygen demand is exceeded by oxygen released from roots. Here, we tested whether these conditions occur in bogs dominated by cushion plants. ? Root-methane interactions were studied by comparing methane emissions, stock and oxygen availability in depth profiles below lawns of either cushion plants or Sphagnum mosses in Patagonia. ? Cushion plants, Astelia pumila and Donatia fascicularis, formed extensive root systems up to 120 cm in depth. The cold soil (< 10°C) and highly decomposed peat resulted in low microbial activity and oxygen consumption. In cushion plant lawns, high soil oxygen coincided with high root densities, but methane emissions were absent. In Sphagnum lawns, methane emissions were substantial. High methane concentrations were only found in soils without cushion plant roots. ? This first methane study in Patagonian bog vegetation reveals lower emissions than expected. We conclude that cushion plants are capable of reducing methane emission on an ecosystem scale by thorough soil and methane oxidation.     

中国陆地自然植物有氧甲烷排放空间分布模拟及其气候效应

区域尺度陆地植物有氧条件下排放甲烷及其气候效应研究不仅对甲烷收支平衡研究具有重要意义,对于全球变化研究也具有重要推动作用。通过改进Keppler提出的公式,模拟了中国区域植物有氧甲烷排放的时空分布。利用IBIS模拟的NPP数据结合相关文献统计生物量与NPP的比值,计算得到中国区域自然植物叶片生物量,以及叶片甲烷排放。结果显示,2001年至2012年中国植物生物量与植物叶片甲烷排放量在Sres A2和Sres B1两种情景下差异不明显;但是气候变化模式差异的影响会随着时间的推移而扩大。在Sres A2情景下,中国地区年均植物生物量为10803.22Tg C,叶片生物量为1156.15Tg C。如果不考虑天气对光照的影响,植物叶片甲烷排放年均2.69Tg,约是全国年甲烷排放总量7.01%,是中国稻田甲烷排放总量的29.05%。在各植被类型中,草地叶片甲烷排放量最高,达到47.53%,其次是混交林。森林(针叶林、阔叶林、混交林)是主要的植物甲烷排放源,占中国区域植物甲烷排放总量的51.28%,其次是草地,占47.47%。中国区域植物叶片甲烷排放南高北低,东高西低的分布状态主要由地表植被覆盖类型决定,光照和温度也是重要影响因素。对Sres A2和Sres B1两种气候情景下中国植物甲烷排放预测分析,中国区域植物甲烷排放不断增加,在Sres A2情景下不同时期的平均增长率为9.73%,高于Sres B1情景的5.17%,且两种情景下的增长率都在降低。21世纪Sres A2和Sres B1变化情景下,年均植物排放的甲烷CO_2当量分别为83.18Tg和77.34Tg,约占中国年均CO_2排放总量的1.39%和1.29%。     

Cyclic AMP and higher plants

Despite the evidence in support, the extent of which is outlined in this review, the occurrence of cyclic AMP in tissues of higher plants has been doubted by a number of previous reviewers. Recent MS and other evidence vindicates earlier identification of an adenosine nucleotide from plant tissues as adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate. The additional demonstration of 3′: 5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in higher plants, together with adenylate cyclase, a specific cyclic AMP binding protein, and calmodulin, means that plants possess all the necessary components for a functional cyclic AMP-regulated system. Whether such a system does function in plants is considered as are also the reported physiological effects of exogenously supplied cyclic AMP on plant tissues.