海洋有毒甲藻Coolia monotis的研究 II.培养条件的测定

1 998年 5— 9月 ,通过培养实验 ,研究了海洋底栖性有毒甲藻Cooliamonotis人工培养生长所需的理化条件。结果表明 ,培养水体深度较小而水平横截面积较大有利于获得较高产量。温度 1 6— 3 2℃、盐度 2 4— 3 8、K培养液浓度系列 1 /8K— 2K、培养液pH为 6 .5— 9.5都可存活 ,最大指数期平均生长率为 0 .6 9division·d- 1 ,获得的最大细胞密度为 6× 1 0 4 cells·ml- 1 ,是一种适应性较强的微藻。保种条件以温度 2 4℃、盐度 3 4、培养液浓度K ,pH为8.0为佳。     

海洋有毒甲藻Coolia monotis的研究Ⅱ.培养条件的测定

1 998年5-9月,通过培养实验,研究了海洋底栖性有毒甲藻Coolia monotis人工培养生长所需的理化条件.结果表明,培养水体深度较小而水平横截面积较大有利于获得较高产量.温度16-32℃、盐度24-38、K培养液浓度系列1/8K-2K、培养液pH为6.5-9.5都可存活,最大指数期平均生长率为0.69 division@d-1,获得的最大细胞密度为6×104cells@m1-1,是一种适应性较强的微藻.保种条件以温度24℃、盐度34、培养液浓度K,pH为8.0为佳.     

强壮前沟藻(Amphidinium carterae Hulburt)形态特征及其生长特性研究

采用实验室内单种分离培养方法，对强壮前沟藻Amphidinium carterae Hulburt进行光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察、鉴定，描述其形态特征。采用多因子影响强壮前沟藻生长的方法，在不同温度(18℃、23℃、28℃)、不同盐度(10、17、24、30、35)和不同的光照条件下(3800lx、2400lx)的生长情况，以及各种条件组合的相互作用关系，进行了环境因子对该藻生长特性影响的研究。结果表明，细胞最大生长率的最适温度、光照、盐度条件分别为18℃、3800lx、30。根据强壮前沟藻的生长特性，初步探讨了温度、光照、盐度对该藻形成赤潮的影响。     

温、盐度及营养盐对不同藻株塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响

利用2001年11月至2003年2月从长江口、闽江口和北部湾水域表层沉积物中分离的休眠孢囊,萌发获得三株塔玛亚历山大藻,并研究了温度、盐度、营养盐对它们生长的影响。实验结果表明,来源于三个不同海区的藻株在水温32℃的条件下均无法存活,温度对长江口藻株(ATDH01)及广西北部湾藻株(ATGX02)的生长有极显著影响(P<0.01),而对闽江口藻株(ATMJ02)的生长无显著影响(P>0.05)。不同海区的藻株,其生长特性有明显差异,ATDH01藻株最适生长温度为24℃,最适生长盐度为30,且在盐度15和35仍有较高的生长率;而ATMJ02藻株及ATGX02藻株最适生长温度分别为24℃和20℃,最适生长盐度范围为20～30,盐度超出此范围生长率明显降低。ATDH01藻株的生长繁殖能力最强。营养盐对三个不同海区藻株生长的影响基本一致,在低P(1.2μmol/L)组中,三株藻的指数生长期较短,细胞密度明显的低于f/2组;而在低N(44μmol/L)组中,虽然在培养初期,三株藻的细胞生长明显快于f/2组,但在生长后期由于氮的限制,最终细胞密度仍低于f/2组。     

利用响应面法优化鼠尾藻幼苗生长条件的研究

利用响应面方法优化并确定了鼠尾藻幼苗生长的最佳生态因子组合条件。采用单因子实验方法,分别测定在不同温度、光照强度和盐度条件下鼠尾藻幼苗的特定生长率,结果发现,温度、光照强度和盐度分别为18℃、8 000lx和28时,其特定生长率最大。以单因子实验结果进行估算,确定了温度、光照强度和盐度的水平范围,根据Box-Behnken中心组合设计,采用多因子实验方法进一步测定了鼠尾藻幼苗特定生长率。利用响应面法对中心组合实验数据进行分析,结合验证实验,确定了鼠尾藻幼苗生长的最佳生态因子组合条件为温度17.74℃、光照强度7 449.27lx、盐度29.08,在该条件下鼠尾藻幼苗特定生长率为6.28%,高于单因子实验和Box-Behnken中心组合设计试验中测定的鼠尾藻幼苗特定生长率。研究表明,响应面法优化鼠尾藻幼苗生长的生态因子组合条件,可用于指导鼠尾藻幼苗早期培育,同时为鼠尾藻生态学、养殖学和鼠尾藻规模化繁育提供理论依据。     

利用双因素实验和单藻培养方法研究温度和盐度对短节硬毛藻(Chaetomorpha brachygona Harvey)生长发育的影响

提要 利用双因素实验和单藻培养等方法,对采自广东南澳岛的短节硬毛藻Chaetomorpha brachygona Harvey进行了研究。在不同温度和盐度条件下,对该硬毛藻的生长、活力以及形态进行了观察与测定。结果表明,温度和盐度对短节硬毛藻的生长均有一定影响,当温度为20℃时,藻体培养第3、6和12天活力分别为0.70—0.75Y、0.60—0.70Y和0.55—0.65Y,培养12天时藻体有生殖细胞形成,此温度有利于藻体维持活力;温度为25—30℃时,培养第3天时会大量形成生殖细胞;在盐度10、20、40和50时,藻体的生长与温度相关,即30℃>25℃>20℃;在盐度20—30时,藻体长度最大达4.55 cm;在盐度10—30时,更有利于藻体生长,整体趋势为20>30>10>40>50。因此,实验条件下,温度25—30℃、盐度10—30更利于短节硬毛藻的生长和形成生殖细胞。本实验表明,短节硬毛藻为暖水、广盐性种,有可能在我国南方海区大量生长并扩散,具有引发绿潮的潜力。     

温度、盐度对具齿原甲藻生长的影响及其与中肋骨条藻的比较

在无菌条件下,单种培养具齿原甲藻以研究温度和盐度对其生长的影响。实验设计了5个温度梯度和6个盐度梯度,并计算了不同培养条件下藻细胞在指数生长期的比生长率。实验结果表明：具齿原甲藻生长的最适温、盐范围分别为22℃和25～31。温度对藻类生长的影响比盐度的要明显得多,而且藻生长的最适盐度有随着温度升高向低盐度偏移的趋势。同时,实验研究了同样条件下中肋骨条藻的生长情况,并与具齿原甲藻进行了比较,以试图探讨东海大规模爆发具齿原甲藻赤潮的原因。     

环境因子对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的综合影响

利用多因子实验设计,研究了主要环境因子温度、盐度和光照强度对麻痹性贝毒产毒藻——塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)生长的影响.经三维ANOVA统计分析(Tukey test)结果表明,在实验条件范围内(温度12,19,25,32℃;盐度10,18,25,30,35和光照强度0.02×1016,0.08×1016,0.3×1016,1.6×1016s-1/cm2),温度、光照强度和盐度对藻生长率有显著的影响(P<0.001).光照强度和温度、盐度和温度、光照强度和盐度以及这3个因子之间存在显著的相互作用(P<0.001),在本实验中该藻生长的最适条件是19℃,1.6×1016s-1/cm2,盐度30.根据塔玛亚历山大藻的生长特性,我们探讨了这些环境因子在塔玛亚历山大藻赤潮形成机制中的作用.     

温度、盐度和密度交互作用对波纹巴非蛤幼贝生长的影响

为查明波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)幼贝最适生长条件,采用响应面法研究了温度、盐度和密度交互作用对波纹巴非蛤幼贝生长的影响。利用Box-Behnken中心组合进行3因素3水平的实验设计(3因素为温度(A),盐度(B),密度(C);3水平为-1,0,1),以幼贝生长率为响应值,以A(26℃,28℃,30℃)、B(28,30,32)和C(0.56,1.4,2.24个/cm2)为影响因子。实验结果表明：(1)盐度对幼贝生长影响最显著(P<0.05),3种生态因子对幼贝生长率影响程度大小顺序是：B>A>C;(2)通过SAS软件分析,得出波纹巴非蛤幼贝最适生长环境组合是温度为26.93℃、盐度为31.39、密度为1.12个/cm2,理论最佳生长率为41.47%。为验证响应面法预测结果的准确性,以预测结果为实验条件,相同实验时间后,得到的生长率为42.30%,结果与理论预测值相近,响应面方法可靠。     

NaHCO3浓度对塔胞藻、小球藻和新月菱形藻生长的影响

在温度为 ( 2 2± 1 )℃ ,盐度为 2 8的条件下 ,用不同浓度的NaHCO3( 0 ,1 0 0 ,2 0 0 ,40 0 ,80 0 ,1 2 0 0和 1 60 0mg/L)对青岛海洋大学微藻种质库保存的塔胞藻 (Pyramidomonassp.)、小球藻 (Chlorellaspp .)和新月菱形藻 (Nitzschiaclosterium )进行培养。实验结果表明 ,NaHCO3浓度对 3种海洋微藻生长的影响差异显著 ,经过 6d的培养 ,塔胞藻和小球藻的细胞浓度都在NaHCO3浓度为 1 2 0 0mg/L时达到最大值 ;新月菱形藻的细胞浓度在NaHCO3浓度为 40 0mg/L时达到最大值。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.