成骨肉瘤比较影像学诊断价值探讨

目的探讨骨肉瘤的X线、CT及MRI表现特征。方法回顾分析9例经病理证实的股骨下端骨肉瘤的各种影像学表现特征。结果骨肉瘤的基本征象有骨质破坏、肿瘤骨、骨膜反应和软组织肿块。X线特征与CT表现大致相同,但CT显示积液、肿瘤坏死、邻近侵犯及肿瘤与周围软组织的关系等优于X线,MRI则更能反映肿瘤的侵犯范围、跳跃灶及肿瘤与周围结构的关系。结论多种影像学检查方法都能反映骨肉瘤的表现特征,但X线与MRI结合可能是最佳选择。     

老年腓骨近端骨肉瘤影像诊断与鉴别诊断

目的分析老年腓骨近端骨肉瘤影像表现,总结腓骨近端骨肉瘤的影像学诊断特点和鉴别诊断要点。 方法回顾分析2004年1月至2016年12月经病理证实的6例腓骨近端骨肉瘤的X线、CT和MRI,分析影像学表现,包括：肿块的形态、骨质破坏情况、病变内的骨质密度、骨膜反应及周围侵犯范围等。 结果6例患者中,男性4例,女性2例,年龄为50岁~72岁。溶骨型2例,混合型3例,成骨型1例;发生在骨端的为2例,干骺端的4例。6例患者仅2例有骨膜反应,其中1例为Codman三角,1例为平行状骨膜反应,发生在骨端的骨肉瘤未发现骨膜反应。MRI表现T1WI为中、低混杂信号,T2WI呈高、低混杂信号,6例患者均有软组织肿块。 结论老年人腓骨近端骨肉瘤以混合型为多见,Codman三角和骨膜反应少见,特别是位于骨端的骨肉瘤。溶骨型骨肉瘤无骨膜反应时,需注意与好发于腓骨骨端的骨巨细胞瘤和软骨母细胞瘤等良性肿瘤相鉴别。     

骨梗死影像学表现与鉴别诊断

目的探讨骨梗死不同时期的影像学特点及其鉴别诊断,以提高对骨梗死的诊断水平。方法对15例骨梗死患者行X线、CT及MRI检查,将骨梗死分为早、中、晚三期,总结其影像学特征。结果 15例患者病变累及双侧者6例,单侧者9例;病变共累及23个部位。早期4例,X线未见明显异常或仅骨小梁模糊,MRI表现为病变区中央T_1WI呈等或稍低信号,T_2WI呈等或稍高信号,病变区边缘为蜿蜒迂曲的T_1WI低信号、T_2WI高信号带。中期7例,X线、CT表现为阴性和局部的斑片状钙化,MRI表现为病变中央T_1WI呈等或稍低信号,T_2WI呈等或稍高信号,病灶边缘清楚呈典型的地图样改变,在压脂T_2WI序列上可见明显的"双线征"。晚期4例,X线及CT表现为不规则、蜿蜒状骨质硬化,MRI T_1WI及T_2WI上均呈低信号。结论骨梗死各期有不同的影像学表现,MRI发现早、中期病变较X线和CT敏感,晚期X线、CT和MRI均具有特征性表现。MRI是骨梗死最好的检查手段。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化影像学与病理学对照研究

目的 分析胸椎黄韧带骨化的X线片．CT、MRI影像学表现及其病理学特征和发展过程．对照研究其间的对应关系，探讨从影像学手段判断黄韧带骨化程度及发展趋势的依据：方法 24例因胸椎黄韧带骨化而行手术治疗的患者．男18例，女6例；年龄42～76岁，平均57．9岁，所有患者均行后路胸椎管后壁切除减压术，手术所切除的73个骨化节段均进行X线、CT、MRI及病理学分型。将骨化在CT横断面扫描骨窗条件下的形态分为均匀型和不均匀型在MRI T2加权像上将黄韧带骨化的信号与脊髓信号对比，分为无信号．低信号、等信号及高信号。根据骨化的病理组织学形态，将黄韧带骨化分为成熟型与不成熟型，对每例患者的1～2个主要压迫节段的骨化韧带组织切片行TGF-β1的免疫组织化学定位表达．共计27个节段。结果 73个胸椎黄韧带骨化节段的病理组织学形态与CT分型及MRI信号表现的关系为：在CT上18个均匀型骨化节段均为成熟型骨化；55个不均匀型骨化节段中，51个为非成熟型骨化．4个为成熟型骨化，在MRI上22个无信号骨化节段均为成熟型骨化节段；50个低信号骨化节段均为非成熟型骨化节段；1个等信号骨化节段为非成熟型骨化。MRI与病理组织学形态对应关系的一致率为100％．CT与病理组织学形态对应关系的一致率为94.5％。结论 临床上可以将黄韧带骨化的CT及MRI的影像学表现作为判断黄韧带骨化程度及发展趋势的参考依据。     

狼疮性肾炎膝关节骨梗死的X线、CT与MR影像表现及其病理分析

目的：探讨狼疮性肾炎合并坏死性小血管炎引起膝关节骨梗死的X线、CT与MR影像学表现及其相应的病理基础。方法：对14例狼疮性肾炎累及膝关节患者行X线、CT及MRI检查,分析其影像学表现,根据病理学改变,影像学将骨梗死分为急性期（6例）、亚急性期（3例）和慢性期（5例）,并观察其病理改变。结果：骨梗死病变急性期：X线、CT扫描除表现为斑片状骨质疏松,余无阳性所见;MRI于T1WI病灶中央见等至高信号,T2WI压脂像呈以高信号为主的混杂信号,示梗死灶内出血骨髓水肿;病灶边缘呈＂三环征＂,对应的病理为含再生血管肉芽组织、残留正常骨髓、周围炎性水肿带。亚急性期：X线、CT扫描表现为小的虫噬样改变,伴有斑点状硬化;T1WI梗死灶中央呈等或稍低信号,T2WI压脂像呈等或稍高信号,内部信号不均匀,是死骨块,病灶边缘可见＂双环征＂,对应的病理为肉芽组织死骨吸收带、反应性新骨形成。慢性期：X线、CT扫描呈不规则状、蜿蜒状硬化斑块,T1WI与压脂T2WI均呈低信号,环绕低信号＂单环＂,示坏死组织被肉芽组织和纤维组织替代而发生纤维化和营养不良性钙化或骨化。结论：狼疮性肾炎骨梗死各期有不同的影像学表现和相应的病理学基础,在急性和亚急性期,MRI优于X线平片和CT,在慢性期,X线平片、CT和MRI,均具有特征性表现。     

非典型骨髓炎的影像学表现及治疗

目的 分析非典型骨髓炎的影像学表现探讨诊疗方法.方法观察24例非典型骨髓炎患者影像学表现,并与手术病理结果进行对照.结果 24例患者术后病理均证实为骨髓炎.显示软组织肿胀:X线平片10例,CT 18例,MRI 21例;显示骨膜反应:X线平片15例,CT 18例,MRI未见;显示骨髓腔密度增高:X线平片11例,CT 16例,MRI 24例;显示骨皮质增厚:X线平片10例,CT 14例,MRI 18例.结论 MRI对非典型骨髓炎的早期诊断、鉴别诊断帮助较大,X 线平片仍是基础.X线平片、CT结合MR检查是非典型骨髓炎的早期诊断和鉴别诊断的重要手段.非典型慢性骨髓炎影像学表现不典型,误诊、漏诊率较高,认识其临床及影像学表现可以提高诊疗水平.     

SchatzkerⅡ型胫骨平台骨折的影像学评估及解剖钢板治疗

目的:探讨SchatzkerⅡ型胫骨平台骨折术前充分影像学评估的重要性及解剖钢板治疗的临床疗效。方法:SchatzkerⅡ型胫骨平台骨折患者67例,男48例,女19例;年龄16～69岁,平均45.4岁。开放性骨折10例,闭合性骨折57例。术前均行膝关节正、侧位X线摄片检查、螺旋CT薄层扫描和三维重建、MRI检查,根据影像学资料对患膝骨、软骨及软组织损伤进行评估。采用解剖钢板或结合关节镜进行治疗。结果:X线片、CT、MRI在明确诊断方面没有明显差异,在分型诊断中,CT、MRI明显优于X线片;经MRI检查均存在不同程度的软骨损伤,常多种表现并存;CT、MRI检查发现伴随的软组织损伤分别为17例、59例;参考CT、MRI扫描后手术方式发生改变21例(31.3%)。术后随访9～31个月,平均18.2个月,骨折均获临床愈合;Rasmussen影像学及临床评分优良率分别为86.7%(58例)、94.0%(63例),Resnick-Niwayama分级评价呈现骨性关节炎的患者21例(31.3%)。未出现切口不愈合或感染,无膝内、外翻畸形,无钢板、螺钉断裂。结论:结合X线片、CT、MRI能获得对手术方案制定及手术效果预测的重要图像信息;解剖钢板或结合关节镜治疗SchatzkerⅡ型胫骨平台骨折安全可靠、损伤小且疗效满意。     

骨内脂肪瘤的影像学表现及其诊断价值

目的探讨骨内脂肪瘤的X线、CT及MRI的影像学表现特点及其诊断价值。方法收集经病理证实或影像学结合临床诊断的7例患者8个骨内脂肪瘤病灶资料,分析其影像学表现特征。结果 X线表现为边界清晰透亮区,形态不规则,1个病灶内可见钙化,2个病灶显示骨间隔,6个病灶边缘硬化。CT表现为单一脂肪密度2个病灶,以脂肪为主混杂密度5个病灶,4个病灶有轻度膨胀感,4个病灶显示骨嵴或分隔,5个病灶内见钙化或骨化,6个病灶边缘有硬化。MRI表现出脂肪组织特征性的短T1长T2信号,同时脂肪抑制序列呈低信号,合并钙化、纤维化、黏液样变及坏死则信号混杂。均未见骨皮质破坏、骨膜反应或软组织肿块。结论骨内脂肪瘤的影像学表现多种多样,但均含有特征性的脂肪成分,病灶内钙化和病灶边缘硬化是其重要征象,X线诊断价值有限,CT和MRI依据含有特征性的脂肪成分,能正确诊断,避免不必要的穿刺或手术。     

骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像诊断

目的探讨骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像表现特点。方法回顾性分析10例经手术病理证实的骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的X线、CT及MRI表现。10例患儿均接受CT检查,3例同时接受患部X线平片检查,5例同时接受患部MR检查,其中4例接受MR增强扫描。结果病变单发8例,多发2例。累及颅面骨4例,长骨3例（肱骨1例,胫骨1例,股骨1例）,髂骨2例,锁骨2例,椎体1例,肩胛骨1例。不同部位病变影像学表现有差异,主要表现为骨质破坏,形成软组织肿块,边缘清楚、无硬化。结论综合影像学检查能显示骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的病变形态、范围、特点,有助于诊断及鉴别诊断。     

X线平片、CT和MRI诊断滑膜骨软骨瘤病

目的比较X线、CT和MRI对滑膜骨软骨瘤病的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析20例经手术病理证实的滑膜骨软骨瘤病患者的X线平片（n=18）、CT（n=20）和MRI（n=10）表现。结果 X线平片正确诊断15例,CT正确诊断18例,MRI正确诊断8例。X线平片、CT和MRI均能显示关节周围及关节内形态多样、大小不一、数量不等的游离体;X线平片和CT均可显示游离体的钙化;MRI可显示早期软骨游离体;CT和MRI可发现关节腔积液。结论 X线平片、CT及MRI均能诊断本病,CT和MR检查能发现X线平片不能检出的病灶和征象。     

367例原发性骨肉瘤流行病学及临床病理分析

目的 分析原发性骨肉瘤的流行病学和临床病理特征.方法 回顾性分析我院收治的367例原发性骨肉瘤患者的临床资料,对年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、外科分期等临床特征和病理类型、病理分级等病理特征进行分析.结果 原发性骨肉瘤好发于11～30岁者,多见于股骨（42%）,胫骨（28%）,腓骨（9%）,肱骨（10%）.其中约88%的患者病理分级较高,普通型骨肉瘤是最常见的病理类型（82.83%）,11.44%出现早期转移.病理分级较低者多为骨旁型（7.08%）、低级别中央型（3.81%）和骨膜型（1.09%）.结论 对原发性骨肉瘤流行病学和临床病理分布的认识有助于早期诊断和治疗.     

表面骨肉瘤

目的探讨表面骨肉瘤的组织类型、临床、病理及影像学特征。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的表面骨肉瘤19例,其中骨膜骨肉瘤4例,部位分别为胫骨干中上段(3例)和腓骨下段(1例);X线片及CT显示肿物位于骨旁,外缘不规则,可见放射状骨针影;镜下为低度或中度恶性软骨肉瘤样改变。高度恶性表面骨肉瘤2例,肿物均位于股骨内侧;X线片显示肿物以广泛基底附于患骨,混杂骨膜反应;镜下显示高度恶性,似髓内型。去分化骨旁骨肉瘤1例,肿物位于股骨下端;患者曾先后4次手术,术后病理显示高分化组织内出现低分化区。经典骨旁骨肉瘤12例,肿物75%位于股骨下端干骺端后部。结果骨膜骨肉瘤4例均行保肢手术,已无瘤生存1.1～6.5年。高度恶性表面骨肉瘤2例,其中1例拒绝手术,3个月后死于肺及肝转移;另1例应用大剂量化疗及保肢治疗,现已无瘤生存19个月。去分化骨旁骨肉瘤1例,行假体旁复发性肿瘤切除,现已无瘤生存6个月。经典骨旁骨肉瘤的初始治疗均为保肢手术,其中9例随访1.2～9.6年,除1例局部复发、1例死于肺转移外,另外7例均无瘤生存。结论表面骨肉瘤四种组织类型各具有特殊性,应区别对待。骨膜骨肉瘤及经典骨旁骨肉瘤应以局部广泛切除或瘤段切除为主,预后较好;去分化型和高度恶性表面骨肉瘤恶性程度较高,预后较差。保肢或截肢均应配合有     

Primary interhemispheric subdural abscess: report of a case

We reported a rare case of primary interhemispheric subdural abscess. Twenty-three cases of this pathological condition have been reviewed. In those reports, however, findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were not referred to. In this report, MRI findings in this pathological condition, in addition to X-ray computed tomography (CT), is mentioned. A 22-year-old man, who had suffered from headache and vomiting for 2 weeks, suddenly became drowsy and left-hemiparetic. The X-ray CT scan on admission showed a well-circumscribed low density area in contact with the falx in the right parieto-occipital region. This lesion had so called "ring enhancement". MRI in the sagittal view revealed that, along the falx, the long T1 and T2 areas extended from the right cerebellar tentorium to the right frontal region. The operation demonstrated the capsular formation of the abscess. After pus aspiration, continuous drainage was performed from the cavity of the abscess. The patient fully recovered postoperatively. In the diagnosis of interhemispheric subdural abscess, it is said that conventional X-ray CT sufficiently reveals the quality of the lesion, the precise site, and the anatomical relation to the surrounding edema. In our case, MRI was able to confirm the diagnosis made by the X-ray CT. Furthermore, MRI was thought to be superior to the X-ray CT in the evaluation of the extension of the abscess and in the delineation of the surrounding edema. Combined use of X-ray CT and MRI in cases of interhemispheric abscess was considered to make the diagnosis more precise in both qualitative and quantitative aspects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的影像诊断

目的:探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症的诊断及影像学特点。方法:分析90例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者的CT和/或MRI资料,并根据影像学特征进行分类。按照MRIT2WI轴位脊髓及硬膜囊的受压迫程度分为轻度、中度、重度。9例获CT或/和MRI检查2年以上随访的患者,选择扫描条件、部位一致的骨化节段对比研究其变化情况。结果:MRI扫描的73例患者共发现黄韧带骨化节段421个。骨化节段呈跳跃性分布35例(46.58%)。多节段发生68例(93.15%)。T2WI轴位扫描的365个节段呈现有压迫:轻度193个节段,中度80个节段,重度92个节段。9例2年以上影像随访患者,随访前CT示均匀性骨化的9个节段,随访时骨化块大小密度无变化;随访前不均匀性骨化6个节段,随访时骨化块增大、密度改变。随访前MRI示骨化为无信号9个节段,随访时骨化块的形态、内部信号、对脊髓的压迫程度均无改变;随访前低信号18个节段,随访时15个节段有不同程度的生长,即对脊髓和硬膜囊的压迫程度加重,骨化块形态改变,3个节段只有骨化块信号的改变,脊髓的受压程度无明显变化。结论:胸椎黄韧带骨化多数病例为多节段,分布无明显规律性。骨化程度与对脊髓的压迫程度并不一致。CT和MRI检查可以作为判断胸椎黄韧带骨化是否成熟的手段。     

A histological study on osteosarcoma. Part II: The mode of local extension of osteosarcoma

The survival rate of patient with osteosarcoma has been increasing, owing to the development of adjuvant chemotherapy. Recently, the limb saving procedure in osteosarcoma has been attempted in many countries. Although we need knowledge about the mode of local extension of osteosarcoma in the planning of this surgery, there are few reports concerning the matter. The purpose of this paper is to make clear, morphologically, how tumor tissue extends across the epiphyseal plate, periosteum and bone marrow. The materials were 26 amputated extremities of osteosarcoma which had not received any chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Paraffin embedded macrosections were prepared and stained with HE and Masson stain. When epiphyseal plate was open or closing, 13 out of 14 cases (93%) showed transphyseal extension of tumor. Tumor extension along the vessels at the center of the plate and the epiphyseal artery was most common. Transmedullary extension showed three different types, infiltrative type (18 cases), lobular type (5 cases), and "skip" type (one case). None had capsule or pseudocapsule surrounding the tumor. As to the relationship between periosteal reaction and tumor involvement of cortex or medulla, periosteal reaction was located more proximally than cortical or medullary involvement in some cases. In other cases, however, cortical or medullary involvement was located more proximally than periosteal reaction. The gaps between the tips of the periosteal reaction and cortical or medullary involvement ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. In the transperiosteal extension, it was confirmed that tumor cells had invaded the periosteum along the vessels penetrating the periosteum.     

Bronchogenic carcinoma staging: CT versus MR imaging. Assessment with surgery

One hundred and twenty patients with bronchogenic carcinoma were prospectively studied by both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during the 2 weeks preceding thoracotomy or mediastinoscopy. MRI scans included contiguous axial and coronal slices. Results of CT and MRI studies were compared with the surgical and pathological findings on the basis of the TNM classification. Although no significant difference was found between the two imaging methods for the evaluation of tumour extent, MRI appears to be a valuable imaging technique for left upper lobe and apical neoplasms. Comparison between the two techniques for mediastinal node evaluation showed that sensitivity of MRI is superior to CT in the left paratracheal, aortopulmonary and subcarinal node areas.     

影像学评价长骨朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症

目的探讨长骨朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症(LCH)的影像学表现。方法回顾性分析7例经手术病理证实的LCH患者的综合影像学资料。7例均接受X线平片检查,6例接受CT,4例接受MR,6例接受ECT检查。分析各种影像学检查的表现和诊断价值。结果共8处长骨病灶,7处位于骨干部,1处在干骺端,X线平片和CT示8处病灶均表现为溶骨性骨质破坏,其中6处边界清楚,2处周缘见少许骨质增生;6处周围骨膜增生明显,其中2处表现为多层骨膜增生,4处病灶旁可见骨膜新生骨。4处病灶呈T1WI低-等信号,T2WI上呈均质或不均质高信号,病灶周围均见明显骨髓水肿和软组织肿胀。MRI显示软组织肿块2处。ECT示6例共7处病灶均表现为放射性浓聚区。结论长骨LCH影像学表现有一定特征性,应用综合影像学检查可更好地诊断。