高速列车脱落螺栓对轨道板的冲击损伤数值模拟研究

高速列车运行中存在螺栓脱落风险,可能引起轨道板损伤.为了研究螺栓脱落对轨道板的冲击损伤,利用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了螺栓垂直冲击轨道板有限元模型,并和相关文献结果进行了比对,接触力及损伤形貌计算结果与文献结果一致性较好,在此基础上分析了轨道板的裂纹扩展情况及损伤特性.计算结果表明：当螺栓冲击速度在100km/h到350km/h范围内,轨道板均为轻度损伤,其破坏模式基本相同,首先在螺栓与轨道板的接触区域边缘产生环状裂纹,然后形成径向裂纹,随着冲击速度的增加,径向“喇叭状”裂纹从两组增加至四组,最后逐渐合并成十字形.随着冲击速度的增加,冲击作用持续时间越长,损伤变量、径向裂纹最大长度和凹坑深度均有明显增加；轨道板的损伤变量随径向裂纹最大长度及凹坑深度的增加而线性增加,最大线性偏离度在19%以内.     

具有非对称横截面的悬臂输流管道的非线性振动特征

高速列车运行中存在螺栓脱落风险,可能引起轨道板损伤.为了研究螺栓脱落对轨道板的冲击损伤,利用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了螺栓垂直冲击轨道板有限元模型,并和相关文献结果进行了比对,接触力及损伤形貌计算结果与文献结果一致性较好,在此基础上分析了轨道板的裂纹扩展情况及损伤特性.计算结果表明：当螺栓冲击速度在100km/h到350km/h范围内,轨道板均为轻度损伤,其破坏模式基本相同,首先在螺栓与轨道板的接触区域边缘产生环状裂纹,然后形成径向裂纹,随着冲击速度的增加,径向“喇叭状”裂纹从两组增加至四组,最后逐渐合并成十字形.随着冲击速度的增加,冲击作用持续时间越长,损伤变量、径向裂纹最大长度和凹坑深度均有明显增加；轨道板的损伤变量随径向裂纹最大长度及凹坑深度的增加而线性增加,最大线性偏离度在19%以内.     

高速列车受电弓气动噪声分析与降噪研究

随着列车速度的大幅提升,气动噪声问题愈发凸显。受电弓噪声在整车噪声中占较高位置,为研究高速列车受电弓气动噪声特性,通过Lighthill声学理论的宽频噪声模型对高速列车气动噪声源进行识别,利用定常SST k-w湍流方法分析高速列车受电弓的流场特性;基于大涡模拟与FW-H声学比拟理论计算高速列车受电弓远场气动噪声。数值算例结果表明,受电弓部位的碳滑板、弓头为受电弓主要噪声源;以轨道中心线为对称线,远场气动噪声监测点的声压级及频谱特性表现出较高的对称性;在同一列车运行速度下,监测点声压级随离轨道中心线距离增大而减小,列车以不同速度运行时,其声压级降低的幅值相差较小;高速列车远场气动噪声为宽频噪声,主要能量集中在500Hz~5000Hz。提出一种射流降噪方法,在350km/h速度下,监测点总声压级值降低了15.2dB。     

抗蛇形减振器失效对车辆动力学性能的影响

为研究高速动车组车辆动力学性能对抗蛇形减振器失效的敏感性,以国内某型高速动车组为研究对象,以其实际动力学参数为依据,建立该型动车组的整车动力学模型。对抗蛇形减振器不同失效形式下的车辆动力学性能进行研究,结论认为：抗蛇形减振器失效对车辆动力学性能尤其是对列车的横向动力学性能影响显著;当列车行驶速度在250~380 km/h时,车辆系统动力学性能各项指标随列车行驶速度的增大而增大,随抗蛇形减振器失效个数的增加而增大。     

横风下高速列车系统动力学的平衡状态法

基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学和空气动力学提出了一种快速计算横风下高速列车系统动力学行为的平衡状态方法.首先,忽略轨道不平顺并利用流固耦合联合仿真方法计算横风下高速列车的平衡状态;然后,将平衡状态下的气动力加载到车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型并计算高速列车动力学响应.利用建立的平衡状态方法,研究了列车在速度为13.8 m/s的横风下以350 km/h速度运行时的流固耦合动力学行为.比较了平衡状态方法和联合仿真方法两种方法下列车姿态、安全性和舒适性指标的差异,计算结果差别在3.26%以内.研究结果表明:平衡状态方法计算横风下高速列车流固耦合的效率更高.     

基于高性能计算的离散介质冲击过程

基于高性能计算平台,数值模拟离散介质冲击过程,研究颗粒的恢复系数随冲击速度、颗粒尺度分布的变化规律。结果发现,给定冲击速度时,无论单分散还是多分散颗粒,随着链长度增加,颗粒的恢复系数逐渐达到稳定,只与冲击速度以及所冲击的颗粒的尺寸比相关,并且压缩阶段的冲量是一个不随链长度变化的定值。在此状态下,入射颗粒与链冲击后的恢复系数尽管随冲击速度增加而减小,却远大于与无限大半空间固体壁面冲击的恢复系数。对于多分散链恢复系数,其分布呈现典型的高斯分布的形式,并且该分布与颗粒的初始冲击速度以及颗粒的粒径比有关。     

火星着陆缓冲气囊冲击过程的仿真分析

气囊缓冲着陆技术适用于小型着陆器着陆火星。针对总体指标30m/s冲击速度下峰值加速度小于200G的要求,设计了一种适用于火星环境的小型封闭式气囊结构用于着陆缓冲。为了探索气囊特性和节省环境仿真试验成本,运用非线性有限元工具LS-DYNA分析了气囊充气压力、冲击速度、冲击姿态角等参数对缓冲性能的影响。仿真结果表明,相同冲击速度下,着陆器峰值加速度随充气压力增大而增大,但受冲击姿态角影响甚微。冲击时间与冲击速度、冲击姿态角无关,而充气压力与系统结构的函数。系统弹性刚度要随充气压力增大而增大,随冲击姿态角增大而减小。结论是设计满足设计指标。     

高速列车车内低频气动噪声预测

为研究气动载荷下高速列车的车内低频噪声,建立高速列车空气动力学模型,采用大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)法计算中间车的表面脉动压力.将脉动压力加载到高速列车的有限元模型上,通过瞬态分析得到车体的振动位移响应;将位移响应作为边界条件,采用边界元法(Boundary Element Method,BEM)分析车内噪声.结果表明：车窗振动位移最大,车顶和车底次之;中间车车厢的两端声压比中部大;在低频范围内,车厢内声压呈强弱交替分布,声场强弱界限较明显,且随着频率的增大,沿车体纵向和横向干涉条纹增多;车内低频气动噪声随速度二次方的增大而增加.     

高速列车通过声屏障的流固耦合振动响应分析

基于三维、非定常、不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程以及k-ε两方程湍流模型,利用计算流体软件FLUENT,对列车通过时路堤声屏障气动力特性进行数值仿真,研究了声屏障上脉动力的变化.建立了高速列车通过路堤声屏障的数值计算模型,采用FLUENT中的滑移网格技术,对声屏障时产生的气动力进行数值模拟,列车速度分别为200km/h、250km/h、300km/h、350km/h.通过计算得到不同列车速度下声屏障上气动力的大小和变化情况,分析了气动力沿声屏障垂向和声屏障纵向的变化规律,并拟合了声屏障压力波幅值与列车速度的关系式.在ANSYS Workbench软件中建立了声屏障的结构计算模型,将声屏障上的气动力作为外部荷载加到声屏障上,对其进行了模态分析和瞬态动力学分析.     

基于EEMD的高速列车转向架故障诊断

高速列车的转向架机械故障会引起转向架和车体振动信号的变化,严重影响高速列车运行的安全性和舒适度。为此,提出一种基于聚合经验模态分解的高速列车转向架故障诊断方法。针对转向架空气弹簧失气、抗蛇形减振器失效、横向减振器失效和原车4种工况进行仿真实验,得到列车不同位置的振动信号。信号经聚合经验模态分解得到一系列固有模态函数,分别提取能量矩特征,反映不同尺度上能量随时间的分布规律。将第2阶～第6阶经验模态能量矩构成的5维特征矢量作为支持向量机分类器的输入,在列车行驶200km/h的速度下进行转向架故障识别,结果表明,该方法的识别正确率可达到95％以上。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。