炼铁系统用耐火材料

介绍了宝钢炼铁系统用耐火材料，主要包括焦炉、于炼焦炉、烧结点火炉、保温炉、高炉及铁水预处理用耐火材料。宝钢投产10年来，引进日本和西欧等国耐火材料先进技术，起到了带动国内耐火材料的更新和发展的作用，代表了我国耐火材料的先进水平。     

钢铁工业用耐火材料的发展动向

结合当今国际钢铁工业的发展及其对耐火材料的要求，介绍了炼焦、高炉与出铁沟、熔融还原炼铁、铁水预处理、氧气转炉炼钢、高功率电炉与直流电弧炉炼钢、炉外精炼、盛钢桶、连铸中间包及近终形状连铸等的发展中，所用耐火材料的动向。     

国外不定形耐火材料在炼铁中的使用现状

介绍了高炉炉身、出铁场和铁水运输设备用不定形耐火材料的使用状况和实际效果．展示了炼铁用不定形耐火材料的发展和使用前景。     

Development Tendency of the Refractories for Iron ＆ Steel Industry in China

This paper introduces the developing tendency of refractories for iron and steel industry combined with the new metallurgical techniques applied in iron and steel industry in China. Refractories for blast furnace long service life, smelting reduction iron-making process, secondary refining metallurgies and clean steel making, near net shape continuous casting are described respectively. To meet the requirement of iron and steel industry, the high quality, multi-functions and environment-friendly refractories with long service llfe will be focused and developed in the future. In addition, high grade refractories in China have great developing space and potential market.     

Sillimanite, Kyanite and Andalusite in China and Their Applications Part II: Their Applications in Refractories to Improve Resistance to Creep and Thermal Shock

1Introduction Asdescribedinthefirstpart[1],SGMhavetheirspe cialcharacteristics,particularlytheirirreversiblephase transformationintomulliteandsilica,followedbysecondary mulliteformationwhenexcessAl2O3sourceisavailable, bothaccompaniedwithvolumeexpansion.Thiscanbeusedtoimprovemicrostructureofbauxiteoraluminabasedrefrac toriesandincreasemullitecontent,resultinginimproved thermalpropertiessuchasrefractorinessunderload,hot strength,thermalshockresistance,thermalexpansion,and linearchangeonrehe…     

THE PREVENTION OF DISINTEGRATION OF BLAST FURNACE LININGS1

Theories and observations on the causes of disintegration of fireclay refractories in blast furnaces are given and a process is developed for improving high iron clays for this use. The disintegration of refractories in blast furnace linings is initiated by alteration in the iron spots. Ferric oxide is reduced to ferrous oxide at 500°C and hastens the cracking of 2CO to CO₂+C₁ the carbon being retained by the lining. When Fe₂O₂ is converted to Fe₃O₄ the brick will not disintegrate.     

高炉炉缸炉底长寿技术

对高炉炉缸和炉底的侵蚀机制、合理的炉缸结构、炉缸和炉底内衬结构及其耐火材料进行了较为全面的介绍,同时建议在高炉生产过程中采取一系列措施来提高炉缸、炉底的寿命:拥有合理的死铁层深度、炉缸高度和铁口深度的炉缸结构,可为高炉高效长寿和生产的稳定顺行奠定良好基础;根据高炉顺行情况和炉缸、炉底侵蚀状态控制好生铁成分,并采取有效措施减少碱金属等有害元素在炉内的富集及对炉缸、炉底的侵蚀;在线进行压浆能有效消除炉缸砖衬间的缝隙,提高炉缸冷却系统的冷却效果,减缓炉缸砖衬的侵蚀;加含钛物料护炉可以使侵蚀严重的炉底、炉缸转危为安,显著提高高炉寿命。     

Resistance of blast furnace refractories to the action of aggressive reactants under conditions of an oxidizing gaseous atmosphere

Conclusions Investigations have been made of the resistance of ShPD-41, ShPD-39, and ShUD-37 chamotte refractories to the action of K₂CO₃, Fe₂O₃, blast furnace dust, and initial and final blast furnace slags under conditions of an oxidizing atmosphere. The investigation results showed that iron oxides and slag break down these refractories at 1400–1500°C. Dense ShPD-41 refractory is more resistant to the action of the reactants.The most resistant to the action of slags and iron oxides at 1400–1500°C are silicon carbide refractories with binders of silicon nitride and oxynitride.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 7/8, pp. 24–27, July–August, 1992.     

Production and use of refractory components for lining metallurgical plants and components for protecting the metal jet in continuous-casting machines

Experience is reported in making refractories and using them in sintering processes, blast furnaces, and steel melting, and the same applies to corundum-graphite components for protecting the metal jet in continuous-casting machines. __________ Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 16–23, March, 2007.     

Wear and tear of refractories in blast furnaces when melting fluorine-containing iron ores

Conclusions We basically clarified the process of the destruction of refractories in various areas of blast furnaces using ferrugineous fluorine-containing ores and made recommendations with regard to the selection of refractories.A number of experiments were carried out in the laboratory on the study of the destructive effect of a gas mixture with hydrogen fluoride, fluorine-containing blast furnace slags and calcium fluoride on alumosilicate refractories; we have explained the mechanism of the destruction of refractories in the system of interaction between CaF₂ and Al₂O₃-SiO₂.     

Development and Application of Al_2O_3-Si_3N_4 Refractories Used in Blast Furnace

Newly developed Al2O3-Si3N4 composite refractories used for blast furnace is introduced in this work. Al2O3-Si3N4 composite refractories attacked by alkali vapor and blast furnace slag was investigated. High performance Al2O3-Si3N4 composite refractories was produced and used at both 2560m^3 blast furnaces of Tan-gsteel and No. 5 blast furnace of Shaosteel.     

Improved refractories for the lining of blast furnaces

Conclusions A comprehensive comparative analysis of the principal properties of the refractories used for the lining of blast furnaces showed that the ShKD-type kaolin refractories produced by the Zaporozhe Refractories Plant possess the highest property indices and can be recommended for use under the heavy-duty service conditions in the lining of blast furnaces.A unified Standard for chamotte refractories for the lining of blast furnaces has been prepared from the results of a comprehensive analysis of their properties and the statistical data of the manufacturing plants and research institutes to meet the requirements of metallurgical plants and design organizations.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 8, pp. 20–28, August, 1976.     

Refractories for powerful blast furnaces abroad

Conclusions Abroad, the linings of the shafts of powerful blast furnaces are made from dense chamotte brick of high purity with the minimum content of iron oxides and other contaminating impurities. Impregnation of the fired chamotte brick with phosphates substantially increases the alkali resistance, and consequently the resistance of the blast furnace lining. The bosh and well are lined with carbon refractories. Speedy mechanized laying of the wells is done with large blocks up to 6.4 m long, and with cross sectional measurements of up to 0.8-0.6 m. In particularly severe service conditions in the absence of a protective skin layer in the lower part of the shaft and shoulders successful use is being made of carbon linings using electrographitic and semigraphitic products.Effective cooling systems with high thermal conductivity carbon refractories reduces the temperature, which substantially retards the wear of the working layers in the lining.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 7, pp. 56–59, July, 1973.     

铁水预处理用耐火材料的现状与发展方向

介绍了近年来铁水预处理用耐火材料的发展现状与国内外的最新研究成果,分析了铁水预处理容器中脱Si、脱P、脱S工艺之间的相互关系以及不同处理剂对内衬材料的主要侵蚀反应,提出了改进铁水预处理耐火材料的建议,并展望未来的发展方向。     

冶金炉用喷补料的发展趋势

国外喷补料在产量逐年增加的情况下，致力于新材质、新品种的开发以适应不同冶金炉喷补的需要。随着我国喷补机的国产化，喷补技术已在高炉、焦炉、热风炉、转炉、电炉、精炼炉和钢包等处使用，使炉龄大幅度提高．今后应利用我国天然耐火原料开发多品种、新质量喷补料，研制喷补装备，以适应冶金工业的需要．     

Highlights of Recent Advances in Refractories for Iron and Steel Industry in China

Recently procured outstanding achievements in iron and steel industry in China are presented by data or facts in steel output, energy consumption, technical and economical indicators and advanced technologies that are being adopted. The latest achievements in refractonries for this biggest user industry are reviewed, covering new refractories for CDQ coke oven, BF hearth, AOD Lining, long life tundish, SEN for clean steel making and regenerative reheating furnace. The reciprocal relationship is obvious that the rapid development of iron and steel industry has given an impetus to the advance of refractories industry, which in return has contributed greatly to the former.     

THE USE OF SILICON-CARBIDE REFRACTORIES IN BOILER FURNACES1

The chief causes of failure of refractories in boiler furnaces are slag adhesion, erosion, and failure of structure, dependent on the type of coals and feeds used. Some of the physical and chemical properties of different types of refractories are given. The development of bonded silicon carbide brick is mentioned. Clinker trouble is eliminated by use of these brick in furnaces using all kinds of present day stoker equipment. Failures due to chemical reaction between iron and silicon carbide, and torch action on a wall produced by a blast of flame under pressure together with medium amounts of iron in the ash are discussed. Air cooling of walls is taken up. Installations of air-cooled silicon-carbide blocks are listed and discussed. Water cooling, the use of preheated air, and conditions of use of the water wall are taken up.     

Differentiated use of refractories in blast-furnace hot blast stoves

Conclusions In the service of blast furnace hot blast stoves the lining and checkerwork fail in individual zones as the result of deformation of the refractories, formation of cracks, and chemical corrosion of the lining under the action of low-melting dust at high temperatures.It was shown that the deformation of aluminosilicate refractories depends not only upon temperature, load, and hold but also to a large degree upon the physicochemical properties of the parts, especially upon the composition and quantity of impurities.On the basis of an analysis of the service of refractories in hot blast stoves recommendations were developed on differentiated use of refractories in the different zones of the lining and checkerwork.For lining of the walls and the checkerwork of high-temperature hot blast stoves operating with a blast temperature up to 1300°C (temperature under the crown 1500–1550°C) the use of the following forms of refractories (GOST 20901-75) is recommended: 1550–1200°C temperature zone — type DV dinas parts; 1200–1100°C temperature zone — type MKV-72 mullite-corundum parts; 1100–900°C temperature zone — type ShV-42 chamotte parts; 900–700°C temperature zone — type ShV-37 chamotte parts; 700–400°C temperature zone — type ShV-28 chamotte parts.To line the lower portion of the combustion chamber mullite-corundum parts of types MK-80 to Technical Specification 14-8-405-82 or MKV-72 must be used.Lining of the crown, the inner wall of the combustion chamber, the hot blast lines, and the gas burners must be done with mortars corresponding to the types of refractories used (dinas and VT-1) with the addition of 10–12% orthophosphoric acid.Type MKRP-340 mullite-silica fiber parts to GOST 23619-79 and other fiber materials are recommended for use as the compensation gap filler up to temperatures of not higher than 1150°C, and asbestos-vermiculite plates to GOST 13450-68 in the up to 600°C temperature zone.The shell of the hot blast stove in the high temperature zone must be covered with thermal-insulation gunited concrete.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 7, pp. 44–50, July, 1986.     

Checker blocks for blast-furnace stoves

Conclusions A design was developed and introduced into production for a mold suitable for making perforated blocks for the checkers of blast furnaces by the semidry method on a redesigned SM-143 press. It was demonstrated in principle that it is possible to use the semidry method for pressing chamotte perforated blocks grades VShA and VShB, using a technology employed for manufacturing stove refractories for blast furnaces.The production technology should be tightened up if the products are to have stable strength, porosity, and after-contraction factors (product grade VShA). The technical requirements for the finished products in terms of spalling resistance require reexamining to take into account the shape of the specimens.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 6–9, April, 1971.