IKONOS卫星影像在城市防震减灾及震害评价中的应用研究

文中探讨了IKONOS卫星影像在地震灾害评价中应用的可行性 ,认为高分辨率卫星影像在城市基础数据获取与更新、震害的快速评估和地震应急决策中有广阔的应用前景。在IKONOS卫星影像上 ,可以轻易分辨出城市防震减灾工作中需要的基本要素、如建筑物、构筑物、道路和桥梁。利用遥感图像处理软件可以从IKONOS数字影像中自动提取地物的形状、位置和属性等信息 ,从而节省大量的人力和财力。由于IKONOS卫星影像的更新速度远远高于城市地震灾害评价所需要的航空相片或大比例尺地形图 ,因此可以保证数据的实效性 ,从而解决“九五”震害预测与减灾对策研究中的数据老化问题。IKONOS卫星影像的重复周期为 3天 ,在理想的天气状况下 ,地震发生后的 3天之内 ,用户就可以得到震区影像 ,因此可用于震害的快速评估 ,还可取代航空相片用于地震现场调查     

青海玉树M_S7.1级地震地表破裂带的遥感影像解译

2010年4月14日青海省玉树发生MS7.1级地震,造成严重的人员伤亡和重大的经济损失。除组织现场快速震害评估和地表破裂带调查外,利用高分辨率卫星影像解译是迅速给出初步震害评估和同震地表破裂的位置和展布的最佳途径。本文通过对震前、震后高分辨率SPOT卫星影像的对比,解译出了12km长的同震地表破裂带,其在影像上主要表现为线性阴影和色彩变化。地表破裂带位置和先存的断层、老破裂带位置一致,说明青海玉树地震属于原地复发型地震。同时,解译结果也得到了来自野外实地调查结果的验证,证明了遥感解译的可信性和及时性。但解译破裂长度远小于实际破裂长度,也说明了基于2.5m分辨率的SPOT卫星影像的遥感解译存在较大的局限性。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的建筑物三维信息提取

地震是破坏力极强的自然灾害之一,随着城市的人口和建筑物的逐年增多,一旦发生严重的地震灾害,后果不堪设想。因此,在对城市地震预测的研究中,需要采用高分辨率的遥感影像来提取建筑物的三维信息。本文对高分辨率遥感影像的建筑物三维信息提取的方法进行了研究,并判断了其准确性和适应性,对地震区的防震减灾工作有一定的参考价值和意义。     

面向地震应急的遥感影像快速定位研究

为实现地震应急期间非常规手段获取的遥感影像的快速定位, 提出了建立序列影像航线方程实现影像快速定位的思路和方法, 开发了影像快速自动定位程序。 以玉树地震应急期间获取的多景无地理参考信息的高分辨率航空遥感影像为实验对象, 在人工交互方式对初始影像进行粗定位的基础上, 利用本方法实现了系列影像的快速定位。 通过随机抽样点验证定位精度, 二次函数相对于一次函数拟合精度较好, 表明在损失一定精度的同时可大大提高影像快速定位的效率, 满足地震应急的需求。     

昆仑山口西MS 81级地震地表破裂带高分辨率卫星影像特征研究

2001年11月14日昆仑山口西发生81级地震.应用高分辨率卫星影像进行地震地表破裂带解译，10m分辨率SPOT卫星影像能够清楚地反映出地震地表破裂主破裂带的形迹, 1m分辨率IKONOS影像能反映出地震地表破裂的精细结构及运动特征.结果表明，昆仑山口西81级地震地表破裂带主要位于东昆仑断裂南麓冲洪积台地或冲洪积台地后缘的地貌陡变带和断层谷地里，是一条叠置在先存破裂带上的地震破裂带.在布喀达坂峰以东的地表破裂带长近350km，由3条次级破裂组成，走向100°.流经破裂带的一系列沟谷发生左旋同步扭曲，平均滑动速率为134～168mm/a，属AA级活动水平.最大左旋位错78m，地震破裂带最宽达1250m，宏观震中位于93°17′E，35°47′N，即玉西峰附近的地震地表破裂带上.     

地震技术应用进展的评述（一）

某些高技术在解决地震问题了发挥了特殊作用，取得了很大的成果和进展，本文对地震问题的科学计算、人工智能，城市救灾，卫星图像利用，地震预系统以及政策调整进行了评述。     

2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震触发滑坡编录及其对一些地震参数的指示

2014年8月3日云南鲁甸MS6.5地震不仅直接造成建筑倒塌,还触发了大量的山体滑坡,一些滑坡掩埋了居民点,造成了严重的人员伤亡与财产损失.基于震后高分辨率TH01-02与SJ9A卫星影像,震前高分辨率GF1卫星影像,采用人工目视解译方法,建立了鲁甸地震滑坡编录图.并基于部分滑坡的野外照片与超高分辨率航片对解译结果进行验证.结果表明,鲁甸地震至少触发了1 024处面积＞100m2的滑坡.这些滑坡分布在一个面积约为250km2的区域内,滑坡覆盖面积为5.19km2,总体积约为2.2×107m3.滑坡分布区内的滑坡点密度约为4.03个·km-2,面密度约为2.04％,滑坡平均剥蚀厚度约为86.7mm.对震中周围不同方位的滑坡数量与面积进行了统计,结果显示,滑坡总体上呈NW-SE方向分布,且大多数滑坡位于震中的SE方向.这表明鲁甸地震发震构造更可能是一条NW向断层,且破裂方向是自NW向SE.这与其他地震、地质、地球物理等方面的证据所表现出来的发震断层性质相吻合.将鲁甸地震滑坡分布面积、滑坡数量、面积、体积与全球其他震例进行对比,结果表明,鲁甸地震滑坡分布区较小,但是大滑坡较多、滑坡体积相对大.这反映了鲁甸地震具有震源浅与地震能量衰减迅速的特点.     

黄土地震滑坡卫星影像识别方法

为获得详细的地震滑坡数据和分布特征,揭示黄土地震滑坡的成灾模式和防治措施,需要对黄土地区地震滑坡进行详细的编录,利用卫星影像的识别方法是重要的手段之一。通过总结黄土地震滑坡特有的空间分布特征、平面形态特征、地震滑坡发育特征和伴生水文特征,归纳利用卫星影像识别黄土地震滑坡的7种识别标志。利用该方法,研究通渭地区黄土地震滑坡的空间分布与规律,结果表明：黄土地震滑坡卫星影像识别方法获得的滑坡与野外现场调查结果相近;通渭地区滑坡拥有缓坡发育、低角度、中远滑距、大体积、方向性明显等特点。     

卫星预测地震研究进展综述

地球卫星技术观测预测地震灾害的评价是近年来国际科联所关注的重要研究项目 ,该项目要求评价这一技术的成熟性和应用效果 ,并提出改进的指导方针。本文根据所掌握的资料综述了卫星观测和预测地震的一些事例及部分结果 ,讨论了卫星测震技术一些不确定性及影响问题。评价卫星测震技术的目的 ,是为该项技术的科研开发系统和组织应急响应紧急救援系统架起桥梁 ,回答后者应用该技术所抱有的焦虑心情原因及其具体问题 (如观测到的地震信息到发生地震的时间是几年、几个月 ,几天还是几小时呢 ?当然 ,这是非常难确定的。科研开发决策人可以说的是 ,…     

面向对象遥感分类方法在汶川地震震害提取中的应用

震后城市建筑物震害的自动识别与分类, 是遥感震害调查中的关键步骤, 其精度直接影响损失评估的结果. 而随着高分辨率遥感影像的发展, 传统基于像元的分类技术已不能满足需求, 引入面向对象的信息提取技术, 充分挖掘影像对象的纹理、形状和相互关系等信息, 能够有效的提高震害的分类精度. 该文阐述了面向对象的遥感震害提取思路和方法, 并应用汶川地震震后高分辨率航空遥感数据, 针对建筑物震害进行面向对象的快速提取与自动分类. 结果表明, 与基于像元分类比较, 面向对象的建筑物震害分类能够显著改善分类效果.     

Expansion of Ürümqi urban area and its spatial differentiation

The expanded area and structure of urban lands and landscape features in Ürümqi City are analyzed using RS and GIS means based on the MSS image in 1975 and the TM images in 1990, 1999 and 2002, as well as other related maps. On which the scale, intensity and spatial differentiation of the expansion of the Ürümqi urban area during different periods are lucubrated. The results reveal that urban expansion was rapid during the periods of 1949–1965 and 1975–1990, and that it was stable after the 1990s. The urban expansion pattern was significantly different during different time periods: the urban area was expanded outwards based on old districts in a spanned development pattern during the period of 1949–1965; development was stagnant during the period of 1965–1975; urban expansion developed mainly in old districts in a grouped way during the period of 1975–1990. The trend of urban expansion along the traffic lines was obvious, and the direction of urban expansion was dominated by the south-north zonal expansion and supplemented by east-west axial expansion; urban expansion reached the development stage of “multiple centers and multiple districts” after the 1990s, and urban networks were developed more precisely after this time. The sources for urban expansion were mainly cultivated lands, grasslands and unused lands; during urban expansion, the land area devoted to traffic lines, residential areas, dispersive industrial and mineral areas, and garden plots was rapidly enlarged.     

基于Landsat-8与ZY3多源遥感影像的城镇居民地识别与再分类研究

精细的居民地数据对地震灾害风险分析具有重要意义。 为得到具有较高时效性与精细度的居民地数据, 充分发挥其对人口、 建筑物空间展布的指示作用, 本文综合利用多源遥感影像的优势, 基于分层分类思想开展城镇居民地识别与再分类研究。 以甘肃天水秦州区的主城区为例, 采用具有较高时效性的Landsat-8 OLI影像, 建立决策树分类模型识别出居民地轮廓; 在居民地轮廓内部, 进一步采用资源三号卫星(ZY3)高分影像, 利用面向对象方法进行居民地内部的建筑群再分类, 最后得到了具有不同精细程度的居民地数据。 实验结果中Landsat-8土地覆盖分类总体精度为92%(其中居民地识别率达86%), 城镇居民地再分类的总体精度为81%, 说明了本文研究方案的可行性。     

Groundwater Complexity in Urban Catchments: Shenzhen,Southern China

Groundwater interactions with surface water and sewers in an urban setting are complex, and classic hydrogeological approaches must be combined with anthropogenic elements to characterize them. The level of detail needed to understand these interactions is illustrated by the analysis of an urban subcatchment in the megacity of Shenzhen in southern China that has had a drastic urban expansion in the last 40 years. The study area is characterized by the Yanshanian granite that is widespread across southern-eastern China. The urban setting is studied using multitemporal analysis of satellite images, borehole investigations and field surveys. Given the local hydrostratigraphy, a conceptual model was developed to identify the physical and anthropogenic factors that regulate the urban groundwater system. Based on the conceptual model and the data collected from the field or compiled from the literature, the average annual effective recharge is estimated to be 290 mm/year, after the urbanization process. From rural to urban conditions, it is estimated that the effective recharge increased by 170% and sewers intercept at least 23% of the effective recharge. Groundwater captured by sewers reduces river flows and increases the required capacity and costs for waste water treatment plants.     

Economic development,urban expansion,and sustainable development in Shanghai

Studies of urbanization effects in Chinese cities from the aspect of the coupled development of economy and environment are rare due to data limitations. This paper studied Shanghai’s fast urban expansion and examined the dynamic relationship between economic growth and environment consequences at the district level. We extracted data on urban built-up area and land surface temperature from remote sensing images. We analyzed the patterns of urban expansion and land use change and explained the dynamic relationship between economic development and environment conditions. We attributed the uneven economic development and environmental change in districts of Shanghai to four main institutional factors: (1) the role of the government, (2) the multi-level urban planning system, (3) land market reform, and (4) the economic restructuring.     

电容耦合式电阻率法在城市遗址考古勘探中的应用

城市密集柏油公路网和坚硬水泥地面给地下遗址考古勘探造成了很大困难,传统的高密度电阻率法需要插置电极,无法在城市环境中使用。电容耦合式电阻率法采用非侵入式的方式,通过特制电极与大地形成电容器产生电流进行电法勘探,特别适合城市硬地表介质的条件。为了检验电容耦合式电阻率法在城市遗址考古勘探中的应用效果,在地处杭州市主城区的吴越捍海塘遗址进行了电容耦合式电阻率法探测试验,采集多个收发距的电法数据,对数据进行反演处理,将反演结果与考古发掘结果进行对比分析。结果表明,反演的电阻率图像推断结果与考古发掘结果基本吻合,电容耦合式电阻率法是城市遗址考古勘探的有效方法,具有广泛的应用前景。      

Impacts of Urbanization and Station-relocation on Surface Air Temperature Series in Anhui Province, China

Since the 1990s, many meteorological stations in China have passively “entered” cities, which has led to frequent relocation and discontinuity in observational records at many stations. To study the impacts of urbanization on surface air temperature series, 52 meteorological stations in Anhui Province were chosen based firstly on a homogeneity test of the time series, and then their surrounding underlying surfaces during different decades were identified utilizing Landsat Multispectral Scanner images from the 1970s, Landsat Thematic Mapper images from 1980s and 1990s, and Enhanced Thematic Mapper images after 2000, to determine whether or not the station “entered” city, and then these stations were categorized into three groups: urban, suburban, and rural using Landsat-measured land use/land cover (LULC) around the station. Finally, variations in annual mean air temperature (T _mean), maximum air temperature (T _max), and minimum air temperature (T _min) were analyzed in urban-type stations and compared to their surrounding rural-type stations. The results showed that, in Anhui Province over the past two decades, many rural stations experienced urbanization and changed into urban or suburban locations. This process is referred as the “city-entering” phenomena of stations. Consequently, many of the latest stations were relocated and moved to currently rural and suburban areas, which significantly influenced the continuity of observational records and the homogeneity of long-term trends. Based on homogeneous data series, the averaged annual T _mean, T _max, and T _min over Anhui Province increased at a rate of 0.407, 0.383 and 0.432 °C decade^?1 from 1970 to 2008. The strongest effect of urbanization on annual T _mean, T _max, and T _min trends occurred at urban stations, with corresponding contributions of 35.824, 14.286, and 45.161 % to total warming, respectively. This work provides convincing evidences that (1) urban expansion has important impacts on the evaluation of regional climate change, (2) high spatial resolution images of Landsat are very useful for selecting reference climate stations for evaluating the potential urban bias in the surface air temperature data in certain regions of the continents, and (3) meteorological observation adjustments of station-relocation-induced inhomogeneities are essential for the study of regional or global climate change.     

Urban flood modelling combining top-view LiDAR data with ground-view SfM observations

Remote Sensing technologies are capable of providing high-resolution spatial data needed to set up advanced flood simulation models. Amongst them, aerial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) surveys or Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) systems have long been used to provide digital topographic maps. Nowadays, Remote Sensing data are commonly used to create Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) for detailed urban-flood modelling. However, the difficulty of relying on top-view LiDAR data only is that it cannot detect whether passages for floodwaters are hidden underneath vegetated areas or beneath overarching structures such as roads, railroads, and bridges. Such (hidden) small urban features can play an important role in urban flood propagation. In this paper, a complex urban area of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was chosen as a study area to simulate the extreme flooding event that occurred in 2003. Three different DTMs were generated and used as input for a two-dimensional (2D) urban flood model. A top-view LiDAR approach was used to create two DTMs: (i) a standard LiDAR-DTM and (ii) a Filtered LiDAR-DTM taking into account specific ground-view features. In addition, a Structure from Motion (SfM) approach was used to detect hidden urban features from a sequence of ground-view images; these ground-view SfM data were then combined with top-view Filtered LiDAR data to create (iii) a novel Multidimensional Fusion of Views-Digital Terrain Model (MFV-DTM). These DTMs were then used as a basis for the 2D urban flood model. The resulting dynamic flood maps are compared with observations at six measurement locations. It was found that when applying only top-view DTMs as input data, the flood simulation results appear to have mismatches in both floodwater depths and flood propagation patterns. In contrast, when employing the top-ground-view fusion approach (MFV-DTM), the results not only show a good agreement in floodwater depth, but also simulate more correctly the floodwater dynamics around small urban feature. Overall, the new multi-view approach of combining top-view LiDAR data with ground-view SfM observations shows a good potential for creating an accurate digital terrain map which can be then used as an input for a numerical urban flood model.     

基于迭代融合的InSAR技术获取数字高程模型研究

数字高程模型是重要的地理空间数据,可以提供丰富的地形信息.为了获得时效性好、分辨率高的数字高程模型,本文以南京市为实验区域,利用德国宇航局TerraSAR-X卫星同一轨道上的两幅StripMap模式SAR影像对,主从影像时间间隔只有66天,空间分辨率为3 m.采用InSAR技术,通过迭代的方法来提高获取DEM的分辨率,并结合JAXA/EORC提供的AW3D30数字表面模型与迭代后的DEM进行融合来解决阴影等问题,最终获取了南京地区的高精度数字高程模型.将实验结果分别与90 m分辨率的SRTM、30 m分辨率的ASTER GDEM、30 m分辨率的AW3D30进行相互对比分析.结果表明,相比三种常用的DEM而言,本文获取的DEM能够更精确的获取地面的细节信息,特别是对于分布稀疏的大型单体建筑物,能够很好的恢复其三维信息,但是对于建筑物分布较为密集的区域,由于传感器视线受阻,不能观测建筑物的全貌,阴影分布较多,导致此类区域的DEM结果不理想,还需进一步深入研究,提高精度及可靠性.     

跨孔电磁波层析成像在岩溶三维空间分布上的应用

灰岩地区岩溶发育对城市建设有着极大的威胁,一般岩溶探测主要采用钻探勘探,很难充分反映地下岩溶发育规模与特征,而跨孔电磁波层析成像方法,能查明工区地下岩溶发育及延伸情况.对钻孔间地层进行电磁波层析成像正演,表明电磁波层析成像对岩溶勘察的准确性与可行性.结合地铁轨道交通岩溶勘察实例,应用电磁波层析成像技术反演电磁波吸收系数...     

城市湖泊时空演变的遥感分析——以武汉市为例

在GIS技术支持下,以多时相Landsat TM/ETM 遥感影像为数据源,利用NDWI指数提取武汉市1991年、1995年、2000年、2002年的湖泊水域面积信息,引入湖泊萎缩强度等测度指标,从时空两方面对主城区湖泊水域变化和26个主要湖泊的发展演化特征进行了系统地分析.结果表明,从1991年到2002年,武汉市主城区湖泊水域面积急剧减少,达38.67km2;主要湖泊水域的面积变化具有时空分异特征,湖泊萎缩变化与湖泊所处地区的城市建设水平、道路交通规划、政策导向等因素密切相关.分析认为,城市湖泊转变为公园后,萎缩现象得到明显遏制,通过立法加强湖泊保护力度并尽早制定城市湖泊的规划管理措施,是保护武汉幸存湖泊的有力手段.