地衣芽孢杆菌碱性蛋白酶的研究：I.碱性蛋白酶高产菌的筛选及产酶条件初探

从成都佳丰食品厂等处采集的样品中平板分离初筛到１２４株碱性蛋白酶产生菌,进一步复筛出一株高产,且稳定的碱性蛋白酶产生菌株Ｂ．Ｌ．ＪＦ－ｌｄ初步鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）。该菌的最适产酶条件为：培养基（％）为麦芽糖７．５,酵母膏３,ＮａＣｌ０．５,Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４·３Ｈ２Ｏ０．５３,ＮａＨ２ＰＯ４·２３Ｈ２Ｏ０．０３,Ｎａ２ＣＯ３０．０５６,ＭｎＳＯ４ｌ×１０＾－４     

苏云金芽孢杆菌的电穿孔及其工程菌的构建

本文对苏芸金芽孢杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｂｔ)和蜡状芽孢杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｃｅｒｅｕｓ,Ｂｃ)等部分菌株的电穿孔转化进行了研究 ,主要从电穿孔的供体质粒和受体菌株等方面讨论了各种因素对该方法的影响。同时利用电穿孔方法对部分Ｂｔ的高效野生株进行遗传改良 ,希望获得含有ｃｒｙ1Ａｃ和ｃｒｙ1Ｃ高效基因组合的对鳞翅目棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾都有效的广谱工程株。利用质粒 ｐＳＢ1 40 2 (ｃｒｙ1Ｃ) ,ｐＡＭＹ(ｃｒｙ1Ａｃ) ,ｐＮＱ1 2 2 (Ｃｍｒ)对所有的供试菌株进行电穿孔转化 ,不同菌株表现出不同的转…     

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因的启动子及其转录调控

苏云金芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ）是一种Ｇ＋土壤杆菌,其之所以能成为世界上生产量最大的生物杀虫剂,是因为它能在细胞生长过程中,产生大量、高效的杀虫晶体蛋白（Ｉｎｓｅｃｔｉｃｉｄａｌ　ＣｒｙｓｔａｌＰｒｏｔｅｉｎｓ,　ＩＣＰｓ...     

苏云金芽孢杆菌的一个新亚种(Btsubsp.sinensis)

198 9年自云南昆明市石林的红棕壤中分离到数株苏云金芽孢杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎ ｓｉｓ,Ｂｔ)菌株[1] ,对其中的一株ＹＫ30 0 4进行了生物学特性、杀虫特性研究及分类鉴定。1　材料与方法1.1　供鉴定的Ｂｔ菌株由云南昆明市石林的红棕壤中分离的苏云金芽孢杆菌ＹＫ30 0 4菌株。1.2　标准Ｂｔ菌株血清型Ｈ1 Ｈ4 1、Ｈ4 4 Ｈ55及Ｈ57 Ｈ69标准Ｂｔ菌株由法国巴斯德研究院ＤｒＬｅｃａｄｅｔ提供 ,其余为本实验室保存。1.3　生物测定用昆虫小菜蛾 (Ｐｌｕｔｅｌｌａｘｙｌｏｓｔｅｌｌａ) 3龄幼虫 ;斜纹夜盗蛾 (Ｐｒ…     

苏云金芽胞杆菌YBT1520杀虫晶体蛋白基因的属性

通过Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交发现高毒力苏云金芽胞杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ）ＴＢＴ－１５２０菌株含有两个杀虫晶体蛋白基因片段,其５’＝末端所在ＨｉｎｄⅢ片段分别为６．８ｋｂ和４．６ｋｂ,它们对应的基因分别命名为ｃｒｙ２１８和ｃｒｙ４．６。经ＰＣＲ鉴定,该菌含有ｃｒｙ１Ａａ、ｃｒｙ１Ａｂ和ｃｒｙ１Ａｃ基因,以及ｃｒｙ２基因,其中ｃｒｙ２１８属于ｃｒｙ１Ａｃ。分析了ｃｒｙ１Ａｃ基因     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Cyt蛋白研究进展

苏云金芽孢杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ,简称Ｂｔ)是目前世界上应用最广泛、最成功的微生物杀虫剂 ,也是公认的无公害生物农药。苏云金芽孢杆菌最主要的杀虫活性物质是杀虫晶体蛋白 (ＩｎｓｅｃｔｉｃｉｄａｌＣｒｙｓ ｔａｌＰｒｏｔｅｉｎｓ,ＩＣＰｓ) ,包括晶体蛋白 (Ｃｒｙ)和Ｃｙｔ蛋白 (Ｃｙｔ)两大类。这两类蛋白在氨基酸序列及其基因同源性上相距甚远 ,但它们均能在靶标害虫中肠内被激活成毒素 ,并在昆虫中肠细胞膜上形成孔道 ,进而引起中肠细胞胶样渗透裂解 (ｃｏｌｌｏｉｄ ｏｓｍｏｔｉｃｌｙｓｉｓ) ,最…     

昆虫对转Bt杀虫蛋白基因植物的抗性及其对策

1　引言苏云金杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ简称Ｂｔ)是目前世界上产量最大、应用最为成功的微生物杀虫剂 ,除了已筛选出多种Ｂｔ菌株直接发酵培养外 ,还培育出转基因工程菌及转基因植物 ,使Ｂｔ的使用范围大为扩大。Ｂｔ在形成芽孢时产生的伴孢晶体是Ｂｔ杀虫活性的主要来源 ,它可能由几种晶体蛋白即δ -内毒素组成 ,包括Ｃｒｙ和Ｃｙｔ两大类。一般认为 ,δ -内毒素的作用过程要经溶解、酶解活化、与受体结合、插入和孔洞或离子通道形成等五个环节[1] ,涉及到多种毒素和作用位点 ,单一因素的改变对其敏感性影响不大 …     

Bst DNA聚合酶大片段的克隆,表达,性质及其应用

用耐高温的ＤＮＡ聚合酶进行酶法ＤＮＡ序列测定在分子生物学中具有十分重要的实际应用价值,从耐高温的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｔｅａｒｏｔｈｅｒｍｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ）特异菌株中克隆分离了编码去除了５′－３′外切酶活性的ＢｓｔＤＮＡ聚合酶大片段的结构基因。经重组于表达质粒载体ｐＹＺ２３,在大肠杆菌ＪＦ１１２５（ＥｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａｃｏｌｉＪＦ１１２５）中得到了稳定的高效表达,经分离纯化,此基因工     

芽孢杆菌M50产生β—甘露聚糖酶的条件研究

从土壤中分离到９株产生β－甘露聚糖酶的芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｓｐ．）。Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｓｐ．Ｍ５０２５０ｍＬ三角瓶摇瓶培养试验,以４％的魔芋粉为碳源,１．０％（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４为氮源,０．３５％Ｎａ２ＣＯ３,３０～３４℃培养６０ｈ产酶达到高峰。酶活力为１８０～２２０ｕ／ｍＬ。１００Ｌ罐发酵,在３０～３２℃,１：０．７５ｖｖｍ通气量,２００ｒ／ｍｉｎ条件下,发酵液酶活力高达３３０ｕ／ｍＬ。     

BIOLOG系统鉴定黄瓜根围促生菌的初步研究

对筛选出的８株具有明显促生防病作用的黄瓜根围促生菌ＣＮ１１,ＣＮ３１,ＣＮ４５,ＣＮ１ １６,ＣＮ１２９,ＸＢ１２０,ＸＢ５,ＸＢ４１通过ＢＩＯＬＯＧ法进行了分类鉴定,分别为：铜绿假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｎｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａ）,波纹假单胞菌（Ｐ． Ｃｏｒｒｕｇａｔａ）,短芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｂｒｅｖｉｓ）,荧光假单胞菌Ｂ型（Ｐ． Ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ｔｙｐｅ Ｂ）,铜绿假单胞菌（Ｐ． Ａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａ）,荧光假     

Distribution and characteristics of Bacillus bacteria associated with hydrobionts and the waters of the Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan

Bacilli of the species Bacillus subtilis, B. pumilus, B. mycoides, B. marinus and B. licheniformis (a total of 53 strains) were isolated from 15 invertebrate species and the water of the Vostok Bay, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Bacilli were most often isolated from bivalves (22.7%) and sea cucumbers (18.9%); they occurred less frequently in sea urchins and starfish (13.2 and 7.5%, respectively). Most of bacilli strains were isolated from invertebrates inhabiting silted sediments. No Bacillus spp. strains were isolated from invertebrates inhabiting stony and sandy environments. The species diversity of bacilli isolated from marine objects under study was low. Almost all bacterial isolates were resistant to lincomycin. Unlike B. pumilus, B. subtilis isolates were mostly resistant to benzylpenicillin and ampicillin. Antibiotic sensitivity of B. licheniformis strains was variable (two strains were resistant to benzylpenicillin and oxacillin, while one was sensitive). A significant fraction of isolated bacilli contained pigments. Pigmented strains were more often isolated from seawater samples, while colorless ones predominated within hydrobionts. B. subtilis colonies had the broadest range of colors. In the Bacillus strains obtained, DNase, RNase, phosphatase, elastolytic, chitinase, and agarolytic activity was detected. Bacilli strains with hydrolytic activity occurred in invertebrates more often than in seawater.     

Molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains from Argentina

Bacillus thuringiensis INTA 7-3, INTA 51-3, INTA Mo9-5 and INTA Mo14-4 strains were obtained from Argentina and characterized by determination of serotype, toxicity, plasmid composition, insecticidal gene content ( cry and vip ) and the cloning of the single- vip3A gene of the INTA Mo9-5 strain. The serotype analysis identified the serovars tohokuensis and darmstadiensis for the INTA 51-3 and INTA Mo14-4 strains, respectively, whereas the INTA Mo9-5 strain was classified as "autoagglutinated". In contrast to the plasmid patterns of INTA 7-3, INTA 51-3 and INTA Mo9-5 (which were similar to B. thuringiensis HD-1 strain), strain INTA Mo14-4 showed a unique plasmid array. PCR analysis of the four strains revealed the presence of cry genes and vip3A genes. Interestingly, it was found that B. thuringiensis 4Q7 strain, which is a plasmid cured strain, contained vip3A genes indicating the presence of these insecticidal genes in the chromosome. Bioassays towards various lepidopteran species revealed that B. thuringiensis INTA Mo9-5 and INTA 7-3 strains were highly active. In particular, the mean LC(50) obtained against A. gemmatalis larvae with the INTA Mo9-5 and INTA 7-3 strains were 7 (5.7-8.6) and 6.7 (5.6-8.0) ppm, respectively. The INTA Mo14-4 strain was non-toxic and strain INTA 51-3 showed only a weak larvicidal activity.     

Expression of the insecticidal crystal protein gene from a Gram-positive Bacillus thuringiensis in a Gram-negative Pseudomonas fluorescens mediated by protoplast fusion

Abstract Protoplast fusion between a Gram-negative strain Pseudomonas fluorescens having plant growth promoting activities and a Gram-positive Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD 73 possessing insecticidal activity, was carried out to generate P. fluorescens hybrids possessing insecticidal activity. The antibiotic resistance markers of P. fluorescens (rif^r, nal^r) and the immunoreactivity to the antiserum raised against the crystal proteins of B. thuringiensis var. galleriae were used as selection markers for the hybrids. The hybrids exhibited lethal but differential activity in Heliothis armigera and in Spodoptera litura when compared to the parenthal B. thuringiensis strain. The anti-feedant activity which is characteristic of B. thuringiensis toxin was not observed in the hybrids. Although the presence of sequences homologous to the cloned insecticidal gene of B. thuringiensis was demonstrated, the Western blot analysis of cell extract of the hybrid (PK 105) showed that only low molecular mass crystal proteins (less than 40 kDa) could be detected under denaturing conditions. It indicates that the high molecular mass toxin peptide may be degraded by proteolysis. Besides this, a clear separation of lethal and anti-feedant activity of the B. thuringiensis toxin has been observed by this study.     

A complete physical map of a Bacillus thuringiensis chromosome.

Bacillus thuringiensis is the source of the most widely used biological pesticide, through its production of insecticidal toxins. The toxin genes are often localized on plasmids. We have constructed a physical map of a Bacillus thuringiensis chromosome by aligning 16 fragments obtained by digestion with the restriction enzyme NotI. The fragments ranged from 15 to 1,350 kb. The size of the chromosome was 5.4 Mb. The NotI DNA fingerprint patterns of 12 different B. thuringiensis strains showed marked variation. The cryIA-type toxin gene was present on the chromosome in four strains, was extrachromosomal in four strains, and was both chromosomal and extrachromosomal in two strains. A Tn4430 transposon probe hybridized to 5 of the 10 cryIA-positive chromosomal fragments, while cryIA and the transposon often hybridized to different extrachromosomal bands. Ten of the strains were hemolytic when grown on agar plates containing human erythrocytes. Nine of the strains were positive when assayed for the presence of Bacillus cereus enterotoxin. We conclude that B. thuringiensis is very closely related to B. cereus and that the distinction between B. cereus and B. thuringiensis should be reconsidered.     

Insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae: gene cloning and characterization and comparison with B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki CryIA(c) toxins

Genes encoding insecticidal crystal proteins were cloned from three strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae and two strains of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. Characterization of the B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae toxin genes showed that they are most closely related to cryIA(c) from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. The cloned genes were introduced into Bacillus host strains, and the spectra of insecticidal activities of each Cry protein were determined for six pest lepidopteran insects. CryIA(c) proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae are as active as CryIA(c) proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki against Trichoplusia ni, Lymantria dispar, Heliothis zea, and H. virescens but are significantly less active against Plutella xylostella and, in some cases, Ostrinia nubilalis. The sequence of a cryIA(c) gene from B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae was determined (GenBank M35524) and compared with that of cryIA(c) from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. The two genes are more than 99% identical and show seven amino acid differences among the predicted sequences of 1,177 amino acids.     

Occurrence and significance of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis in ready-to-eat food

Among 48,901 samples of ready-to-eat food products at the Danish retail market, 0.5% had counts of Bacillus cereus-like bacteria above 10(4) cfu g(-1). The high counts were most frequently found in starchy, cooked products, but also in fresh cucumbers and tomatoes. Forty randomly selected strains had at least one gene or component involved in human diarrhoeal disease, while emetic toxin was related to only one B. cereus strain. A new observation was that 31 out of the 40 randomly selected B. cereus-like strains could be classified as Bacillus thuringiensis due to crystal production and/or content of cry genes. Thus, a large proportion of the B. cereus-like organisms present in food may belong to B. thuringiensis.     

Accumulation of the insecticidal crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in post-exponential-phase Bacillus subtilis

A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki that codes for a Lepidoptera-specific insecticidal toxin (delta-endotoxin) was engineered for expression in Bacillus subtilis. A low-copy-number plasmid vector that replicates in Escherichia coli and B. subtilis was constructed to transform B. subtilis with gene fusions first isolated and characterized in E. coli. Naturally occurring promoter sequences from B. subtilis (43, veg, ctc, and spoVG) were inserted upstream from the plasmid-borne structural gene. In the most prolific case, when the sporulation-specific spoVG promoter was fused to the heterologous toxin gene, the toxin product accumulated during postexponential growth to greater than 25% of the total cell protein. However, the resulting specific activity of the insecticidal toxin product was not commensurate with the abundance of the protein.     

Accumulation of the insecticidal crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in post-exponential-phase Bacillus subtilis.

A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki that codes for a Lepidoptera-specific insecticidal toxin (delta-endotoxin) was engineered for expression in Bacillus subtilis. A low-copy-number plasmid vector that replicates in Escherichia coli and B. subtilis was constructed to transform B. subtilis with gene fusions first isolated and characterized in E. coli. Naturally occurring promoter sequences from B. subtilis (43, veg, ctc, and spoVG) were inserted upstream from the plasmid-borne structural gene. In the most prolific case, when the sporulation-specific spoVG promoter was fused to the heterologous toxin gene, the toxin product accumulated during postexponential growth to greater than 25% of the total cell protein. However, the resulting specific activity of the insecticidal toxin product was not commensurate with the abundance of the protein.     

Distribution and characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> bacteria associated with hydrobionts and the waters of the Peter the Great Bay,Sea of Japan

Bacilli of the species Bacillus subtilis, B. pumilus, B. mycoides, B. marinus and B. licheniformis (a total of 53 strains) were isolated from 15 invertebrate species and the water of the Vostok Bay, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Bacilli were most often isolated from bivalves (22.7%) and sea cucumbers (18.9%); they occurred less frequently in sea urchins and starfish (13.2 and 7.5%, respectively). Most of bacilli strains were isolated from invertebrates inhabiting silted sediments. No Bacillus spp. strains were isolated from invertebrates inhabiting stony and sandy environments. The species diversity of bacilli isolated from marine objects under study was low. Almost all bacterial isolates were resistant to lincomycin. Unlike B. pumilus, B. subtilis isolates were mostly resistant to benzylpenicillin and ampicillin. Antibiotic sensitivity of B. licheniformis strains was variable (two strains were resistant to benzylpenicillin and oxacillin, while one was sensitive). A significant fraction of isolated bacilli contained pigments. Pigmented strains were more often isolated from seawater samples, while colorless ones predominated within hydrobionts. B. subtilis colonies had the broadest range of colors. In the Bacillus strains obtained, DNase, RNase, phosphatase, elastolytic, chitinase, and agarolytic activity was detected. Bacilli strains with hydrolytic activity occurred in invertebrates more often than in seawater.