主应力旋转条件下粉细砂的非比例加载变形特性

对粉细砂进行一系列空心圆柱扭剪试验,研究土体在经历含主应力轴偏转的非比例加载路径时的变形特性,重点分析偏应力水平、中主应力系数对土体变形产生的影响。试验中发现弹性剪应变在总剪应变中所占比例较大。在此基础上重新定义了非共轴角,并对饱和粉细砂的变形特性及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明,纯主应力旋转过程中,不同偏应力比、中主应力系数的土体,广义剪应变的整体发展规律相似,偏应力比与中主应力系数对加载末期的土体应变硬化产生较大影响;偏应力比与广义剪应力相同时,中主应力系数的差异使得土体的各向异性在变形响应中得以体现,从而表现出广义剪应变的差异;主应力旋转将使粉细砂产生明显的塑性变形,相较于中主应力系数,偏应力比对于砂土非共轴变形特性的影响更大。     

主应力方向和中主应力系数对冻结黏土性状的影响

为研究复杂应力路径下冻土的力学特性,利用冻土空心圆柱仪对饱和冻结黏土开展了定向剪切试验,重点研究了大主应力方向和中主应力系数对饱和冻结黏土应力应变性状的影响.试验结果表明:定向剪切路径下饱和冻结黏土应力-应变曲线基本呈现应变硬化特征,且广义剪应力-应变曲线受扭剪分量的主导.不同大主应力方向下冻结黏土应力-应变曲线水平存在一定差异,当中主应力系数b为0.5和1时广义剪应力-应变曲线水平随着大主应力方向角α的增加而降低.中主应力系数b对冻结黏土扭剪分量的应力应变性状影响相对较小,而对轴向分量与广义剪应力应变性状影响显著.     

不同初始状态软黏土在主应力轴耦合旋转下的孔压及3维变形规律

土体在受波浪、地震以及交通荷载等荷载作用时,其相应的应力状态较为复杂,以致于偏应力和主应力轴方位角同时变化的情况普遍存在于实际工程中,目前关于这种应力条件下原状软黏土的物理力学特性的研究尚处于起步阶段。主应力轴耦合旋转即是指在主应力轴方向旋转的同时,偏应力不断增大,而平均主应力、中主应力系数均保持不变。本文为了研究主应力轴耦合旋转时原状软黏土的变形和孔压特性,基于空心圆柱扭剪系统（HCA）对原状软黏土进行了一系列不同初始状态的扭剪试验,探讨了不同固结倾角、中主应力系数在主应力轴耦合旋转条件下对原状软黏土的变形、孔压等特性的影响。结果表明：不同初始固结状态对软黏土的变形特性有明显的影响;主应力轴耦合旋转过程中软黏土试样在b = 0和b = 0.5时的轴向变形以受压为主,在 b = 1时试样的轴向变形在主要表现为受拉状态;不同固结倾角下,主应力轴耦合旋转下试样的轴向、环向和剪切变形趋势均有明显的不同,径向应变值差别不大,在b = 0.5时试样的径向应变值接近0;不同初始固结倾角条件下试样的孔压峰值对应的大主应力方位角也不同,孔压累积与应变开展并不一一对应;应力和应变的变化与偏应力和主应力方位角的增加不同步,即存在明显的非共轴现象。     

主应力轴循环旋转下原状软黏土临界性状研究

针对在交通、波浪等动荷载下土体所受应力状态具有主应力轴循环旋转的特征,对杭州地区典型原状软黏土开展不排水模拟试验.主应力轴双幅循环旋转的试验结果表明,试样扭剪、轴向应变发展受主应力轴旋转角度的影响,当转角大于一定值时,破坏应变以扭剪应变占主导,反之则要考虑扭剪和轴向等应变的共同影响.在同一旋转频率下,随着剪应力提高,试样破坏应变同步提高,且与破坏振次对数值成线性关系;若剪应力幅值不变,随旋转频率提高,临界破坏应变同步减少,破坏振次大幅提升,两者在对数曲线上亦可用线性关系表示.与等剪应力幅值的主应力轴双幅循环旋转试验结果相比,当单幅循环旋转破坏时扭剪应变很大,且受频率或剪应力幅值影响小,同时最小破坏剪应力也有显著提高.     

考虑主应力轴旋转土体的应力增量分析

首先研究主应力轴旋转问题,研究了二维和三维主应力轴旋转的应力增量分析,这类研究使考虑主应力轴旋转的塑性力学问题建立在更加严格的数学基础上,接着研究应力Lode角改变的问题,认为这类问题实为主应力空间中的坐标变换问题,并通过两次线性变换和一次非线性变换, 将主应力空间坐标系σσ1σ2σ3变换到p-q-θσ空间坐标系,在p-q-θσ空间坐标系中,球应力p不变,广义剪应力q不变,仅有应力Lode角变化的问题,即为纯应力为Lode角的改变问题。     

列车移动荷载在地基中引起的主应力轴旋转

利用移动荷载作用下地基的应力解答,计算列车移动荷载在弹性半空间地基内产生的动应力.根据计算土单元与列车的相对位置,将动应力曲线分为3个阶段,分别对这3个阶段的土单元应力路径和主应力轴旋转进行分析.在每一个循环中,土单元应力路径变化规律和主应力轴旋转规律与单个轮轴荷载引起的主应力轴旋转相似,但轮轴荷载的相互叠加使得应力路径变化和主应力轴旋转都更加复杂.单个轮轴荷载引起的主应力轴旋转一直为顺时针方向,而在一个循环中由列车引起的主应力轴旋转则会发生摆动,尤其是大主应力旋转到z轴附近时.     

不同平均主应力条件下重塑黄土的应力应变特性

利用GDS空心圆柱扭剪仪,在不同平均主应力条件下对青海重塑黄土进行一系列定向剪切试验,研究平均主应力对青海重塑黄土应力应变特性的影响。试验保持中主应力系数b不变,在不同平均主应力条件下,将重塑黄土试样分别进行主应力轴未发生旋转和旋转45°两种剪切破坏应力路径的剪切试验。结果表明：平均主应力和主应力方向角对重塑黄土的强度和变形有着显著影响;重塑黄土在大主应力方向角等于45°剪切破坏时峰值八面体剪应力与平均主应力呈线性关系,重塑黄土破坏时所产生的八面体剪应变发展趋势基本相同;剪切过程中,重塑黄土的大主应变和小主应变成对称发展,破坏时中主应变只有小幅度增长。当八面体剪应力-应变曲线没有出现峰值时,建议采用八面体剪应变为15%对应的八面体剪应力作为重塑黄土的破坏标准。     

主应力轴旋转情况下土的各向异性理论研究进展

从理论方面,对国内外主应力轴旋转情况下土的各向异性研究进行了对比和总结,并提出了一些研究建议.指出在理论方面,应当对屈服面方程采用应力分量表示的模型在三维空间里进行屈服面性状的描述,同时考虑不同加载方向下屈服面的变化特性以及旋转硬化的问题,并应开展对加载方向变化时土体屈服面变化特性的实验研究及理论验证.     

新型空心圆柱仪的研制与应用

为研究交通、波浪等荷载产生的主应力轴循环旋转应力路径对土体性状的影响，研制了可以在轴力、扭矩中高频率下共同变载的空心圆柱仪（HCA），并分析了设备的技术参数和性能指标.在静态试验环境下，设备的内外围压、轴力和扭矩均可独立控制；在动态试验环境下，轴力和扭矩可作任意波形周期变化，变载频率可达5 Hz.传感器工作性能稳定，测量精度高，有多重校合，并配备了非接触式水下应变传感器.通过开发专用切样装置，利用该设备对原状黏土样进行初步试验，分别验证了仪器实现主应力轴旋转特殊应力路径以及在中、高频率下轴力和扭矩的任意波形变载功能，说明此空心圆柱仪具备模拟包括主应力轴旋转在内的复杂应力路径的工作能力.     

考虑中主应力效应Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型的改进

针对Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型不能考虑中主应力影响,在Gudehus提出的响应包络线理论基础上,提出了在模型的非线性项乘以一个考虑中主应力的因子进行改进.这种改进增加了土体剪切时的强度,改变了土体受压时的变形.新模型对中主应力的变化在中主应力参数影响程度能够有一定反映.同时将改进后的模型与中主应力参数为常量的真三轴实验进行了比较.结果表明改进后的模型可以模拟中主应力对砂土强度和变形特性的影响,能够定量预测由于中主应力影响产生的体积应变.     

Undrained response of reconstituted clay to cyclic pure principal stress rotation

A series of monotonic and rotational shearing tests are carried out on reconstituted clay using a hollow cylinder apparatus under undrained condition. In the rotational shearing tests, the principal stress axes rotate cyclically with the magnitudes of the principal stresses keeping constant. The anisotropy of the reconstituted clay is analyzed from the monotonic shearing tests. Obvious pore pressure is induced by the principal stress rotation alone even with shear stress q0=5 k Pa. Strain components also accumulate with increasing the number of cycles and increases suddenly at the onset of failure. The deviatoric shear strain of 7.5% can be taken as the failure criterion for clay subjected to the pure cyclic principal stress rotation. The intermediate principal stress parameter b plays a significant role in the development of pore pressure and strain. Specimens are weakened by cyclic rotational shearing as the shear modulus decreases with increasing the number of cycles, and the shear modulus reduces more quickly with larger b. Clear deviation between the directions of the principal plastic strain increment and the principal stress is observed during pure principal stress rotation. Both the coaxial and non-coaxial plastic mechanisms should be taken into consideration to simulate the deformation behavior of clay under pure principal stress rotation. The mechanism of the soil response to the pure principal stress rotation is discussed based on the experimental observations.     

Investigation of the influence of intermediate principal stress on the dynamic responses of rocks subjected to true triaxial stress state

Precisely understanding the dynamic mechanical properties and failure modes of rocks subjected to true triaxial stress state(σ_1 σ_2 σ_3, where σ_1, σ_2, and σ_3 are the major principal stress, intermediate principal stress, and minor principal stress, respectively) is essential to the safety of underground engineering. However, in the laboratory, it is difficult to maintain the constant true triaxial stress state of rocks during the dynamic testing process. Herein, a numerical servo triaxial Hopkinson bar(NSTHB) was developed to study the dynamic responses of rocks confronted with a true triaxial stress state, in which lateral stresses can maintain constant. The results indicate that the dynamic strength and elastic modulus of rocks increase with the rise of intermediate principal stress σ_2, while the dynamic elastic modulus is independent of the dynamic strain rate. Simulated acoustic emission distributions indicate that the intermediate principal stress σ_2 dramatically affects dynamic failure modes of triaxial confined rocks. As σ_2 increases, the failure pattern switches from a single diagonal shear zone into two parallel shear zones with a small slant. Moreover, a recent triaxial Hopkinson bar experimental system using three bar pairs is also numerically established, and the measuring discrepancies are identified between the two numerical bar systems. The proposed NSTHB system provides a controllable tool for studying the dynamic triaxial behavior of rocks.     

复杂应力下砂土的广义双剪应力破坏准则及双硬化本构模型

基于双剪应力强度理论，推导出了砂土的广义双剪应力破坏准则，给出了该准则参数的物理解释，分析了该准则在双硬化参数本构模型中的应用。     

侧向卸荷条件下结构性软黏土典型力学特性

为研究海积结构性软黏土在侧向卸荷路径下的结构损伤特性,通过温州瑞安软黏土侧向卸荷条件下的应力路径试验,研究侧向卸荷路径和结构性对软黏土应力-应变关系、强度、初始卸荷模量等典型力学特性的影响;分析应力路径和土样深度对初始结构性及损伤特性的影响.试验结果表明:温州软黏土应力-应变关系呈明显应变软化型,具有较强的结构性;侧向卸荷条件下,初始切线模量与平均固结压力呈线性关系,斜率为加荷条件的1.4倍;侧向卸荷条件下达到峰值强度时对应的应变较常规加荷条件小.拓展了应力比结构性参数的应用范围,计算结果表明侧向卸荷条件下初始应力比结构性参数明显大于常规加荷条件.结构损伤曲线可分为平稳损伤、加速损伤和减速损伤三段,常规加荷条件下加速损伤段的损伤速率明显大于卸荷条件,这种差异与其各向异性有关,施工时需予以重点关注.     

平面应变条件下基于Lade-Duncan强度准则中主应力条件的土压力及其适用性

针对实际工程中大量存在的挡土墙、基坑开挖等平面应变问题,考虑中主应力对强度的影响,将平面应变条件下Lade-Duncan强度准则的中主应力关系代入SMP、Lade-Duncan、AC-SMP和广义Mises强度准则中得到新的平面应变强度准则.据此建立基于各强度准则的主、被动土压力计算公式,进而推广至黏性土,并将主、被动...     

Critical embedment depth of a rigid retaining wall against overturning in unsaturated soils considering intermediate principal stress and strength nonlinearity

The overturning stability is vital for the retaining wall design of foundation pits, where the surrounding soils are usually unsaturated due to water draining. Moreover, the intermediate principal stress does affect the unsaturated soil strength; meanwhile, the relationship between the unsaturated soil strength and matric suction is nonlinear. This work is to present closed-form equations of critical embedment depth for a rigid retaining wall against overturning by means of moment equilibrium. Matric suction is considered to be distributed uniformly and linearly with depth. The unified shear strength formulation for unsaturated soils under the plane strain condition is adopted to characterize the intermediate principal stress effect, and strength nonlinearity is described by a hyperbolic model of suction angle. The result obtained is orderly series solutions rather than one specific answer; thus, it has wide theoretical significance and good applicability. The validity of this present work is demonstrated by comparing it with a lower bound solution. The traditional overturning designs for rigid retaining walls, in which the saturated soil mechanics neglecting matric suction or the unsaturated soil mechanics based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion are employed, are special cases of the proposed result. Parametric studies about the intermediate principal stress, matric suction and its distributions along with two strength nonlinearity methods on a new defined critical buried coefficient are discussed.     

漳州软土直接剪切蠕变特性及蠕变参数的研究

为了研究软土蠕变特性与蠕变参数的变化规律,对漳州软土进行不同固结压力下的直接剪切蠕变试验,并通过陈氏法处理蠕变试验数据。结果表明,漳州软土具有非线性蠕变特性,应力水平越高,非线性特征越显著。相同剪应力下,剪切模量G的最大值与稳定值随固结压力的增大而增大;相同固结压力下,剪切模量G的最大值与稳定值随剪应力的增大而减小。瞬时剪切模量G0与长期剪切模量G∞关系可通过G0=a t-b+G∞来确定。粘滞系数随剪应力的增大达到峰值,固结压力越大峰值体现越明显,峰值对应的剪应力也越大,这主要是微观结构随剪应力增大逐渐破损所引起的。得到漳州软土的C∞=6.71 kPa,φ∞=9.66°。剪切模量系数K=(0.424～0.56),长期强度与瞬时强度比值C∞/C=86.3%,φ∞/φ=72.4%,说明工程中需要考虑蠕变影响时,变形与强度参数应采用长期剪切模量与长期强度。研究结果对掌握软土蠕变参数变化规律,快速预测模型参数具有一定理论意义。