基于变形的土石坝地震风险分析

土石坝抗震安全的设计一般立足于预防结构的倒塌,如何使土石坝结构地震破损控制在可接受的风险水平是一个值得研究的重要课题。应用地震风险分析理论,建立了土石坝地震风险分析方法,包括地震危险性分析、地震易损性分析和地震灾害损失评估3个方面。在场地地震危险性分析基础上,将基于性能的抗震设计思想应用于土石坝结构地震易损性分析中,以土石坝坝顶相对沉陷为评价指标,划分土石坝震损等级,最后结合地震经济损失分析,建立了土石坝地震风险计算模型,在技术和经济上对土石坝地震破损风险进行分析计算。以某高土石坝为例,用该模型对大坝的震害和经济损失进行了预测分析,其结论可为土石坝安全评价及投资决策等提供依据。     

The influence of an excavation damaged zone on the thermal-mechanical and hydro-mechanical behaviors of an underground excavation

In Korea, a reference disposal system, KRS, was proposed in 2006 after 10 years of research and development. In the KRS, the high-level radioactive waste repository is considered to be located in a crystalline rock likes granite. For a validation of the feasibility, safety, and stability of the KRS, an underground research tunnel, KURT was constructed in Nov. 2006. During the construction of KURT by a controlled blasting, the size and characteristics of an excavation damaged zone(EDZ) were investigated by in situ as well as laboratory tests. The possible influences of an EDZ around a tunnel on the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical behaviors of the near field were investigated by using hydro-mechanical and thermo-mechanical coupling analyses. From this study, it was found that the existence of an EDZ can influence the thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical behaviors of the near field and it was recommended that an EDZ should be considered as an important parameter during the design of underground repositories.     

A two-dimensional poroelastic displacement discontinuity method for hydraulic fracture simulation

The coupled diffusion and deformation phenomena induced by the opening of a hydraulic fracture in a poroelastic medium are modelled using an extension of the displacement discontinuity method. This method consists in distributing fluid source and poroelastic displacement discontinuity singularities along the locus of the fracture, and over time. As an illustration, the problem of a suddenly pressurized crack in an infinite formation is examined.     

Differences between Paleozoic Asia and Paleozoic North America as shown by the distribution of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terranes

Numerous UHP suites developed in East Asia during the Paleozoic because subduction occurred in an area of low thermal gradients. By contrast, no Paleozoic UHP suites formed in North America or in terranes accreted to it because all subduction under accreting terranes occurred in an area of high thermal gradients centered in North America. High thermal gradients beneath North America are also demonstrated by an abundance of intracratonic rifts and basins. These differences in thermal gradients between North America and East Asia may have been caused by a very large mantle convection cell, with a rising limb under North America and a descending limb in an oceanic area where East Asia was assembled.     

有限单元法模拟地下水流的水头反常现象——对流量计算的作用

地下水流数值模拟是定量研究地下水水量和水质的重要手段。为揭示有限单元法水头反常现象形成的原因,以三维非均质模型为例,刻画了水头反常现象。储量集中法(Lumped Mass方法)是有限单元法中储释水量计算的替代算法,可以改善水头反常现象。对结点控制区域的均衡性质进行了研究,分析了使用Lumped Mass方法时的水头反常现象,结果表明:结点控制区域的对流量计算受到该结点所在层及其相邻层水力坡度的影响;在抽水初始阶段,抽水井结点水头快速下降,导致相邻层中相邻结点控制区域的侧向流入量为正值,控制区域为储水过程,结点水头上升,表现出水头反常现象。因此,有限单元法中对流量的计算是引起水头反常现象的原因。     

A transversely isotropic thermo-poroelastic model for claystone: parameter identification and application to a 3D underground structure

A transversely isotropic thermo-poroelastic constitutive law is developed and implemented in the finite element code Code_Aster (EDF, France). It is then validated using an analytic solution for an inclined borehole in a transversely isotropic medium. A strategy for identifying the parameters of the transversely isotropic thermo-poroelastic model based on an inverse method is proposed on the basis of different laboratory tests. To demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the model, it is then applied in a three-dimensional numerical model of an underground structure in a parameter sensitivity study. The results of the modelling highlight the importance of accounting for anisotropic phenomena when determining the dimensions of underground facilities. The whole approach is presented in the paper, from model development to application to 3D numerical modelling to an engineering case study.     

An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea

This article examines a report in the 27th chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament that an earthquake was felt in Jerusalem on the day of the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth. We have tabulated a varved chronology from a core from Ein Gedi on the western shore of the Dead Sea between deformed sediments due to a widespread earthquake in 31 BC and deformed sediments due to an early first-century earthquake. The early first-century seismic event has been tentatively assigned a date of 31 AD with an accuracy of ±5 years. Plausible candidates include the earthquake reported in the Gospel of Matthew, an earthquake that occurred sometime before or after the crucifixion and was in effect ‘borrowed’ by the author of the Gospel of Matthew, and a local earthquake between 26 and 36 AD that was sufficiently energetic to deform the sediments at Ein Gedi but not energetic enough to produce a still extant and extra-biblical historical record. If the last possibility is true, this would mean that the report of an earthquake in the Gospel of Matthew is a type of allegory.     

大别山金河桥榴辉岩矿物O—Nd—Pb同位素体系及其对扩散速率的制约

对大别山太湖金河桥超高压榴辉岩作了矿物Sm-Nd内部等时线定年研究和激光氧同位素分析。石榴石+绿辉石Sm-Nd等时线给出了较低年龄210±3Ma,石榴石+金红石Sm-Nd等时线给出了较高年龄237±4Ma。岩相学观察发现,绿辉石具有角闪石退变质边。氧同位素分析表明,石榴石与绿辉石之间的氧同位素体系处于不平衡状态。据此,石榴石+绿辉石Sm-Nd同位素体系因退变质作用导致Nd同位素不平衡而给出不合理偏低年龄。较老的石榴石+金红石Sm-Nd年龄有可能指示了榴辉岩相前期阶段的时代,且在温度变质峰期没有使它们之间的Nd同位素再次均一化,它指示Nd在金红石中的扩散速率较慢,可能与石榴石相当。矿物对氧同位素测温得到,石英—石榴石对温度为695±35℃,石英—金红石对为460±15℃,与根据金红石U—Pb内部等时线估计的Pb扩散封闭温度470±50℃一致。对比表明,O在石榴石中的扩散速率与Nd相当或略低,而O和Pb在金红石中的扩散速率相近,且均比Nd快。     

Multiple flow and support mechanisms and the development of inverse grading in a subaquatic glacigenic debris flow

Subaquatic glacigenic debris flows of Late Wisconsinan age occur as lobes within an ice-marginal glaciomarine lithofacies at Victoria, British Columbia. Flow was initiated by release of supraglacial debris during an interval of glacial ablation prior to advance and deposition of lodgement till. Many of the lobes developed a common morphology during deposition, consisting of an outer layer surrounding an inner core of rafted material. In the largest lobe reworking of the sediment during flow produced improved sorting, a coarsening of mean grain size, and a shift in skewness toward the negative. This occurred simultaneously within the core and outer layer as a result of different transformations in mechanisms of flow and support. Normal grading, produced in the outer layer, was conveyed around the nose and buried in an inverse position along the base of the flow. These data enable us to present a model that may be applicable to similar flows elsewhere. The flow studied demonstrates that transformations between flow types and sediment support mechanisms can occur simultaneously and serially in subaquatic debris flows.     

地下水位升高时黏性土无限边坡的水平位移

在平面应变条件下,采用摩尔-库仑强度准则和相关联流动法则,对地下水位升高过程中平移模式下的黏性土无限边坡进行了弹塑性分析,探讨了坡体变形的变化规律,分析了边坡安全系数和坡面水平位移的关系。数值分析表明,土坡的初始应力状态和抗剪强度指标对地下水位升高过程中滑坡前塑性区的厚度、坡体内塑性应变和水平位移的发展都有很大影响。     

A paper with an interest in rhythm

This paper is a performative effort to move with and through the expressive and theoretical spaces of an interest in rhythm. This interest emerges initially from the middle of an encounter with the 5 Rhythms™, a contemporary somatic practice that uses rhythm to facilitate and catalyse expressive movement. Rather than seeking to excavate representational meaning from an encounter with the practice or using it to critically diagnose the corporeal politics of contemporary society, this paper apprehends the creative movement emerging from an encounter with/in the non-representational, performative potential of the 5 Rhythms™. By becoming a deliberately playful effort to hold onto the lines of movement emergent from the affective, kinaesthetic territories of this practice, the paper works to avoid either falling back upon a representational ethics that stops this movement dead in its tracks or becoming seduced by an aesthetics of weightless escape. This effort draws particular support from Deleuze and Guattari's writing on the refrain, a concept that provides a vehicle through which the lines of an interest in rhythm gain expressive and theoretical consistency. Because the territories of the refrain open onto lines of movement that are as much figural as discursive, the paper works to animate the lines of movement emerging from an encounter with the 5 Rhythms™ through a series of non-representational diagrammatic interventions. Finally, in drawing the diagrammatic lines of this movement in-between, the paper becomes not so much a series of lines about moving, but a series of lines moving about.     

1961 - 2018年青海高原昼夜雨量时空变化特征分析

基于青海高原1961 - 2018年47个气象站昼夜雨量数据, 分析了青海高原及各生态功能区的昼夜雨量及雨日的时空变化特征。结果表明： 近58年来, 青海高原昼夜雨量空间分布基本一致, 总体表现为东南向西北减少, 夜雨日多于昼雨日分布。青海高原昼夜雨量总体均呈增多趋势, 昼雨量的增加速率大于夜雨量; 从空间分布来看, 柴达木盆地西部、 东部农业区大部及青南牧区南部少数地区昼夜雨量呈减少趋势, 而柴达木盆地东部、 环青海湖地区、 青南牧区大部昼夜雨量均呈增多趋势。青海高原昼雨日略有增加, 夜雨日有减少趋势; 在地域上, 柴达木盆地昼夜雨日增多趋势明显, 而东部农业区昼夜雨日减少趋势明显。青海高原昼夜雨量分别呈2 a、 3 a的周期。近58年来, 青海高原、 东部农业区、 环青海湖地区、 柴达木地区昼雨量均无明显的突变现象, 仅青南牧区昼雨量在2003年前后存在明显突变现象; 青海高原、 东部农业区、 青南牧区夜雨量无明显突变现象, 环青海湖地区、 柴达木盆地夜雨量分别在1979年、 2003年出现了突变现象。     

Modeling semi-steady state near-well flow performance for horizontal wells in anisotropic reservoirs

This paper presents a novel methodology to model semi-steady state horizontal well flow performance in an anisotropic reservoir taking into account flow in the near-well region for an arbitrary well trajectory. It is based on an analytical productivity model describing coupled axial reservoir flow and radial well inflow. In order to apply this model in an anisotropic reservoir, the permeability field relative to the radial direction perpendicular to the well trajectory and the axial direction along the well trajectory must first be determined. A classical space transformation is used in concert with rotational transforms to obtain a virtual isotropic model. The transformation preserves the volumes and pressures. It is not a novel concept, but different from previous approaches in the sense that it is only applied in the near-well domain to formulate an equally isotropic media. As a result, the use of this virtual isotropic model requires the Dietz shape factor for an ellipse, transformed from the original cylindrical near-well domain. The Dietz shape factors are determined numerically in this research. The semi-steady state well/near-well model is implemented in a numerical simulator incorporating formation anisotropy and wellbore hydraulics. The specific productivity index along the well trajectory is generated using the virtual configuration. Numerical results for different anisotropy ratios and also incorporating frictional losses in the well are presented. Furthermore, the well/near-well model is applied in coupling with streamline reservoir model for a water flooding case. This appears to be the first coupling of a well hydraulics model and a streamline simulator. It presents the application of the well/near-well model in integrated reservoir simulation in an efficient and accurate manner. The results demonstrate that the coupling approach with a streamline reservoir model and the well/near-well is of great potential for advanced well simulation efficiently.     

Le Dévonien et le Carbonifère inférieur du sud-ouest de la France (Pyrénees,Massif de Mouthoumet,Montagne Noire): sédimentation dans un bassin flexural en bordure sud de la chaîne de collision varisque

Once the post variscan and late variscan motion effect suppressed, one may reconstitute the evolution of the Devonian-early Carboniferous sedimentation domain in the SW of France (Pyrénées-Mouthoumet-Montagne Noire): an extension event at the Silurian-Devonian boundary; — an early Devonian sedimentation period in a basin bordered northward by a shallow-water platform; — an other middle Devonian extension; — a late Devonian-early Carboniferous moderate deepening of the basin floor, preluding a late Visean-Namurian active subsidence characterised by an accumulation of terrigenous Culm deposits. This succession of events may testify for the birth and the evolution of a flexural basin sitting on a continental crust and located South of the variscan collision belt.     

Middle Weichselian marine sediments from eastern Kattegat, Scandinavia

Foraminifera, pollen, lithology and radiocarbon dates from a core in the southern Kattegat provide a rare opportunity to obtain data relating to environmental conditions during the Middle Weichselian in the offshore Kattegat. This core is also correlated with an adjacent second core. Redeposited Eemian foraminifera and pollen occur in the Middle Weichselian sediments. This is interpreted as a result of reworking by an active Middle Weichselian ice present in, or advancing from, a northeasterly to easterly direction. During a second phase the Middle Weichselian sediments were compacted, probably a result of overriding by an ice from the northeast during the Middle Weichselian and/or the Late Weichselian Maximum. The Middle Weichselian sequence is overlain by a Holocene sequence which, in turn, is overlain by an admixture of Middle Weichselian and Holocene sediments. This mixing may be a result of tectonic activity some time between 7300 and 1000 BP. The core ends in Holocene fine sediments representing the last c. 1000 years.     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷百口泉组典型微相砾石定向性定量研究

砾石定向性可用于辅助判断粗粒沉积物沉积环境的介质性质与强度。在岩芯图像分析与测量的基础上,运用砾石长轴相对视倾角玫瑰花图中任意相邻三个小扇形的半径之和的最大值（参数a）和小扇形半径大小偏离程度（参数σ）,对玛湖地区百口泉组152种典型砾岩岩石相以及四种典型微相中的砾石定向性进行定量研究,结果表明:玛湖地区百口泉组不同岩石相中砾石定向性存在一定的差异,但是总的来说岩石相中包含交错层理属性、平行层理属性、小中砾岩属性的,砾石定向性比较好,定向性参数比较大;四种典型微相中,辫状河道沉积、水下分流河道沉积、河口沙坝沉积中砾石定向性变化在垂向上都有一定的旋回性,而泥石流沉积中砾石定向性变化在垂向上的旋回性不是很明显;四种典型沉积微相中砾石定向性参数大小也存在一定的差别。定向性由差到好依次是泥石流微相（σ最大值为6.61、最小值为3.00、平均值为4.03,a最大值为52.94%、最小值为22.95%、平均值为32.87%）、辫状河道微相（σ最大值为8.91、最小值为3.11、平均值为5.31,a最大值为65.79%、最小值为25.93%、平均值为341.41%）、水下分流河道（σ最大值为7.22、最小值为2.96、平均值为5.11;a最大值为55.71%、最小值为25.93%、平均值为38.76%）、河口沙坝微相（σ最大值为10.34、最小值为3.65、平均值为5.54;a最大值为83.02%、最小值为32.35%、平均值为44.42%）。     

Discharge prediction using hydraulic characteristics of mean velocity equation

Discharge is an important factor in river design for water utilization, water control and hydraulic structures; therefore, an accurate estimation of the discharge is required. At present, a rating curve depicting the relationship between a stage and discharge is used to calculate the discharge from river systems. Although the rating curve has an advantage in that it can predict and use the discharge during the flood season in which the measurement is difficult, there is room for improvement as it does not reflect the hydraulic characteristics of rivers. Therefore, in this study, discharge was predicted using the convenient calculation method with empirical mediating variables of the Manning and Chezy equations which were proposed by the author’s previous research as a new methodology for estimating discharge in an open channel. This was proven, based on the data measured in a meandering open channel system in a lab at the Mississippi River in the US and at the Columbia Del Dique Canal, and an accuracy level at a coefficient of 0.8 was demonstrated. Thus, this method, which reflects the hydraulic characteristics and predicts the discharge in a simple manner, is expected to be convenient in practice.     

五台山地区原金刚库组中含蓝晶石组合的变质作用及其意义

本文对山西五台山地区与超镁铁质岩密切共生的含蓝晶石的各类片岩进行了研究。研究发现，在蓝晶石铝直闪石片岩中存在一种特殊的冠状体结构，即蓝晶石和铝直闪石被它们之间内圈的十字石十刚玉十绿泥石和外圈的堇青石所包绕。这种特殊的反应边结构，说明岩石曾处于较高的压力条件下（０．９～１．４ＧＰａ），然后经历了明显的近等温的减压过程。其它类型的含蓝晶石片岩，也包含了高压变质矿物组合，并经历了同样的变质演化过程。这种演化历史与该区经历了古洋壳俯冲，消减，弧陆碰撞和伴随的迅速折返和抬升是密切有关的。     

Convergence of iterative coupling of geomechanics with flow in a fractured poroelastic medium

We consider an iterative scheme for solving a coupled geomechanics and flow problem in a fractured poroelastic medium. The fractures are treated as possibly non-planar interfaces. Our iterative scheme is an adaptation due to the presence of fractures of a classical fixed stress-splitting scheme. We prove that the iterative scheme is a contraction in an appropriate norm. Moreover, the solution converges to the unique weak solution of the coupled problem.