多源DEM融合的高差拟合神经网络方法

本文侧重于介绍智能化摄影测量机器学习的高差拟合神经网络方法。观测手段和处理方式等限制导致全球高质量无缝DEM数据的缺乏,进而制约了它在水文、地质、气象及军事等领域的应用。本文提出了一种基于高差拟合神经网络的多源DEM融合方法,尝试融合全球DEM产品SRTM1、ASTER GDEM v2和激光雷达测高数据ICESat GLAS。首先,根据ICESat GLAS的相关参数及与DEM数据的高程差值,结合坡度自适应的思想设置高差阈值对ICESat GLAS进行滤波,剔除异常数据点。然后,以ICESat GLAS数据为控制点,利用神经网络模型拟合ASTER GDEM v2的误差分布。以地形坡度信息和经纬度坐标作为网络输入,ICESat GLAS和ASTER GDEM v2的高程差值作为目标输出,训练得到预测高差,将其与ASTER GDEM v2高程值相加即可获得校正结果。最后,引入TIN差分曲面的方法,利用校正后的ASTER GDEM v2高程值对SRTM1的数据空洞进行填充,融合生成空间无缝DEM。本文通过随机选取数据进行真实试验,对模型进行了精度验证,并给出了处理结果的定量评价和目视效果。结果表明,不论是空洞还是整体区域,本文方法相比其他DEM数据集和其他方法的处理结果都能够在RMSE上表现出优势,同时,本文提出的方法能够有效克服ASTER GDEM中异常值的影响,得到空间无缝DEM。     

我国东部地区ASTER GDEM高程精度评价

为了解我国ASTER GDEM数据高程精度,在考虑空间分布的情况下,选取我国东部辽宁、山东、浙江和海南4个地区的平原、丘陵、山地等作为典型研究区,并以1∶5万DEM为假定真值、以1∶25万DEM为参照,通过DEM面误差可视化分析和DEM面误差信息熵模型等方法对ASTER GDEM数据的高程精度做了分析。结果表明:ASTER GDEM数据高程误差在整个地图上分布是否均匀与其高程精度高低无决定关系;在山地和丘陵地形研究区,其数据高程精度要高于SRTM DEM和1∶25万DEM。总体来看,中国东部地区ASTER GDEM数据高程精度整体上要高于SRTM DEM和1∶25万DEM,但低于1∶10万DEM。     

利用随机森林回归算法校正ASTER GDEM高程误差

通过构建ASTER GDEM(advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer global digital elevation model)高程误差与影响因子间的关系模型,可对其高程精度进行有效校正。选取陕北黄土高原境内长武、宜君、甘泉、延川4个不同地貌类型的样区,以1∶5万DEM(digital elevation model)作为参考数据,经过数据预处理后,计算各点位高程误差值及相关地形因子和地表覆盖指数;提取一定数量的采样点和检验点,引入随机森林回归算法,建立高程误差预测模型,以对高程精度进行校正,并与多元回归模型进行比较分析。实验结果表明,ASTER GDEM的高程误差特征与地形条件有较强的相关性;随机森林回归预测模型整体上优于多元回归模型,具有较好的适用性与误差校正效果,可分别将长武、宜君、甘泉、延川的高程误差均值减小3.08 m、3.00 m、3.61 m和6.95 m。     

基于SRTM-ASTER融合数据的河网提取

在分析SRTM、ASTER GDEM数据源基本特征的基础上,融合了一种直接面向河网提取的数据——SRTM-ASTER,利用SRTM数据较高的垂直分辨率修正ASTER GDEM,弥补了SRTM水平分辨率上的不足;引入Landsat-8遥感卫星数据提取真实河网,分析在有(无)河网辅助条件下融合数据的提取效果,并以总长度、支流数目、套合差为特征指标进行分析.研究结果表明:1)SRTM-ASTER数据提取的河网能综合SRTM和ASTER GDEM数据的优势,提取精度较好,但河流长度以及支流数目有所减少;2)有河网辅助的条件下,经过AGREE算法进行河网纠正以后,提取结果的精度有显著提高.     

采用小波分析的SRTM DEM与ASTER DEM数据融合

为了利用航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务数字高程模型(SRTM DEM)与先进星载热反射和反辐射仪数字高程模型(ASTER DEM)的互补信息,提出基于小波分析的多源DEM数据融合方法,以我国秦岭典型高山峡谷地貌类型区为试验样区,选取相同位置的SRTM DEM与ASTER DEM数据,通过重采样、数据配准等步骤形成融合数据源;对小波分解的低频系数作基于邻域像素关联性的融合,高频系数采用像素点绝对值取大的融合,生成融合DEM。并把融合前与融合后的数据分别与1∶5万高程库数据作精度比较,总体统计与抽样检查表明融合DEM精度较源数据均得到了提高。该融合技术为应用SRTM DEM与ASTER DEM生成精度和可靠性更高的DEM产品提供了可行方案。     

ASTER GDEM与SRTM3高程差异影响因素分析

作为最新发布的全球地形数据,ASTER GDEM比目前常用的SRTM3数据有着更高的分辨率和更广的覆盖范围,对于相关地学分析具有重要意义。本文以华中地区为研究区域,对ASTER GDEM与SRTM3数据进行了比较,重点分析了坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、生成ASTER GDEM栅格点高程数据所用的ASTER DEM影像数等因素对2种DEM数据高程差异的影响。结果表明,在研究区域内,ASTER GDEM高程比SRTM3高程平均低5.42 m,两种DEM数据高程差异的RMS值为16.90 m;ASTER GDEM与SRTM3之间的高程差异随着坡度、地形起伏度、植被覆盖度的增大而增大,而ASTER DEM影像数越大,高程差异越小;坡向、土地利用类型对高程差异也有影响。     

对ASTER GDEM数字高程模型的精度评价及修正

针对ASTER GDEM高程精度还未得到充分验证,以江西省莲花县为试验区,使用ICESat-2数据系统分析了ASTER GDEM在坡度、地形起伏度和土地利用类型中的误差分布。结果表明,ASTER GDEM受坡度、地形起伏度影响严重,随坡度、地形起伏度增加,GDEM误差呈上升趋势;对于不同土地利用类型,GDEM误差存在较大差异,在水域误差最大,在建设用地误差最小。最后,使用后向传播神经网络(BPNN)对莲花县ASTER GDEM修正,结果发现BPNN模型可以有效改善其高程精度。     

ASTER GDEM V2的南极冰川高程误差校正及精度分析

ASTER GDEM V2是研究南极冰盖表面的一种重要DEM数据源。由于南极冰雪区反射率高且缺乏地形特征，导致ASTER GDEM V2存在大量的坑、隆起等噪声，难以直接用于南极地形分析。本文以ICESat/GLAS激光点高程数据作为参考，采用修正等高线法对南极伯德（Byrd）冰川ASTER GDEM V2进行了误差校正，并将其与ICESat-1 DEM的垂直精度进行了对比分析。结果表明：ASTER GDEM V2的RMSE由校正前的26.56 m下降到校正后的18.77 m，远低于ICESat-1 DEM的RMSE（121.24 m）；校正后的ASTER GDEM V2高程精度受坡度影响较小，不存在明显的系统误差，而ICESat-1 DEM的高程精度受坡度的影响较大。本研究进一步通过地形剖面分析得到：校正前的ASTER GDEM V2噪声主要分布于高程较低、地形平坦的区域，通过修正等高线的方法可以有效去除这些噪声，去除噪声后的ASTER GDEM V2可作为研究伯德冰川理想的DEM数据源。     

利用车载动态PPP技术检核SRTM、ASTER GDEM和AW3D模型的高程精度

SRTM、ASTER GDEM和AW3D是比较有代表性的全球数字高程模型。本文探讨了采用车载动态PPP技术对上述3类模型的区域高程精度进行检核,首先沿广州至肇庆公路进行连续数据采集,采用动态精密单点定位（PPP）技术解算动态点的WGS-84坐标;然后利用EGM2008重力场模型和仪器高获得动态点的正常高;最后采用4种不同的插值方法对SRTM、ASTER GDEM和AW3D模型进行高程检验。检核结果显示：不同的插值方法具有较好的一致性,SRTM3 V4.1、ASTER GDEM V2、AW3D30的高程标准差分别优于3.4 m、4.1 m和3.3 m,均优于其全球标称高程精度;本文检核方法快速高效,有较好的适用性。     

全球数字高程产品概述

随着世界各国乃至全球信息化和数字化的发展以及全球化热点问题的研究,高精度、高分辨率全球数字高程产品在广泛的应用领域中扮演着越来越重要的角色。为了方便不同用户根据个人需求选择合适的数据产品,本文首先论述了数字高程产品的精度衡量指标,并对其常用的指标进行等价描述,以便不同数字产品之间的比较分析;然后从全球化高程数据的获取方式出发,经由最初的多源数据融合,到后续基于光学立体摄影测量及合成孔径雷达干涉测量InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)的全球测图,对其发展的ETOPO、GTOPO30、GMTED2010、ASTER GDEM、AW3D30、SRTM及TanDEM-X DEM全球化数据产品的主要性质和特点进行详细介绍,并简单概括了不同数字产品的发展历程。在此基础上,本文以宁夏回族自治区吴忠市一座山脉为例,通过定性及定量对比的方式详细分析了1″及3″经纬度格网分辨率下的数字高程产品。分析表明,对于采用同一种技术手段生产的数字高程产品,AW3D30及ASTER GDEM均展现出相对丰富的地貌细节特征,均优于SRTM及TanDEM-X DEM产品,但ASTER GDEM产品颗粒效应明显,且产品精度较低;而TanDEM-X DEM是从更高分辨率产品重采样获取,因此相对平滑;就数字高程产品的高程精度而言,TanDEM-X DEM产品精度最高,其次为AW3D30及SRTM产品,均远优于由多源数据融合获取的全球数字产品。     

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of TanDEM-X DEM over western Himalayan glaciated terrain

Glaciers have a high impact in the socio-economic sectors including water supply, energy production, flood and avalanches. A high precision digital elevation model (DEM) is required to monitor glaciers and to study various glacier processes. The present study deals with the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the DEM generated from the bistatic TanDEM-X data by comparing it with GPS, Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) data and standard global DEMs such as Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global DEM (ASTER GDEM). The study area consists of highly undulating glaciated terrain in western Himalaya, India. The results reveal that TanDEM-X is slightly better than SRTM both qualitatively and quantitatively, whereas ASTER GDEM showing maximum discrepancy among the three DEMs. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the TanDEM-X DEM with respect to GPS is 3.5 m at lower relief and 11.9 m at glaciated terrain, against 6.7 and 12.5 m for SRTM and 9.3 and 19.8 m for ASTER GDEM, respectively, for the same sites. On an average, for the whole study area, the RMSE of TanDEM-X is 7.9 m, SRTM is 9.3 m and ASTER GDM is 14.2 m. The RMSE of TanDEM-X, SRTM and ASTER GDEM with respect to ICESat are 16.3, 19.9 and 101.1 m, respectively. It is evident from the analysis that though SRTM is closer to TanDEM-X in terms of accuracy in the mountainous terrain, however, TanDEM-X will be more useful for studying glacier dynamics and topography.     

不同格网密度的DSM/DEM对影像分类精度的影响研究

在无控制点的卫星影像正射校正中,大多采用DSM/DEM数据作为辅助数据来消除或限制因地形起伏引起的形变,然而经不同格网密度的DSM/DEM正射校正后的影像对后续处理会产生不同程度的影响,如对地物分类精度产生影响。针对这一问题,本文分别采用不同的DSM/DEM数据(China DSM 15 m、ASTER GDEM 30 m和SRTM 90 m)对资源三号影像进行正射校正,然后对正射校正后影像利用支持向量机进行分类,比较正射校正后影像结果的分类精度。结果表明:在相同重采样方法下,影像经China DSM 15 m DSM正射校正后结果的分类精度优于ASTER GDEM 30 m DEM和SRTM 90 m DEM。     

中国及周边区域ASTERGDEM与SRTMDEM高程对比分析及互补修复

本文分析了ASTER GDEM和SRTM DEM的获取方式,通过对两者在中国及周边区域高程的对比分析,得出两者高程间存在系统误差,前者高程比后者平均低4.9m。ASTER GDEM在许多区域特别是水域及高山区常存在明显粗差;SRTM DEM在特别是高山区域会出现空白区域,但其有效区域层次清晰、细节分明,无明显粗差,可靠性高。经过填补及高差约束限制修复,生成了无空白区域的SRTM DEM和可靠性更高的ASTER GDEM。     

Vertical accuracy assessment of freely available digital elevation models over low-lying coastal plains

The frequency of coastal flood damages is expected to increase significantly during the twenty-first century as sea level rises in the coastal floodplain. Coastal digital elevation model (DEM) data describing coastal topography are essential for assessing future flood-related damages and understanding the impacts of sea-level rise. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) are currently the most accurate and freely available DEM data. However, an accuracy assessment specifically targeted at DEMs over low elevation coastal plains is lacking. The present study focuses on these areas to assess the vertical accuracy of SRTM and ASTER GDEM using Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite, Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (ICESat/GLAS) and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System (GPS) field survey data. The findings show that DEM accuracy is much better than the mission specifications over coastal plains. In addition, optical remote sensing image analysis further reveals the relationship between DEM vertical accuracy and land cover in these areas. This study provides a systematic approach to assess the accuracy of DEMs in coastal zones, and the results highlight the limitations and potential of these DEMs in coastal applications.     

Vertical accuracy evaluation of freely available latest high-resolution (30 m) global digital elevation models over Cameroon (Central Africa) with GPS/leveling ground control points.

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) contain topographic relief data that are vital for many geoscience applications. This study relies on the vertical accuracy of publicly available latest high-resolution (30?m) global DEMs over Cameroon. These models are (1) the ALOS World 3D-30?m (AW3D30), (2) the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 1 Arc-Second C-Band Global DEM (SRTM 1) and (3) the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Global DEM Version 2 (ASTER GDEM 2). After matching their coordinate systems and datums, the horizontal positional accuracy evaluation was carried out and it shows that geolocation errors significantly influence the vertical accuracy of global DEMs. After this, the three models are compared among them, in order to access random and systematic effects in the elevation data each of them contains. Further, heights from 555 GPS/leveling points distributed all over Cameroon are compared to each DEM, for their vertical accuracy determination. Traditional and robust statistical measures, normality test, outlier detection and removal were used to describe the vertical quality of the DEMs. The test of the normality rejected the hypothesis of normal distribution for all tested global DEMs. Overall vertical accuracies obtained for the three models after georeferencing and gross error removal in terms of Root Mean Square (RMS) and Normalized Median Absolute Deviation (NMAD) are: AW3D30 (13.06?m and 7.75?m), SRTM 1 (13.25?m and 7.41?m) and ASTER GDEM 2 (18.87?m and 13.30?m). Other accuracy measures (MED, 68.3% quantile, 95% quantile) supply some evidence of the good quality of AW3D30 over Cameroon. Further, the effect of land cover and slope on DEM vertical accuracy was also analyzed. All models have proved to be worse in the areas dominated by forests and shrubs areas. SRTM 1 and AW3D30 are more resilient to the effects of the scattering objects respectively in forests and cultivated areas. The dependency of DEMs accuracy on the terrain roughness is evident. In all slope intervals, AW3D30 is performing better than SRTM 1 and ASTER GDEM 2 over Cameroon. AW3D30 is more representative of the external topography over Cameroon in comparison with two others datasets and SRTM 1 can be a serious alternative to AW3D30 for a range of DEM applications in Cameroon.     

Accuracy assessment of GDEM,SRTM, and DLR-SRTM in Northeastern China

This paper compares the accuracy of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) C-band and German Aerospace Centre (DLR)-SRTM X-band digital elevation models (DEMs) with the Ziyuan 3 (ZY-3) stereoscopic DEM and ground control points (GCPs). To date, the horizontal error of these DEMs has received little attention in accuracy assessments. Using the ZY-3 DEM as reference, this study examines (1) the horizontal offset between the three DEMs and the reference DEM using the normalised cross-correlation method, (2) the vertical accuracy of those DEMs using kinematic GPS data and (3) the relationship between the three DEMs and the reference ZY-3 DEM. The results show that the SRTM and DLR-SRTM have greater vertical accuracy after applying horizontal offset correction, whereas the vertical accuracy of the ASTER GDEM is less than the other two DEMs. These methods and results can be useful for researchers who use DEMs for various applications.