垂直对天顶测量的紫外前向散射探测臭氧总量的可行性研究

选用SBDART模式作为大气辐射传输计算模式,通过模拟计算和结果分析探讨无云的晴天、垂直对天顶观测的紫外前向散射反演大气臭氧总量的可行性.计算表明,穿透能力与探测灵敏度之间的复杂联系使得探测波长应随着sΩ0的增大而波长变长,若用波长对探测,则波长对中较短的波长也应随着sΩ0的增大而增大.另外大气的臭氧总量越少,反演结果受下垫面反照率、气压和仪器精度的影响越大,因而反演误差越大.当强度Ii的测量精度为±1%时,下垫面反照率R和气压P0的分辨率分别达到±0.05和±50 hPa,若用单波长探测,则在大气臭氧总量Ω0和s都较小时,反演结果大于5%;若选用波长对进行探测,由于R和P0的误差对反演结果的影响降低,故精度大大提高.Ii,R和P0在上述精度下,选取适当的波长对进行探测,精度至少可达±4%,当臭氧总量高于350 DU时,可达±2%.      

后向散射辐射探测大气臭氧总量反演方法的改进

以SBDART模式作为辐射传输计算模式,在各种大气气溶胶存在的情况下利用现有的大气后向散射反演大气臭氧总量的Version7方法,模拟计算得到各种气溶胶存在时的大气臭氧总量,并分析了反演结果误差产生的原因.进一步提出根据斜气柱臭氧总量sΩ0,选择不同连续波长区间测量得到的后向散射强度来对臭氧总量的初估值Ω0进行修正的方法.将得到的结果与Version7的进行比较,证明了新方法的有效性.      

大气臭氧地基遥感反演的退卷积方法

本文提出了一种大气臭氧地基遥感信息处理的新方法,它利用非线性退卷积方法和等效仪器函数提高光谱分辨率,利用非线性最小二乘法进行大气臭氧反演计算,可以显着提高大气臭氧遥感的可探测高度和精度。      

多点磁场协同探测反演电离层电流密度

相对于传统的单点磁场探测,多点磁场协同探测可以同时获得各测点磁场,消除探测磁场随时间的变化,能更好地计算空间电流密度.根据由多点磁场反演计算空间电流密度的计算方法,开展数值仿真,分析卫星编队数量、卫星编队构型、卫星定位偏差、卫星姿态测量误差、磁场测量误差、外部磁场强度及外部电流密度等对电流反演误差的影响.仿真结果表明,5星编队优于4星编队.在5星编队条件下,卫星姿态测量误差、卫星编队构型和外部磁场强度是反演误差的主要来源.根据仿真结果,当卫星姿态误差为0.001°,卫星编队尺度约为100km时,赤道区域电流密度的反演相对误差约为24%.      

基于氧气A波段临近空间大气温度反演的贝叶斯与最小二乘法对比

基于氧气A波段的临边辐射模拟数据进行临近空间大气温度廓线的反演，分析比较了贝叶斯和最小二乘两种不同反演算法的特点.80km以下，信噪比为66～337时:基于贝叶斯理论反演的三条谱线761.59，762.2，764.05nm的反演误差平均值分别为5.52，3.94，4.73K；采用最小二乘法的反演误差平均值分别为10.57，7.04，8.80K.信噪比为6～34时:基于贝叶斯理论反演的三条谱线的反演误差平均值分别为18.27，12.18，18.27K；采用最小二乘法的反演误差平均值分别为103.18，68.79，85.98K.研究结果表明，基于贝叶斯理论的反演方法，利用先验信息对反演结果进行约束和修正，在有噪声的情况下获得了更合理的解，从而提高了反演精度和抗干扰能力.这为星载探测临近空间大气温度的算法研究和开发提供了参考，也为提高光谱仪器信噪比并进而提高温度反演精度提供了理论基础.      

掩星大气探测系统误差源分析

根据掩星大气探测反演原理,研究了影响系统产品精度的误差源,并对多普勒观测误差、天线相位中心变化误差、多路径误差、卫星质心变化误差、导航卫星钟飘、卫星姿态变化误差和精密定轨速度误差进行分析,根据工程实现可行性提出了系统误差分配建议,为掩星大气探测系统设计提供参考.      

基于数据网格化方法的低轨辐射带建模技术

地球辐射带中的高能带电粒子是引起航天器材料和器件性能退化甚至失效的主要空间环境因素.因此,航天器设计中所采用的辐射带模型的准确程度对于航天器的生存能力和航天任务的完成质量至关重要.在利用我国自主辐射带高能粒子探测数据进行的辐射带建模中,探测数据的空间网格化是一项非常重要的工作.介绍了我国辐射带探测数据的情况,以及辐射带建模的方法和步骤;重点研究了不同插值方法在低地球轨道(LEO)空间辐射带建模数据网格化中的应用,并开展了误差分析.研究结果表明:在各种常用的插值方法中,反距离加权法、自然邻点法和最近邻点法适合工程化应用.其中,反距离加权法生成的数据网格对粒子通量的反演结果精度最高,该方法采用低阶距离时得到的反演结果更为合理.      

三频信标高精度TEC测量新方法

电子总含量(TEC)是电离层探测的主要参量之一, 作为层析(CT)的输入参量, TEC测量精度直接影响电离层CT成像的结果. 过去主要采用双频信标测量TEC, 由于相位积分常数的求解、系统硬件延迟等误差, 使得TEC测量结果不能满足电离层CT高精度重建成像的要求. 三频相干信标技术的出现, 使得电离层天基测量技术有了新的发展. 提出了基于三频信标的传播时延-相位联合测量反演TEC的方法, 融合三频信标在电子密度随机起伏探测和相位积分常数计算两方面的优势, 进一步提高了TEC的测量精度. 模拟结果显示利用此方法的三频信标TEC测量结果提高了电离层CT的精度.      

基于树模型机器学习方法的GNSS-R海面风速反演

GNSS-R是基于GNSS卫星反射信号的一种新技术.GNSS-R技术可以运用到海面风场反演中，传统的GNSS-R技术反演海面风场主要有波形匹配和经验函数两种方法，风速反演精度约为2m·s-1.波形匹配方法耗时多，计算量大；经验函数方法通常只使用少量物理观测量，会造成信息浪费，损失一定的反演精度.为了提高海面风速的反演精度，引入机器学习领域常用的树模型算法决策树、随机森林、GBDT等对海面风速进行预测.利用GNSS-R与ECMWF数据构成训练集和验证集，训练集用于模型学习，验证集用于检验模型的反演效果.实验结果显示，决策树和随机森林预测误差约为0.6m·s-1，GBDT等算法的预测误差约为2m·s-1，满足风速反演要求.与GNSS-R传统反演方法相比，机器学习树模型算法效果更好，在验证集上表现稳定且误差较小.因此，可以将机器学习树模型算法运用到海面风速反演中.      

观测路径和光谱分辨率对吸收性气溶胶指数的影响

吸收性气溶胶指数（AAI）在监测污染物方面有较好的应用,其反演结果受边界层高度、云高、相对湿度以及仪器指标和观测几何路径等因素影响.利用大气辐射传输模型MODTRAN,对辐射传输方程中多次散射计算的不同近似方法和不同观测几何角度下的AAI进行模拟,研究这些因素对AAI结果的作用,并分析仪器光谱分辨率对AAI探测结果的影响.结果表明,折衷考虑计算效率与精度的情况下,应选择8流近似的离散坐标法进行带有多次散射计算的辐射方程解析.AAI在不同浓度和不同类型气溶胶下随观测角度变化的趋势相同:相对方位角<120°时,AAI误差在太阳天顶角和卫星方位角均为40°～60°时最大;相对方位角在120°～180°时误差均较小;光谱分辨率对AAI反演结果无明显影响.      

Validation of 9.6 μm ozone transmittances by spectral radiance satellite measurements

The accuracy of atmospheric transmittances is important in remote sensing applications. In this paper the atmospheric ozone transmittances in the 1042 cm^?1 ozone band were calculated for different temperatures and ozone profiles using line-by-line integration method. The absorption line parameters were taken from McClatchey's line parameter compilation. The transmittances were used to derive the main characteristics of the atmospheric ozone profile and the total ozone amount from radiance measurements of Meteor satellites.     

Ozone chemical equilibrium in the extended mesopause under the nighttime conditions

For retrieval of atomic oxygen and atomic hydrogen via ozone observations in the extended mesopause region (～70–100?km) under nighttime conditions, an assumption on photochemical equilibrium of ozone is often used in research. In this work, an assumption on chemical equilibrium of ozone near mesopause region during nighttime is proofed. We examine 3D chemistry-transport model (CTM) annual calculations and determine the ratio between the correct (modeled) distributions of the O₃ density and its equilibrium values depending on the altitude, latitude, and season.The results show that the retrieval of atomic oxygen and atomic hydrogen distributions using an assumption on ozone chemical equilibrium may lead to large errors below ～81–87?km. We give simple and clear semi-empirical criterion for practical utilization of the lower boundary of the area with ozone’s chemical equilibrium near mesopause.     

日全食期间中间层大气臭氧光化过程试验

利用包括活O_x、HO_x、和NO_x等成份在内的一维时变光化模式,研究了日全食时上中层大气臭氧和O₂(1△g)的变化特性,并通过与观测资料的比较进行了光化模式的试验.结果表明,日全食时太阳辐照变化对1.27μm气晖影响的高度比曙暮期间明显偏低,利用1.27μm气晖光度计测量大气臭氧的高度范围约为52-67km.1997年3月9日漠河日全食时测量的大气臭氧含量变化幅度为50％.这与考虑O_x、HO_x、和NO_x等成份的光化模式理论模拟结果基本一致.它表明在52-67km高度范围不存在臭氧亏损现象.      

Verification of satellite observations of stratospheric minor constituents

The TIROS-N operational meteorological satellite observing system will have the capability of determining global ozone amounts from two instruments by 1985. The TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) yields total ozone amounts through measurements of atmospheric infrared radiances. The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV/2) spectrometer yields total ozone amounts and vertical ozone profiles through measurements of the solar ultraviolet radiation backscattered by the atmosphere. The current operations plan calls for single satellites containing both instruments system with local afternoon equator crossing times. They will be launched at approximately 18 month intervals.The satellite ozone products will require verification using commonly accepted references. For total ozone, Dobson spectrophotometer determinations are to be used. For vertical profiles, no clear choice now exists among balloon-launched chemical sondes, rocket-launched optical sondes or Dobson Umkehr measurements. The applicability and use of these measurement systems are discussed with emphasis on the need for the verification data consistent with the operational satellite lifetimes.Another major source of data for verification is other satellite systems. Comparisons of vertical ozone profiles from several concurrent satellites is discussed. This includes results from SAGE, LIMS and SBUV.     

Bayesian approach to retrieval of vertical ozone profile from radiometry data

A technique for retrieving vertical distributions (profiles) of atmospheric gas constituents from data of passive remote sensing of the atmosphere is proposed. The goal of the technique based on the statistical (Bayesian) approach to solution of inverse problems is construction of probability distribution for a sought quantity throughout the interval of the studied heights. It is assumed that initial data contain measurement noise, and a priori information about properties of the profile is used. It is proposed to approximate the sought profile by a function in the form of an artificial neural network. This approximation allows optimal inclusion of a priori information into retrieval procedure, thus ensuring the most effective regularization of the problem. Efficiency of the proposed technique is demonstrated on an example of retrieval of vertical ozone profile from data of ground-based sounding of the atmosphere in the millimeter wavelength range. Results of profile retrieval from model data and from spectra of radiation temperature of the atmosphere measured in the Apatity (67° N, 33° E) in the winter of 2002–2003 are presented.     

臭氧9.6μ带总吸收比的实验测定

在室温(约18℃)下测定了臭氧(O₃)9.6μ带的总吸收比,O₃含量在0.0188-0.5atmcm,压力在17—760mmHg之间。实验中使用了十字型吸收池,其一支通过紫外线,用以测量臭氧含量;另一支通过红外线,用以测量臭氧9.6μ带的总吸收比。对实验数据应用光谱模式理论进行了分析和处理,结果表明本实验资料与统计模式符合。最后给出了适用于统计模式的带参数。      

A new non-LTE retrieval method for atmospheric parameters from mipas-envisat emission spectra

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) is a high-resolution limb sounder on board the European polar platform ENVISAT, scheduled to be launched in 2001. A large number of atmospheric trace gases relevant to stratospheric ozone chemistry and global change are expected to be retrieved from the IR spectra covering a wide spectral range. While operational data analysis under responsibility of the European Space Agency is limited to conditions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), the analysis of limb radiances affected by non-LTE is left to scientific institutions. In this paper we present an innovative non-LTE retrieval method as part of the MIPAS semi-operational data processor developed at the Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK). The new approach enables the treatment of vibrational, rotational, and spin non-LTE as well as a dependence of the non-LTE state distribution on the retrieval target quantities. In a case study, the method has been tested for its application to the non-LTE analysis of 5.3 μm MIPAS radiances. The fundamental ro-vibrational band of nitric oxide emitting at 5.3 μm shows strong non-LTE effects arising from vibrational excitation of stratospheric NO and superposed thermospheric non-LTE emissions. A conventional non-LTE retrieval approach using ab initio vibrational temperatures of NO cannot be applied due to rotational and spin non-LTE in the thermosphere, and the dependence of stratospheric vibrational temperatures on the NO abundance itself. The ability of the developed non-LTE inversion tool to retrieve stratospheric NO abundances is demonstrated by retrieval simulations. The further application of this method to the simultaneous retrieval of NO and kinetic temperature in the thermosphere and the retrieval of important non-LTE process parameters has also been tested.