Experimental investigation on diffusive contaminant release from permeable sediment layer under unidirectional unsteady flow

The interfacial diffusive contaminant（phosphorus） release from permeable sediment layer into overlying water column under a unidirectional unsteady（periodic） flow condition was experimentally measured and analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the gross diffusive contaminant release rate is substantially enhanced as compared to that under a steady flow condition, and this enhancement trend is much more pronounced in an immediate release stage. The interfacial diffusive contaminant release rate tends to increase with the increasing flow velocity, decreasing period and augmenting amplitude for the case of the unsteady flow. The additional interfacial diffusive contaminant release under the unsteady flow condition may be related to the hydrodynamic response of the diffusive boundary layer to the flow unsteadiness of the overlying water, depending upon not only the periodic thickness variation of the diffusive boundary layer immediately above the sediment-water interface modulated by the temporal flow velocity of the overlying water column but also the intensified turbulent mixing between the overlying water and the pore-water within the superficial sediment layer induced by an alternate acceleration/deceleration fluctuation during each period.     

Relative roles of resuspended particles and pore water in release of contaminants from sediment

Sediment layers containing contaminants play a significant role in environmental hydrodynamics. Experiments were conducted in order to characterize the relative roles of resuspended particles and pore water under different flow and sediment conditions. A conservative tracer （NaC1） and a reactive tracer （phosphate） were used as contaminants in the bottom sediment in a laboratory flume. The mixing between the overlying water and pore water occurred over a short time while the desorption of contaminants from fine-grained resuspended particles lasted a relatively long time. The effects of resuspended particles and pore water on the variations of release flux and concentration of contaminants in water with time under different hydrodynamic conditions were quantified. The results show that pore water dominated the initial release flux, which could be several orders of magnitude greater than the flux due to molecular diffusion. Flux contribution of desorption from sediment particles in the latter release could be equal to what was seen from pore water in the initial stage.     

浮游植物对摇蚊幼虫扰动的响应研究

为了探究底栖动物扰动对上覆水浮游植物的影响,在实验室设沉积物-水微系统,引入广泛分布的红裸须摇蚊幼虫(Propsilocerus akamusi)和浮游植物,运用微电极等技术方法监测沉积物-水界面理化指标。结果表明,摇蚊幼虫的扰动降低了沉积物间隙水的溶解性有机磷(SRP)向上覆水的释放通量,减少了上覆水的溶解氧(DO)浓度,导致上覆水浮游植物生物量降低和群落结构向适应低磷的物种组成改变。同时,摇蚊幼虫扰动所引起的沉积物DO渗透量与沉积物-水界面SRP通量变化具有显著相关性,浮游植物生物量和上一次沉积物-水界面SRP通量变化有显著相关性,这些结果揭示了摇蚊幼虫通过改变沉积物结构和理化性质,进而能够抑制浮游植物的生长,有利于抑制水华现象的发生。     

上覆水磷浓度对沉积物孔隙水中磷垂向分布的影响

为探究上覆水磷浓度对沉积物孔隙水中磷垂向分布的影响,通过室内实验,利用薄膜扩散平衡技术(DET)对孔隙水中磷浓度进行测量,分析孔隙水磷浓度的垂向变化规律,并揭示平衡时上覆水磷浓度与孔隙水磷浓度以及上覆水-沉积物界面孔隙水磷浓度的关系。结果表明:上覆水磷浓度越高,则沉积物孔隙水中磷垂向分布达到平衡所需的时间越长,相同垂向位置处孔隙水磷浓度及其浓度梯度越大;孔隙水磷浓度及其浓度梯度随深度增加而降低,表层沉积物孔隙水中磷的扩散作用最强,下层沉积物孔隙水磷浓度受上覆水磷浓度变化影响较小;吸附平衡后,沉积物孔隙水磷浓度和上覆水-沉积物界面孔隙水磷浓度均与上覆水磷浓度呈幂函数关系,而留存在沉积物孔隙水中的磷浓度仅占2.26%～3.80%,上覆水中减少的磷大部分被沉积物吸附。     

Experimental study on the effects of sediment size and porosity on contaminant adsorption/desorption and interfacial diffusion characteristics

The joint effects of the sediment size and porosity on the contaminant adsorption/desorption and interfacial diffusion characteristics were experimentally investigated. The adsorption of Phosphorus (P) on the natural and artificial sediment suspensions was measured with respect to the P adsorption isotherms and kinetics in the experiment. The obtained adsorption isotherms for different grain-sized sediment suspensions fit well with the Langmuir equation, dependent on the initial aqueous concentration and sediment content. The P kinetic adsorption behaviors for cohesive fine-grained and non-cohesive coarse-grained sediment suspensions clearly show the size-dependent feature. On the other hand, the P kinetic release feature of a porous sediment layer is affected by not only the direct desorption of the uppermost sediments, but also the diffusivity in the pore-water within the underlying sediment layer, characterized by the sediment size and porosity, respectively. Furthermore, the temporal contaminant release from the permeable sediment layer into the overlying water column increases with the increasing flow velocity, while this enhancement in mediating the interfacial diffusion flux is somewhat insignificant in an immediate release stage, largely due to the resistance of the diffusive boundary layer on the hydrodynamic disturbance.     

Distribution and geochemical processes of boron in the multimedia of Lake Qinghai,China

Lake Qinghai on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau is the largest lake in China. This study investigated the concentration and geochemical processes of boron (B) in lake water, lake sediment and river samples collected from Lake Qinghai and the Buha River. In addition, lake sediment pore water samples were analyzed. The concentrations of B and major ions, including K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^? and SO₄^2?, were analyzed in all the water samples. The average concentration of B was 0.07?mg?L^?1, 6.37?mg?L^?1, 12.79) mg?L^?1 and 59.42?mg?kg^?1 for river water, lake water, pore water, and sediment, respectively. There were significant (p?<?0.05) and positive (r?=?0.70) relationships between the B concentrations in bottom water of the lake and in lake sediment, indicating that B diffusion from the sediment plays an important role in the concentration of B in bottom lake water. The differences in B concentrations and B/major ion molar ratios of the river water, lake water, and pore water indicated the following geochemical processes: 1) B is enriched in the lake water through evaporative concentration; 2) B is removed from the lake water through mineral precipitation as well as sorption onto colloids; 3) Solid-phase B in sediments was released through dissolution driven by organic matter mineralization. B/Cl and Na/Cl molar ratios alone are not enough to identify the sources of B in the water of inland closed-basin saline lakes because of these processes.     

Sediment rarefaction resuspension and contaminant release under tidal curren- ts

Based on experiment in tidal flume, this paper analyzes the sediment rarefactive phenomenon and hydraulic characteristics of sediment resuspension with different physical properties under the effect of tidal current. According to this experiment, sediment resuspension is related to the hydraulic characteristics of overlying water and its own dry density, namely the moisture content of sediment and deposition time. Generally, river sediment can be classified into the upper layer of floating sludge and lower layer of deposit sediment. Incipient velocity goes higher as the sediment layer goes thicker. Based on the experiment, incipient velocity formula of sediment can be obtained. There is a cohesive force among natural fine sediment whose resuspension is almost irrelevant to their diameters. Therefore, the critical incipient velocity is determined by the cohesive force instead of particle diameter. The lower layer of deposit sediment is generally not so easy to start up. And it will be rarified and release into the overlying water when contacting with overlying water. However, this rarefaction release velocity is gentle and slow. Under the same flow condition, annual loss amount of lower layer deposited sediment is about one fifth of upper layer of floating sediment. Flow velocity of tidal river and variation of the water level are asymmetrical, both of which vary under different tidal cycles. During long tidal cycle, flow velocity and water level change in the same phase and amplitude with tide. During the whole ebb and flow, flow direction does not change as the water level goes under the influence of acceleration and deceleration. As the tide cycle increases, the incipient velocity of sediment goes higher. This means that the long period tide cycle plays buffer effect on the resuspension of sediment, which makes the sediment not so easy both to start up and to suspend.     

Numerical research for contaminant release from un-suspended bottom sediment under different hydrodynamic conditions

Contaminant release from bottom sediments in rivers is one of the main problems to study the environmental hydrodynamics. Contaminant will release into the overlying water column under different hydrodynamic conditions through pore-water in sediment, the release mechanism can be roughly divided into convection diffusion, molecular diffusion and adsorption/desorption. In this article, phosphorus was as a typical contaminant with sorption. Through theoretical analysis of the contaminant release, according to different particle-sized and hydraulic conditions, the mathematics model of contaminant release can be established by the coupled Navier-Stokes equation, Darcy equation, solute transport equation and adsorption/desorption equation. Then that model was verified by flume experiment. Numerical studies show that, under different velocity, the instantaneous concentration of convection diffusion is about 6 times to 50 times larger than that of molecular diffusion during initial stages. The concentration of molecular diffusion is about 1 times to 4 times larger than to that of convection diffusion during late stages. Through analysis, the diffusive boundary layer near the interface can be obtained. In addition, the release will increase with particle size decreasing, and the release will be influenced much more by the size change when the particle size is relatively big under different velocity.     

Hydrodynamic effects on contaminants release due to rususpension and diffusion from sediments

Hydrodynamic effects play a very important role in the contaminants release from sediments. Experiments were perfor-med to study contaminants releasing characteristics due to resuspension. The time-dep...     

Redox-related release of phosphorus from sediments in large and shallow Lake Peipsi: Evidence from sediment studies and long-term monitoring data

In large and shallow lakes, the role of the redox-related release of phosphorus (P) from sediments has remained in the shadow of sediment resuspension. In the current study, we concentrated on this knowledge gap regarding factors controlling lake water quality. We combined long-term monitoring data with the studies on sediment P mobility in August 2018 by measuring redox potential, pore water concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), dissolved iron (Fe), sediment P fractions, and by calculating diffusive P flux. Using lake water total P (TP) concentrations for 21 years (1997–2018), we quantified internal P load based on water column summer increase of TP (IL_{in situ}). Significant positive correlations were found between the diffusive P flux and the Fe-bound P concentration in the sediment for conditions of well-oxidized sediment surfaces. The analysis of long-term data showed that P mobilized in sediments is likely to be released via sediment disturbances. Sediment resuspension is favoured by decreased water level during late summer-early autumn. Additionally, the release of P from anoxic sediment surfaces is also possible, as was indicated by significant positive correlations of IL_{in situ} with the anoxic factor (a measure of extent of anoxia) and August water temperature. The potential P release from anoxic sediment surfaces contributed about 80% to IL_{in situ} in the northern basin, and about 280% in the more productive southern basin. Hence, the redox-related P release seems to sustain the high productivity of these large and shallow lake basins and is supported by sediment resuspension as a transport mechanism.     

滇池沉积物内源磷释放初步研究

沉积物内源磷释放是湖泊富营养化重要的污染来源。本次研究在滇池20个采样点进行了原状柱状沉积物样品的采集。分析测试了分层沉积物样品的总磷、总氮、总有机质含量，揭示了滇池全湖沉积物中营养组分的含量特征和分布规律。为估算沉积物磷释放的通量水平和初步解释滇池磷释放的主要作用机制，现场提取出了沉积物间隙水，并分析了间隙水以及采样点湖水中溶解总磷、溶解磷酸盐和溶解有机磷的含量，根据实测运用费克扩散定律计算了沉积物-水界面之间磷的交换通量。同时对代表性样点进行了原样沉积物柱磷释放的实验室模拟。通量计算和模拟实验的结果表明，滇池沉积物具有较强的向水体的释磷能力，全湖沉积物平均磷释放通量为0．095mg／cm^2／a，沉积物磷释放成为全湖磷负荷的重要部分。实验数据相关性分析表明，滇池表层沉积磷活化释放的主要机制是表层沉积物有机质矿化降解，有机磷分解形成的浓度梯度驱动了溶解磷从沉积物向水体扩散。     

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS RELEASE FROM BOTTOM SEDIMENTS IN FLOWING WATER

In this paper, the bottom of the Dianshan Lake was selected as a test sample. The dynamic release of contaminated sediments into the overlying water column was experimentally investigated in an open water channel under different hydrodynamic conditions. The experimental results indicate that the Total Phosphorus (TP) release process can be divided into three stages: rapid release, slow release and equilibration release. In the initial release stage the measured TP concentration changes along the depth. The TP concentration near the sediment-water interface is higher than that near the water surface, but the TP concentration becomes uniform along the depth after 3 h. The dynamic release of re-suspension sediment pollutants is about 6 times higher than the static release of sediment-water interface. There are three main types of release mechanism: diffusion release, re-suspended pore water mixing release and re-suspended particles desorbing release.     

泥沙颗粒和孔隙水在底泥再悬浮污染物释放中的作用

在环境水动力学中,河流底泥污染物释放是人们研究的主要问题之一。污染物进入到水体中后会有一部分聚集在水体底泥中,并在底泥的上层形成一条污染底泥层。底泥再悬浮时,污染物会通过再悬浮颗粒以及孔隙水重新释放到上覆水体中。此文中分别以氯化钠和磷代表典型非吸附性污染物和吸附性污染物,研究底泥污染物释放中底泥颗粒相和水相在不同的水力条件下所起到的作用。研究表明,在底泥静止状态和瞬间悬浮条件下,底泥污染物的释放主要来自于水相孔隙水,非吸附性污染物的释放主要集中在这两个状态下;而在连续悬浮条件下,再悬浮颗粒的解吸释放起着主要的作用,吸附性污染物的释放大部分发生在此阶段。另外,此文还研究了两种类型的泥沙即粘性细颗粒泥沙和非粘性粗颗粒泥沙在底泥连续悬浮时的释放量和释放时间的异同。研究表明,再悬浮粗颗粒泥沙的污染释放量要比再悬浮细颗粒小,但前者释放持续的时间要比后者长。     

北大港水库水-土界面盐分释放规律研究

为了研究天津北大港水库水质咸化机理,采用野外取样与室内土柱试验相结合的方法,研究了北大港水库蓄水时底质与上覆水体之间盐分的释放规律。结果表明:底质向上覆水体释放盐分时水体中存在一个明显的盐分渐变区(扩散边界层),该层位于水-土界面以上10cm的范围,底质中释放出的盐分有60%集中在边界层,边界层以上水体盐分垂直变化较小;底质中盐分的累积释放量随时间的变化符合对数函数形式,试验运行前50天中盐分累积释放量占底质盐分总释放量的80%左右;水-土界面处盐分释放通量的变化趋势存在周期性,每个周期内均呈现先迅速增加后缓慢下降。     

Trace Organic Contaminants in the Detroit River

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs), chlorobenzenes (CBs), chlorophenols (CPs), and a number of other organochlorine compounds (OCs) have been determined in the surface microlayer, subsurface water, suspended solids, sediments, and in sediment pore water at 20 sampling stations in the Detroit River. The data are discussed in terms of contaminant sources, pathways, and sinks. Spatial trends within the river and relationships of contaminant groups within and between compartments are described. The results indicate a continuing input of all contaminant groups to the river from a variety of sources, particularly from sewage treatment plant effluents and several tributaries. The contaminant distributions and intercorrelations also indicate that major sources of PCBs, PNAs, OCs, and CBs are concentrated on the westerly river shore, while CPs enter the river mainly from the easterly shore.     

饱和-非饱和非稳定渗流数值分析中初始状态的研究

总结了饱和—非饱和非稳定渗流场分析中初始孔隙水压力确定的一般方法。讨论了通过给出实测的数据概化孔隙水压力分布和采用稳态渗流解确定初始孔隙水压力各自的适用范围及存在的问题,并进一步指出了确定饱和—非饱和非稳定渗流场初始状态的研究内容。     

Effects of Hydrological Flow Regime on Sediment-water Interface and Water Column Nitrogen Dynamics in a Great Lakes Coastal Wetland (Old Woman Creek,Lake Erie)

Sediment-water interface nitrogen (N) transformations and water column ammonium cycling rates were measured along a stream to lake gradient at three sites within Old Woman Creek (OWC) and one near-shore Lake Erie site during two hydrological regimes: one with open flow to the lake after a rain event (July 2003), and another with a sand barrier blocking flow (July 2004). Net N2 effluxes in OWC at all times and at the near-shore Lake Erie site in July 2003 suggest that sediments are a N sink via denitrification. Observed dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) may counteract some of this N removal, particularly when the creek mouth is closed. Upstream, a closed creek mouth led to higher sediment oxygen demand, net N₂ flux, potential DNRA, and potential denitrification rates. The lake site exhibited lower rates of these processes with the creek mouth closed except denitrification potential, which was unchanged. Denitrification in OWC appeared to drive N limitation in the lower wetland when the sand barrier was blocking flow to the lake. Higher potential versus in situ denitrification estimates imply that water column NO₃⁻ limits and drives denitrification in OWC. Water column to sediment regeneration ratios suggest that sediment recycling may drive primary production in the OWC interior when the creek mouth is closed and new N inputs from runoff are absent, but more data are needed to confirm these apparent trends. Overall, hydrological regime in OWC appeared to have a greater impact on sediment N processes than on water column cycling.     

以水流挟沙力和河床演变规律研究调水调沙的主要水沙指标

冲积性河流的河床在输水输沙过程中,调节流量及含沙量和泥沙组成(调水调沙)可以调节河床水力几何形态和水流挟沙力,追求水沙输运和河床演变的相对平衡。在分析水流挟沙力和河槽水力形态规律的基础上,研究调水调沙的流量、含沙量等主要水沙指标,可以解决河道输沙减淤和河槽相对稳定问题。     

Modelling sediment accumulation and dispersion of contaminants in Lake Ijsselmeer (The Netherlands)

In this study two models are integrated for the simulation of sediment distribution and quality in the Lake Ijsselmeer area. STRESS-2d, a two dimensional dynamic model for simulation of sediment transport due to resuspension, erosion, sedimentation and horizontal advection and dispersion is used to simulate the sediment transport dynamics for a period of one year. The model is calibrated on water level, suspended solids concentration and sedimentation flux measurements. The model has a high spatial and temporal resolution. The model DIASPORA, which is based on STRESS-2d results, simulates the effects of sediment transport on morphology and contaminant concentrations in the sediment for a period of decades. DIASPORA also simulates dilution by internally produced CaCO₃ and consolidation of sediment layers. The models produce a reasonable reconstruction of suspended solids concentrations and long term accumulation of sediments in deep areas within the lake. Also the temporal and spatial variability in the contaminant concentration in sediments in Lake Ijsselmeer is reconstructed with sufficient quality. Model simulations show that internal redistribution of old deposits in the Usselmeer area and internal production of CaCO3 are diluting the contaminated solids supplied by the river Ijssel.     

三峡库区黄土坡滑带空隙结构与渗流特性

黄土坡滑坡的稳定性对三峡工程的安全运行具有重要影响,一直受到广泛关注,但滑带的空隙及渗透特性对滑坡稳定性的影响机制尚不清楚。从地下水渗流对滑带土作用的角度,利用中国地质大学(武汉)巴东野外综合试验场,结合室内试验的方法开展滑带土空隙结构与渗流特性研究。结果表明:①滑带碎石磨圆度、碎石分布形态、碎石表面擦痕、滑带土层理结构以及基岩面擦痕等特征明显,表明滑坡证据显著;②滑带土致密,层理结构明显,且层理间空隙尚未形成优先导水通道,而滑带土上、下盘接触面均存在贯穿性空隙或裂隙带,说明滑带空隙具有明显的空间分布特征;③滑带土饱和渗透系数低于上覆松散滑坡堆积体地层和强风化基岩地层2~3个数量级,导致降雨在滑带上盘集中排泄,基岩裂隙水在滑带下盘集中渗流,且在基质吸力作用下,上、下盘水分同时缓慢入渗滑带土,说明滑带土对滑坡体降雨入渗以及基岩地下水渗流具有显著的控制作用;④滑带土渗透破坏比降超过16,滑带土在自然水头作用下难以发生渗透破坏,具有很强的抗渗透破坏能力,说明地下水对滑带土影响主要体现在增加滑带土含水量,降低其力学指标,而渗透破坏作用有限。该成果对地下水作用下的滑坡形成机理研究具有重要意义。