精神分裂症患者基础及认知激活状态局部脑血流的研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者基础及认知激活状态局部脑血流量(rCBF)特点及精神分裂症症状与rCBF之间的关系。方法 患者组为49例未用过抗精神病药治疗的精神分裂患者,对照组为26名正常人。以阳性及阴性症状量表（PANSS）等量表评定患者组疾病严重程度,用双日法进行基础及认知激活状态单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）脑显像,以威斯康星卡片分类试验（ WCST）为认知激活工具。结果 患者组基础状态时左颞叶外侧部及左右颞叶后下部rCBF比值明显高于对照组（P＝0.050,0.002及0.001)。认知激活状态时与基础状态时比较,对照组左额叶外侧中部及右枕叶上部的血流灌注明显增加（ P＝0.001及0.033);患者组各感兴趣区（region of interest,ROI）血流灌注无明显变化。PANSS阳性量表及阳性症状量靛（SAPS）评分与左颞叶外侧部、右颞枕部、右颞叶后上部、右枕叶上部、右顶叶中部及左右顶叶等ROI的rCBF比值呈正相关。结论 精神分裂症患者可能存在潜在的额叶功能低下,阳性症状的严重程度与一些ROI的血流灌注量有关。     

阿尔茨海默病的脑血流灌注研究

目的探讨AD患者脑血流灌注的特征性变化。方法选择20例确诊AD患者和10例认知正常者,对所有入组对象行SPECT脑血流灌注显像检查,对所得图像进行视觉分析和半定量分析,比较两组对象各脑区血流灌注情况的差异,并比较AD患者左、右脑叶脑血流灌注的差异。结果 (1)视觉分析结果显示,AD组以颞叶或顶叶脑血流灌注减低为主,各占55%,其中双侧颞顶叶血流灌注减低者占15%,单侧颞顶叶血流灌注减低占20%。正常认知组SPECT影像学表现各异,额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶、丘脑、基底节血流灌注减少情况均存在,各占10%。但无双侧颞顶叶血流灌注减少者,40%表现完全正常。(2)半定量分析结果显示,AD组在右额叶、双侧颞顶叶、右枕叶血流灌注显著低于正常认知组(P<0.05),以右侧颞叶血流灌注降低最明显,左右颞顶叶血流低灌注程度对比无显著性差异。结论 AD患者的SPECT特征性表现为双侧对称性颞顶叶血流低灌注,其中右侧颞叶血流灌注下降最严重。     

SPECT检测精神分裂症病人的局部脑血流研究

目的了解精神分裂症病人的局部脑血流特征,探讨局部脑血流与精神病临床症状和疗效的关系.方法采用PANSS量表评定患者的精神症状,应用99m TC-ECD-SPECT技术,对17例从未接受过抗精神病药物治疗的精神分裂症病人,在接受治疗前与治疗后测量局部脑血流,并与11例正常对照组比较.结果治疗前病例组右侧额叶与右侧颞叶rCBF低于对照组(各P<0.05),治疗后右侧额叶与右侧颞叶rCBF较治疗前明显增加(各P<0.05);治疗前不同脑区rCBF与精神病理症状(含单个症状评分和因子分)和疗效均无显著性相关.结论结果提示精神分裂病人存在右侧额叶与右侧颞叶局部脑功能减退,但未发现局部脑血流与精神病理症状和疗效有关.     

精神分裂症患者局部脑血流研究

目的：了解精神分裂症患者局部脑血流(rCBF)特征，探讨rCBF与临床症状和疗效的关系。方法：采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神分裂症患者精神症状，应用^99m锝-双半胱乙脂(^99mTc-ECD)，单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)技术，测量患者治疗前后rCBF，并与11名正常人作对照。结果：治疗前患者组右侧额叶与右侧颞叶rCBF低于对照组；治疗后右侧额叶与右侧颞叶rCBF较治疗前明显增加。治疗前不同脑区rCBF与精神病理症状和疗效均无显著相关。结论：精神分裂症患者存在右侧额叶与颞叶局部脑功能减退，但未发现rCBF与精神病理症状和疗效有关。     

学校恐怖症患儿局部脑血流灌注特征的初步研究

目的 探讨学校恐怖症患儿局部脑血流灌注（rCBF）特征。方法 对17例学校恐怖症患儿（研究组）和11名正常儿童（对照组）分别进行单光子发射型计算机断层显像检查，对研究组进行儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛选量表的评估，比较两组rCBF的差异，以及rCBF与焦虑程度的关系。结果 研究组左右额叶、右颞顶叶、左尾状核＋壳核、左右颞叶、左丘脑＋海马（P=0．05）、左右颞枕叶以及左右枕叶rCBF低于对照组（P≤0．01）；研究组右颞顶叶及右颞叶rCBF低于左侧（P〈0．05）；未发现焦虑程度与rCBF的改变存在相关性（P〉0．05）。结论 学校恐怖症患儿可能存在rCBF障碍。     

精神分裂症rCBF显像研究

目的：探测精神分裂症rCBF的显像,方法：应用双探头SPECT对106例精神分裂症患者注入^99mTc-ECD740-925MBq进行rCBF显像。结果：64例（60．4％）精神分裂症显示额叶、颞叶、顶叶、丘脑、尾状核等局部脑血流灌注减低,结论：部分精神分裂症存在局部脑血流灌注减低区。     

抑郁症患者局部脑血流变化的SPECT研究

目的用SPECT测定抑郁症患者的局部脑血流(rCBF),比较乙酰唑胺脑负荷试验后脑血流灌注变化,观察抑郁症患者脑血管的调节能力,以及是否存在潜在缺血灶。方法以18例未经抗抑郁治疗的抑郁症患者为研究对象,19名正常人作为对照组,行单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)检查。抑郁症患者48h后口服乙酰唑胺2g,再行SPECT检查。观察服用乙酰唑胺前后脑内血流的变化。结果抑郁组患者双侧额叶、颞叶的rCBF显著下降(P<0.01～0.05),左顶叶、右基底节rCBF也明显降低(P<0.05);同时,抑郁症患者局部脑血流低灌注存在不对称性,左侧灌注更低。服用乙酰唑胺后,原脑内各血流灌注下降部位恢复正常血供,未发现潜在缺血病灶。结论抑郁症患者某些特定部位存在脑血流灌注下降;乙酰唑胺脑负荷SPECT试验未发现抑郁症患者存在潜在缺血部位,而且使其局部脑血流低灌注状态恢复正常。     

强迫症与抑郁症的脑单光子发射计算机断层扫描对照研究

目的探讨强迫症、抑郁症局部脑血流量(rCBF)特点。方法应用单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)技术,对首发且未经治疗的39例强迫症患者、36例抑郁症患者和39名正常人于静息状态下行脑血流显像。以小脑皮质的放射性计数值为参考,对局部脑血流进行半定量分析。结果强迫症组两侧前额叶、前颞叶rCBF高于正常组(P<0.01);抑郁症组两侧前额叶、枕叶、扣带回及右前颞叶、右顶叶rCBF低于正常组(P<0.05);在两侧前额叶、前颞叶、顶叶、枕叶及右后额叶、扣带回,强迫症组rCBF高于抑郁症组(P<0.05)。结论强迫症组的前额叶及前颞叶呈高灌注改变,抑郁症组脑血流普遍低灌注,SPECT技术可望作为二者鉴别诊断的客观依据之一。     

躯体形式障碍35例SPECT研究

目的　探讨躯体形式障碍脑灌注特点与潜在意义。方法　开放性收集门诊和住院诊断 为躯体形式障碍病人35例;进行99mTc 双半胱乙脂(ECD)单光子发射型计算机断层显像(SPECT)脑血 流灌注(rCBF)断层显像,半定量测定rCBF。结果　35例躯体形式障碍病人均出现有不同部位的脑 低灌注现象;具体为右额叶(13例,37%),左额叶(11例,31%),右颞叶(13例,37%),左颞叶(11例, 31%),右顶叶(11例,31%),左顶叶(4例,11%),右基底节(14例,40%),左基底节(17例,49%),右丘 脑(1例,3%),左丘脑(1例,3%),盐酸文拉法辛治疗2周后不同部位脑血流低灌注均明显改善,差异 有显著性(P<0.05)。结论　躯体形式障碍不同临床表现相应呈现额叶、基底节、颞叶、顶叶不同区域 脑血流低灌注,治疗后明显改善。     

抑郁症患者局部脑血流的研究

目的：了解抑郁症患者局部脑血流灌注的特点：方法：应用单光子发射计算机断层扫描对20例抑郁症患者及18例正常对照者局部脑血流灌注进行对比分析。结果：抑郁症组双侧基底核、双侧额叶、左颞叶及左枕叶局部血流低灌注；抑郁症组与对照组左右大脑半球局部血流灌注无显著性差异：结论：抑郁症患者局部脑血流存在低灌注，但未发现局部脑血流低灌注有侧化现象。     

Recovery from wernicke's aphasia: A positron emission tomographic study

Changes in the organization of the brain after recovery from aphasia were investigated by measuring increases in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during repetition of pseudowords and during verb generation. Six right-handed patients who had recovered from Wernicke's aphasia caused by an infarction destroying the left posterior perisylvian language zone were compared with 6 healthy, right-handed volunteers. In the control subjects, strong rCBF increases were found in the left hemisphere in the posterior part of the superior and middle temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area), and during the generation task in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and in inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area). There were some weak right hemisphere increases in superior temporal gyrus and inferior premotor cortex. In the patients, rCBF increases were preserved in the frontal areas. There was clear right hemisphere activation in superior temporal gyrus and inferior premotor and lateral prefrontal cortices, homotopic to the left hemisphere language zones. Increased left frontal and right perisylvian activity in patients with persisting destruction of Wernicke's area emphasizes redistribution of activity within the framework of a preexisting, parallel processing and bilateral network as the central mechanism in functional reorganization of the language system after stroke.     

Changes of cognition and regional cerebral activity during acute hypoglycemia in normal subjects: A H215O positron emission tomographic study

Blurred vision and cognitive difficulties are prominent symptoms during acute insulin‐induced hypoglycemia. Our hypothesis was that changes in cerebral activity reflect these symptoms. Positron emission tomography (PET) with oxygen‐15‐labelled water was used to measure relative changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as a marker of cerebral activity. Hypoglycemia was induced by intravenous insulin infusion in 19 healthy men performing two different cognitive tasks of varying complexity. The hypoglycemic stimulus [plasma glucose 2.2 mmol/liter (0.4)] produced a significant hormonal counterregulatory response. During the low cognitive load, rCBF decreased in response to hypoglycemia in a large bilateral area in the posterior part of the temporal lobe, and rCBF increased bilaterally in the anterior cingulate gyrus, the right frontal gyrus, the fusiform gyrus, thalamus, and the left inferior part of the frontal gyrus. During the high cognitive load, rCBF decreased bilaterally in a large region in the posterior part of the temporal gyrus and increased in the left and right anterior cingulate gyrus, left and right frontal gyrus, right parahippocampal and lingual gyrus, and left superior temporal gyrus. Visual impairment during hypoglycemia was associated with deactivation in the ventral visual stream. The anterior cingulate gyrus was activated during hypoglycemia in a load‐dependent manner. Areas on the frontal convexity were differentially activated in response to the cognitive load during hypoglycemia. Our findings suggest that hypoglycemia induces changes in sensory processing in a cognition‐independent manner, whereas activation of areas of higher order functions is influenced by cognitive load as well as hypoglycemia. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow changes in panic disorder with Tc99m-HMPAO SPECT

The objective of this study is to investigate differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and rCBF asymmetry index values between panic disorder patients (n=22) and normal comparison subjects (n=19) using Tc99m-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime single photon emission tomography imaging. A decrease in perfusion in the bilateral frontal regions and a relative increase in perfusion in the right medial and superior frontal regions were found. There were significant positive correlations between scores on the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale and rCBF asymmetry index values of the parietal, superior temporal and lateral temporal regions in the panic disorder patients. These correlations point to a relationship between the severity of panic disorder and relative right brain activation. Activation of the amygdala, increased CBF in the frontal region, or hyperactivation of the locus ceruleus seen in panic disorder may explain the decrease in the rCBF in the inferior frontal region.     

A SPECT study of apathy in Alzheimer's disease

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To assess the association between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and apathy in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). METHODS: SPECT and MRI scans were obtained from 51 nondepressed outpatients meeting criteria for probable AD (age 77.6 +/- 6.6 years; MMSE 22.3 +/- 5.1; 23 apathetic, 28 nonapathetic) and 23 healthy elderly (75.6 +/- 3.8 years) controls. The following regions of interest (ROIs) were compared between apathetic and nonapathetic AD patients and then referenced against aged controls: anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex, middle medial temporal cortex, hippocampus, medial superior temporal cortex, thalamus/hypothalamus and pons. RESULTS: Apathetic and nonapathetic patients had significant differences in rCBF. Relative to nonapathetic AD patients, apathetic AD patients had lower perfusion in 2 ROIs (right orbitofrontal cortex and left anterior cingulate) and higher perfusion in 5 ROIs (right and left hippocampi, left medial superior temporal gyrus, and right and left middle medial temporal cortex). Comparison of rCBF in these 7 ROIs to healthy elderly controls confirmed hypoperfusion in the left anterior cingulate and right orbitofrontal cortex and suggested a relative sparing of perfusion among apathetic AD patients in the remaining 5 ROIs. CONCLUSIONS: In this group of nondepressed patients with AD, apathetic subjects displayed significant perfusion differences compared to nonapathetic subjects.     

Regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities associated with apathy and depression in Alzheimer disease

The aim of this study was to identify brain areas related to apathy or depression in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Eighty-one AD patients were enrolled in this prospective study. (99m)Tc-HMPAO single photon emission computed tomography was performed to evaluate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). According to the Neuropsychiatric Inventory subscores of apathy and depression, 9 patients were classified as clinically significant (cs) depressed and non-cs-apathetic (D+) groups and 9 were classified as cs-apathetic and non-cs-depressed (A+) groups. In addition, 18 patients were classified as age-matched and Mini-Mental State Examination-matched disease control groups (D-, A-). The significance of rCBF differences between groups and the correlation between rCBF and subscores in 81 AD patients were estimated by SPM (uncorrected P < 0.005) analysis. D+ patients had significantly lower perfusion in the right orbitofrontal and inferior frontal gyri than D- patients, whereas A+ patients had this in the right amygdala, temporal, posterior cingulate, right superior frontal, postcentral, and left superior temporal gyri than A- patients. The negatively correlated areas with depression subscores included the left inferior frontal and the right middle frontal gyri and those with apathy subscores included the right temporal and right medial frontal gyri. We suggest that this finding may indicate that apathy and depression in AD patients involve distinct functional circuits.     

Cerebral blood flow in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy

To compare brain perfusion between corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), we investigated regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) semiquantitatively with single-photon emission computed tomography and [123I]iodoamphetamine in six patients with CBD and five with PSP. Compared with 12 age-matched control subjects, the average of the left and right rCBF values for the CBD patients was significantly reduced in the inferior prefrontal, anterior cingulate, medial premotor, sensorimotor, posterior parietal, and superior temporal cortices as well as in the basal ganglia and thalamus, whereas only the medial premotor cortex was significantly hypoperfused in the PSP patients. Compared with the PSP patients, the CBD patients showed significantly decreased rCBF in the inferior prefrontal, sensorimotor, and posterior parietal cortices, but not in the subcortical regions. Compared with the controls, interhemispheric differences of rCBF were significant in the inferior prefrontal, sensorimotor, and posterior parietal cortices of the CBD patients but in only the medial prefrontal cortex of the PSP patients. These results indicate that rCBF reductions are more extensive and asymmetric in CBD than in PSP, although the two diseases share medial frontal involvement.     

Prefrontal functional dissociation in the semantic network of patients with schizophrenia

We examined whether deficient prefrontal control over the semantic network exists in patients with schizophrenia. Fourteen patients with schizophrenia and 14 healthy controls performed a comparison task, judging semantic congruity according to an abstract category in an event-related functional MRI paradigm. In the control group, prefrontal-temporal networks consisting of the left inferior frontal gyrus and right inferior frontal sulcus converging at the left posterior superior temporal sulcus were identified as activated during semantic demand of incongruence. In the patients with schizophrenia, we observed a loss of the recruitment of the right inferior frontal sulcus and the prefrontal-temporal network. These findings indicate that cognitive modulation of semantic processing may be dysfunctional in patients with schizophrenia.     

抑郁症患者对正性面部表情功能识别

目的：利用任务态功能核磁共振成像技术,初步探讨抗抑郁治疗对正性情绪识别脑区功能的影响。方法：检测19例抑郁症患者治疗前和治疗10周后在识别正性及中性面部表情视频时的激活脑区,并与19例匹配的健康者对照比较。结果：与正常对照组相比,治疗前抑郁症患者左右颞上回（BA39）、左后扣带回（BA23）、右后扣带回（BA30）、左丘脑、右岛叶（BA13）等脑区激活显著降低;治疗后患者左颞上回（BA39）、右颞上回（BA22）、左颞中回（BA37）、左右海马旁回（BA30）、右后扣带回（BA29）、右梭状回（BA36）、左额中回（BA8）、右额下回（BA47）、左顶下小叶（BA40）、右岛叶（BA13）等脑区激活较治疗前增强;但与正常组相比,左颞上回（BA22）、左额中回（BA10）、左梭状回（BA20）、左楔叶（BA19）、右顶上小叶（BA7）、右岛叶（BA13）等脑区激活仍存在一定程度的降低。结论：经抗抑郁治疗,抑郁症患者正性情绪识别脑区功能较治疗前有所改善,但与正常对照组相比,仍存在一定程度的功能损害。进一步证实了积极有效的抗抑郁治疗能够部分逆转正性情绪相关脑区损害。     

Regional brain activity during transient self-induced anxiety and anger in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated that transient self-induced sadness activates anterior paralimbic structures. To further examine the specificity of these findings and the neural substrates involved in anger and anxiety, we studied the neural correlates of the induction of anxiety and anger in healthy adults. METHODS: We used H2(15)O and positron emission tomography (PET) to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 16 healthy adults during the induction of transient anxiety, anger, and neutral emotions. Subjects achieved differential emotions by recalling prior life events while viewing affect-appropriate faces. RESULTS: Both the anxiety and anger conditions were associated with increased normalized rCBF in left inferior frontal and left temporal pole regions and decreased rCBF in right posterior temporal/parietal and right superior frontal cortex, compared to the neutral induction. Additionally, compared to neutral induction, anxiety was associated with increased rCBF in the left anterior cingulate and cuneus and decreased rCBF in right medial frontal cortex, while the anger induction was uniquely associated with increased rCBF in right temporal pole and thalamus. CONCLUSIONS: Self-generated transient states of anxiety and anger are associated with both overlapping and distinct regional brain activity patterns and provide a template for further dissection of specific components of normal and pathologic emotions.