全面质量管理在环境监测工作中的应用

本文运用全面质量管理的质量管理方法,对环境监测质量保证体系提出了新的要求.环境监测全面质量管理应是全面质量的管理;是综合性的质量管理;是全过程的质量管理;是全员性的质量管理.它在环境监测工作中对监测质量的提高起到较好的作用.     

环境监测实验室实施质量监督的探讨

文章重点探讨环境监测实验室实施质量监督的内容,强调监测的公正性与诚实度是质量监督的首要任务,指出监测全过程质量监督的重点环节。明确质量监督在监测质量管理和维护质量管理体系有效运行中的强有力支撑作用,扼要介绍质量监督的实施和效果评价。     

基于使用者感知视角的海滩质量评价——以广东省汕头市青澳湾为例

旅游海滩质量是影响海滩旅游的重要因素。本研究主要分析了使用者感知视角下旅游海滩质量的主要影响因子,通过探索性因子分析方法构建了自然资源质量感知、自然环境质量感知、服务质量感知、设施质量感知和条件质量感知为主的海滩质量评价体系,并以广东省汕头市青澳湾海滩为例开展了实例研究。采用问卷调查获取使用者旅游海滩质量感知评价数据。得出结论如下:青澳湾海滩使用者对海滩自然环境质量评价最高,对设施质量评价最低,总体质量评价为63.41分。评价体系实证了海滩质量影响因素,可为海滩环境管理提供参考。     

基于综合指数的湖北省耕地质量变化分析

在综合界定耕地质量内涵的基础上,构建了耕地质量变化的评价指标体系和评估模型,以此为基础,对1995—2005年湖北省耕地质量的动态变化进行了分析。研究表明:湖北省耕地综合质量变化总体呈现波动上升趋势,但体现耕地综合质量的耕地本底质量、经济质量与生态质量变化差异显著。耕地本底质量自20世纪90年代中期到本世纪初变化平缓,整体波动较小;耕地经济质量在1995—1999年间提升迅速,2000年后基本保持平稳,但最近几年有波动下降的趋势;耕地生态质量自20世纪90年代中期以来呈缓慢下降趋势,近几年下降趋势有所缓和;耕地综合质量在1999年之前平稳上升,之后又呈现缓慢下降趋势。影响湖北省耕地综合质量变化的主导因子是耕地的经济质量与生态质量的波动,这与不同时期湖北省社会经济与资源环境发展的侧重有关,而耕地的本底质量变化对耕地综合质量变化的影响较小。研究采用的综合指数法能较全面地体现区域耕地质量变化的综合特点,且能反映区域耕地质量变化的一般过程。     

环境监测质量监督的现状分析及措施

环境监测质量监督是保证环境监测工作质量的重要环节.本文通过对当前环境监测质量监督现状分析,结合自身多年的质量管理经验,提出来一些实施质量监督的措施和建议.     

工作场所有害因素检测的质量控制

按照工作场所有害因素检测的环节和过程,把质量控制分为现场采样的质量控制,样品交接、流转和贮存的质量控制,实验室分析的质量控制,数据处理和报告编制的质量控制。对工作场所有害因素检测各个环节中的关键点质量控制进行了讨论,提出质量控制的具体要求。     

水质自动监测站运营外包的质量管理研究

围绕水质自动监测站运营外包的质量管理,概述了水站系统运行过程中的质量保证和质量控制,在分析环境保护监测站在政府外包监测任务中所起作用的基础上,通过项目服务需求的编写、现场质量监督、质量控制措施、质量评价和运用智能化软件提高质控效率等五方面详述了关于水质自动监测站运营外包质量管理的关键点,并且重点阐述了对水站运维服务的质量监督和评价,以期为政府及其下属环境保护监测站关于环境监测任务外包的质量管理方面提供一定的借鉴.     

论影响环境监测工作质量的几个因素

影响环境监测工作质量的因素有诸多方面,文章简要阐述了六个影响因素:法制管理是保证工作质量的核心;领导重视是保证工作质量的首要条件;人员素质管理是保证工作质量的基础;技术标准管理是保证工作质量的关键;科技创新是保证工作质量的源泉;质量体系审核和评审是保证工作质量的动力.它们是有机组成的整体,缺一不可,也不能互相隔裂.     

浅析如何提高环境监测质量管理

环境监测质量管理工作,是指在环境监测的全过程中位保证监测数据和信息的代表性、准确性、精密性、可比性和完整性所实施的全部活动和措施,包括质量策划、质量保证、质量控制、质量改进和质量监督等内容,是环境监测工作的重要组成部分。加强环境监测质量管理,就要提高对环境监测质量管理工作重要性的认识,把环境监测质量管理贯穿到环境监测工作的全过程,建立健全环境监测质量管理体系并使之有效运行并持续改进,积极开展外部质量控制和内部质量保证活动,加强监测能力建设及监测人才培养,加强现场监测质量管理,全面提升环境监测整体水平,提供准确可靠的环境监测数据和信息,为政府决策和环境管理等提供科学依据。     

国外环境分析实验室质量管理

介绍了美国环境分析实验室的质量管理模式,以及分析过程的质量保证和质量控制措施。探讨了质量控制图在环境分析中的运用及实验室的质量保证和质量控制的一些新设想,以期提高国内环境分析实验室的质量管理水平。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.