"十二五"机动车氮氧化物减排对策初探——以南京市为例

诸多研究表明,机动车作为氮氧化物的主要贡献源之一,对城市大气环境的影响十分明显,以南京市第一次全国污染源普查的相关数据为基础,对南京市机动车氮氧化物的排放量进行了核算,并从机动车淘汰工程、机动车油品替代工程2方面对机动车的氮氧化物减排潜力进行情景分析,以期为南京市机动车氮氧化物的减排工作提供对策和措施.     

沈阳市机动车氮氧化物排放现状及“十二五”防治对策建议

通过对沈阳市机动车氮氧化物排放现状分析及＂十二五＂发展情况预测,提出了从控制单车排放、提升油品质量、改善道路工况等方面防治机动车氮氧化物对策建议。     

黑龙江省“十二五”机动车氮氧化物控制对策

摘要：黑龙江省机动车保有量不断增长,其氮氧化物占全省排放总量的三分之一。本文从提高新车准入门槛、强化在用车监管、加强非道路用动力机械的管理、大力发展公共交通、鼓励绿色出行和积极发展新能源汽车等几个面阐述对机动车氮氧化物排放的控制对策。     

上海市中心城区氮氧化物的污染特征分析及治理对策研究

近年来,随着经济的迅速发展,氮氧化物的污染问题日益严重,上海市徐汇区地处市中心,氮氧化物的污染受多方面因素的影响.根据徐家汇公园、上师大及华泾镇三个监测点的监测数据,空气中氮氧化物在冬季的污染程度高,夏季情况良好.华泾监测点的污染情况较严重,污染主要受工业污染源及机动车尾气污染的影响.综上所述,氮氧化物的污染呈季节性变化趋势,冬季污染程度高,夏季污染程度低.氮氧化物污染主要影响因素包括工业尾气排放,化学燃料燃烧以及机动车尾气的排放.     

全国机动车氮氧化物总量减排——《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》（第Ⅵ部分）

环境保护部目前发布《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》,公布了2012年全国机动车污染排放状况。本期“研究成果展示”专栏以六篇形式连载。本文刊载关于全国机动车氮氧化物总量减排的内容,以飨读者。     

汽车尾气污染与燃气汽车

广东省随着经济的持续发展,机动车辆迅速增加,机动车尾气污染已成为全省城镇大气污染的主要元凶。1996年广东全省已拥有机动车辆517万辆,比1990年增加2.3倍;年耗汽油350万吨,排放大气污染物60万吨,是1990年的三倍。全省21个市有10个城市的氮氧化物日平均值超标,其中广州市最严重,氮氧化物日平均值超标率达45.2％,是全国氮氧化物污染最严重的城市之一,大气污染已由原来的煤烟型向光化学雾发展。为了加强机动车尾气污染管理,全省大部分市依照国家有关法规,建立了机动车尾气年检制度,把机动车尾气检测纳入年检必测项     

流动源对齐齐哈尔市城区空气质量影响的研究

本文以现场监测数据为基础，以汽车排放的氮氧化物为研究对象，运用多元线性回归理论，研究了机动车数量对城区氮氧化物浓度的影响程度及城区主要街道氮氧化物浓度的扩散模式，对主要街道氮氧化物浓度进行了预测，并提出了治理建议。     

实施机动车综合管控措施,防治大气污染

正当前,中国大气污染已呈现出煤烟和机动车尾气复合型的污染特征。从美国、欧洲等先进国家和地区大气污染防治经验来看,机动车排放是雾霾和臭氧污染的重要来源,尽管机动车尾气中所含的一次颗粒物浓度不高。但尾气中含有的氮氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物,反应后产生大量二次颗粒物,成为PM2.5的重要来源。此外,氮氧化物和挥发性有机物发生光化学反应,还会产生臭氧等氧化剂,使二次颗粒物爆发     

四川省氮氧化物排放现状及控制对策研究

由于氮氧化物的危害日益加剧,通过对2010年度四川省氮氧化物排放现状特征和对大气环境质量的影响分析,确定了四川省氮氧化物重点控制行业为--火电行业、水泥制品业、机动车污染源。对中国和四川省的氮氧化物控制要求进行了整理,找出现行氮氧化物监控和管理手段存在的不足,确认对氮氧化物重点控制行业需要综合相应法规、政策、技术规范等,采取行业技术控制和宏观政策控制的综合减排模式,并提出了相应的控制技术和控制政策。     

浙江省机动车主要污染物减排关键因素分析研究

浙江省机动车主要污染物减排是＂十二五＂大气主要污染物减排的重要组成部分,为完成国家下达的机动车主要污染物减排目标,根据浙江省机动车保有量及污染物排放量现状,预测＂十二五＂期间机动车增长带来的污染物排放情况,着重分析影响浙江省机动车氮氧化物排放量的关键因素,并从淘汰＂黄标车＂、提高油品质量和加强管理等方面提出相应减排对策,分析浙江省机动车主要污染物的减排可达性。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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