枸杞体细胞胚发生中Ca2+和ATPase的超微结构定位研究

研究2,4-D诱导枸杞体细胞胚发生中的作用及其与Ca~(2+)含量和ATPase活性时空分布动态之间的关系,以探讨2,4-D诱导植物体细胞胚发生的作用机理。采用超微细胞化学定位的方法,跟踪分析了体细胞胚发生与发育的不同时期,Ca~(2+)和ATPase活性的时空分布动态。结果表明:2,4-D是诱导离体培养的枸杞体细胞进入胚胎状态的关键激素。在含有2,4-D和不含2,4-D的培养条件下,分别诱导枸杞体细胞脱分化后,再转入除去2,4-D的MS培养基上,进行分化培养,结果前者可分化形成体细胞胚,因而称为胚性愈伤组织。后者在相同条件却不能分化形成胚,故称为非胚性愈伤组织。在2,4-D诱导枸杞的胚性愈伤组织中,胚性细胞分化早期的细胞间隙和细胞壁上均有Ca~(2+)沉淀。随着胚性细胞的分化、分裂和多细胞原胚形成,这时Ca~(2+)在细胞内的分布主要集中在细胞膜和液泡膜上;球形胚期在细胞核中Ca~(2+)呈弥散性分布。在此过程中,ATPase活性时空分布与Ca~(2+)的定位变化具有高度一致性,仅仅稍滞后于Ca~(2+)出现的时间。而在胚性细胞分化早期,ATPase活性同样位于质膜上,随后在液泡和细胞核都可见ATPase活性分布。而在非胚性愈伤组织中,则未见Ca~(2+)和ATPase活性呈时空动态分布,而且随着非胚性细胞的液泡化,无论是Ca~(2+)含量,还是ATPase活性都呈逐渐降低的趋势。表明Ca~(2+)和ATPase活性变化与2,4-D诱导的胚性细胞分化和发育密切相关。并由此推测,Ca~(2+)和ATPase的时空分布对胚性细胞分化中的信息传递和调控相关基因表达起着关键性作用。     

ABA对枸杞体细胞胚发生的调节作用

当枸杞的愈伤组织转入分化培养基后的第一天,内源ABA含量就大幅度增高,并成为胚性细胞分化和发育过程中的第一个峰值,也是最高峰值。这时也正是胚性细胞的启动分化期,从愈伤组织的切片明显可见胚性细胞的形成,同时SDS-PAGE结果也表明有相应的35KD蛋白质组分产生,而在未分化的愈伤组织中则未见该蛋白质组分。分化培养后的第15天,内源ABA含量达到第二个峰值,这时是球形胚形成时期,而35KD蛋白质组分含量也在此时达到最大值。外源ABA不仅可诱导内源ABA起始含量的升高,其含量峰值位于分化后的第一天和第15天,同时外源ABA可明显地提高体细胞胚发生的频率和质量。由此表明ABA含量的升高与胚性细胞的启动和发育密切相关,同时内源ABA与外源ABA对体细胞胚的发生有相同的促进作用。其作用机理可能是由于ABA直接或间接激活相关基因表达形成特异性胚性蛋白质组分,从而为胚性细胞的发生与发育奠定了分子基础。     

枸杞体细胞胚发生中蛋白质代谢动态的立体计量

以宁夏枸杞无菌苗叶片为材料,离体培养并诱导体细胞胚胎发生。根据细胞形态计量学原理,应用数字图像处理软件计量由光学底片经Ａ／Ｄ转换成的数字图像中的蛋白质大分子,对于枸杞体细胞胚发生过程中蛋白质分子的代谢动态进行了量化处理,并对量化结构分析了蛋白质代谢动态与体细胞胚发生、发育的关系。     

枸杞体细胞胚发生过程中Ag+对痕量金属离子吸收的影响

以药用植物宁夏枸杞愈伤组织为材料,离体培养诱导体细胞胚发生.采用多重示踪剂和γ射线能谱分析法研究不同浓度AgNO     

ABA对枸杞体细胞胚发生的调节作用

Using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method, we determined the ABA contents of different stages in somatic embryogenesis. The results showed that endogenous ABA contents increased to maximum value twice during somatic embryogenesis. After first maximum value of ABA contents embryogenic cells were observed in callus, and simultaneously, there was a specific protein of somatic embryogenesis investigated by SDS-PAGE. This protein accumulates preferentially in embryogenic callus but not in transferred callus. So it is suggested that ABA could promote the expression of specific genes and the synthesis of embryogenic protein during somatic embryogenesis in Lycium barbarum L. and ABA play an important role in globular stage as well. In addition, treatment of non-embryogenic activity callus with 4 mumol/L exogenous ABA could stimulate somatic embryogenesis. And the ABA function mechanism in relation to somatic embryogenesis was discussed.     

激素对枸杞体细胞胚发生及可溶性蛋白质含量和组分的影响

以宁夏枸杞无菌苗叶片为材料,对体细胞胚发生过程中激素作用、可溶性蛋白质变化及体细胞胚发生频率进行了研究。发现不同激素处理、可溶性蛋白质含量、组分和体细胞胚发生频率均有一定的差异,三者之间存在着相关性。结果如下：（１）ＭＳ＿１、ＭＳ＿２和ＭＳ＿３三种培养基上继代的愈伤组织难以诱导形成体细胞胚,为非胚性愈伤组织;而从ＭＳ＿１、ＭＳ＿２和ＭＳ＿３分别转到ＭＳ＿０和ＭＳ＿４培养基上的愈伤组织体细胞胚发生频率高,属于胚性愈伤组织。其中以ＭＳ＿３转至ＭＳ＿０后的体细胞胚发生频率最高。（２）可溶性蛋白质ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明：非胚性愈伤组织有特异性蛋白质６７ｋＤ,胚性愈伤组织有特异性蛋白质３５ｋＤ和４４ｋＤ;蛋白质３３ｋＤ和６７ｋＤ受２,４－Ｄ调控,蛋白质４９ｋＤ、５７ｋＤ受６ＢＡ调控,而蛋白质３７ｋＤ、５１ｋＤ受２,４－Ｄ和６ＢＡ协同调控。     

枸杞体细胞胚发生过程中Ag^＋对痕量金属离子吸收的影响

We used callus of medical plant, Ningxia Lycium barbarum. L as material to induce somatic embryo genesis, and used multitracer technique and gamma-ray energy spectrum analytical method to study different concentration of AgNO3 on some absorption of trace metal ions during the somatic embryogenesis of Lycium barbarum. L. The results show that (1) when the concentration of AgNO3 is less then 50 mg/L, with the increase of AgNO3 concentration, the absorption rate of some metal ions is increasing, but when the concentration is excess of such concentration, the effects on the absorption rate are different. Ag+ has the effect of coordination, resistance or competition on the absorption of metal ions. (2) AgNO3 in suitable concentration will promote cell differentiation and somatic embryogenesis. When the concentration of AgNO3 is less then 50 mg/L, along with the increase of the concentration, the frequency of somatic embryogenesis is increased, and Ag+ has the promotion on the somatic embryogenesis of Lycium barbarum. L. While the concentration is up to 50 mg/L, it will mostly raise somatic embryogenesis in calli, the amount of callus is about 3 times as much as that of contrast group (in which AgNO3 is not added). When excess of this concentration point, Ag+ has toxic effect, and the somatic embryogenesis is inhibited remarkably.     

枸杞体细胞胚发生过程中内源多胺代谢动态的研究

完全脱分化的枸杞继代愈伤组织在转入分化培养后第1天就开始启动分化,接着体细胞转变为胚性细胞,继而分裂形成多细胞原胚,球形胚和成熟胚等。与此同时,Put含量迅速上升形成第1个峰值,随后有所下降,但到多细胞原胚期Put含量又上升,并达到最高峰,为对照的6倍,Spd只在胚性细胞分化早期出现,Spm仅在体细胞胚发育晚期存在,外源Put不仅可提高体细胞胚发生频率,而且使3种内源多胺含量均有所提高,加入多胺生物合成抑制剂DFMA后,多胺水平下降,体细胞胚发生几乎完全被抑制。补充外源Put后,多胺的生物合成得到部分恢复,DFMA对体细胞胚发生的抑制效应也被部分解除。结果表明,维持一定量的多胺水平是枸杞体细胞胚发生的必要因素。     

枸杞体细胞胚发生中Ca^2＋和ATPase的超微结构定位研究

研究2,4-D诱导枸杞体细胞胚发生中的作用及其与Ca^2 含量和ATPase活性时空分布动态之间的关系,以探讨2,4-D诱导植物体细胞胚发生的作用机理。采用超微细胞化学定位的方法,跟踪分析了体细胞胚发生与发育的不同时期,Ca^2 和ATPase活性的时空分布动态。结果表明：2,4-D是诱导离体培养的枸杞体细胞进入胚胎状态的关键激素。在含有2,4-D和不含2,4-D的培养条件下,分别诱导枸杞体细胞脱分化后,再转入除去2,4-D的MS培养基上,进行分化培养,结果前者可分化形成体细胞胚,因而称为胚性愈伤组织。后者在相同条件却不能分化形成胚,故称为非胚性愈伤组织。在2,4-D诱导枸杞的胚性愈伤组织中,胚性细胞分化早期的细胞间隙和细胞壁上均有Ca^2 沉淀。随着胚性细胞的分化、分裂和多细胞原胚形成,这时Ca^2 在细胞内的分布主要集中在细胞膜和液泡膜上;球形胚期在细胞核中Ca^2 呈弥散性分布。在此过程中,ATPase活性时空分布与Ca^2 的定位变化具有高度一致性,仅仅稍滞后于Ca^2 出现的时间。而在胚性细胞分化早期,ATPase活性同样位于质膜上,随后在液泡和细胞核都可见ATPase活性分布。而在非胚性愈伤组织中,则未见Ca^2 和ATPase活性呈时空动态分布,而且随着非胚性细胞的液泡化,无论是Ca^2 含量,还是ATPase活性都呈逐渐降低的趋势。表明Ca^2 和ATPase活性变化与2,4-D诱导的胚性细胞分化和发育密切相关。并由此推测,Ca^2 和ATPase的时空分布对胚性细胞分化中的信息传递和调控相关基因表达起着关键性作用。     

枸杞体细胞胚发生中对痕量金属离子吸收的动态研究

以药用植物宁夏枸杞（Lycium barbarum L.)愈伤组织为材料,离体培养诱导体细胞胚发生,采用多重示踪技术和γ射线能谱分析法研究枸杞研究枸杞体细胞胚发生中对多种痕量金属离子的吸收动态,结果表明：（1）体胚发生中对多种痕量金属离子的吸收呈选择性。对多重示踪剂溶液中的23种核素,只吸收了其中的16种（Mn-52,Zn-65,Co-56,Co-60,As-74,mTc-95,Rh-99,V-48,Rb-83,Rb-84,Sr-85,Y-87,Y-88,Zr-88,Zr-89),而对另7种未吸收（Be-7,Tc-96,Ru-97,mRh-101,Sc-46,Ga-67和Cr-51)。（2）吸收呈动态变化,在同一发育期对不同的金属离子吸收率不同,如第10天,大部分金属离子的吸收率在5％／g左右,而se-75,Rb-83,Sr-85,Zr-89的则是10％－30％/g,在不同发育期对同一种金属离子的吸收率不同,如对Se-75的吸收总体呈上升趋势。第5天达第1峰值14％/g。随后缓慢下降,基本稳定,第15天后急剧上升,至第20天达第2个峰值20％／g;随着胚性细胞的分化与分裂,吸收既存在一致性,也存在非一致性。Se-75,Rb-83,Sr-85,Co-56和V－48等核素的吸收趋势相似,基本上呈上升曲线,而Mn-52的吸收趋势则类似正态分布曲线。     

枸杞新品系NQ-2开花生物学研究

为探讨枸杞新品系NQ-2纯系种植结实率低的原因,采用TTC法、联苯胺—过氧化氢法、花粉—胚珠比、杂交指数和套袋试验等方法,对NQ-2花粉活力、柱头可授性及繁育系统等进行了研究。结果表明:NQ-2单花花期为3~4 d,花后8 h散粉结束,开花当天花粉活力最高,花粉寿命可持续9 d以上;开花前一天柱头已具可授性,开花第1天柱头可授性最强,开花第3天柱头基本失去可授性;枸杞新品系NQ-2平均花粉-胚珠比8615,OC I=4,结合人工授粉实验结果确定其繁育系统为专性异交。自交不亲和是导致NQ-2纯系种植落花落果结实率低的主要原因。     

宁夏枸杞体细胞胚发生过程中对金属离子的吸收速率和游离氨基酸含量的变化

采用多重示踪技术研究宁夏枸杞 (Lyciumbar barumL .)体细胞胚发生中对多种金属离子的吸收动态及其与游离氨基酸含量变化之间的关系。结果表明 :(1)在枸杞体细胞胚发生中对一些金属离子具有选择吸收特性 ,而且在体细胞胚发育不同时期对同一种金属离子的吸收量也不同 ;(2 )在枸杞体细胞胚发生早期对多数金属离子吸收量迅速增加 ,而后下降。到球形胚期吸收量达到第二个峰值 ,而且金属离子被吸收后提高了体细胞胚发生的频率 ;(3)枸杞体细胞胚发生中游离氨基酸总量从胚性细胞启动期开始下降 ,到胚性细胞形成期到达谷底 ,然后开始上升 ,到多细胞原胚期达到峰值 ,多数游离氨基酸含量变化与金属离子被吸收的量相交叉 ;(4 )外加RbCl和SrCl2 对枸杞体细胞胚发生具有促进作用 ,而且加大了几种游离氨基酸含量变化的幅度。文章讨论了它们之间的关系及其可能的作用机理     

NaHCO3胁迫下星星草根中Ca2＋与Ca2＋-ATPase的超微细胞化学定位

利用焦锑酸盐和磷酸铅沉淀技术分别对NaHCO3胁迫条件下星星草（Puccinellia tenuiflora）根中Ca2＋和Ca2＋-ATPase进行超微细胞化学定位研究,旨在进一步探讨Ca2＋在NaHCO3胁迫诱导胞内信号转导过程中的作用,以及Ca2＋-ATPase活性定位变化与NaHCO3胁迫下星星草抗盐碱能力的关系。结果表明：在正常状态下,根毛区细胞质内Ca2＋较少,主要位于质膜附近和液泡中,Ca2＋-ATPase主要定位于质膜和液泡膜,有一定活性。在0.448%NaHCO3胁迫下,根毛区细胞质中Ca2＋增多,液泡中Ca2＋减少,且主要集中于液泡膜附近,质膜和液泡膜Ca2＋-ATPase活性明显升高。在1.054%NaHCO3胁迫下,细胞质中分布的Ca2＋增多,而液泡中Ca2＋极少,Ca2＋-ATPase活性也降低。以上结果表明,Ca2＋亚细胞定位和Ca2＋-ATPase活性变化在星星草响应NaHCO3胁迫的信号传递过程中具有重要作用。     

钙离子在'春捷'桃芽自然休眠诱导、维持和解除中的作用

以两年生低需冷量设施栽培专用毛桃品种'春捷'为试材,检测Ca2 在自然休眠过程中的动态变化.结果表明:在季节变化过程中.Ca2 动态变化与自然休眠进程一致.在此过程中,Ca2 可传递环境信号,诱导桃芽自然休眠和维持桃芽的深度自然休眠.     

The role of the Na+/Ca2+ exchangers in Ca2+ dynamics in ventricular myocytes

The role of the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger (NCX) as the main pathway for Ca²⁺ extrusion from ventricular myocytes is well established. However, both the role of the Ca²⁺ entry mode of NCX in regulating local Ca²⁺ dynamics and the role of the Ca²⁺ exit mode during the majority of the physiological action potential (AP) are subjects of controversy. The functional significance of NCXs location in T-tubules and potential co-localization with ryanodine receptors was examined using a local Ca²⁺ control model of low computational cost. Our simulations demonstrate that under physiological conditions local Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ gradients are critical in calculating the driving force for NCX and hence in predicting the effect of NCX on AP. Under physiological conditions when 60% of NCXs are located on T-tubules, NCX may be transiently inward within the first 100 ms of an AP and then transiently outward during the AP plateau phase. Thus, during an AP NCX current (I_NCX) has three reversal points rather than just one. This provides a resolution to experimental observations where Ca²⁺ entry via NCX during an AP is inconsistent with the time at which I_NCX is thought to become inward. A more complex than previously believed dynamic regulation of I_NCX during AP under physiological conditions allows us to interpret apparently contradictory experimental data in a consistent conceptual framework. Our modelling results support the claim that NCX regulates the local control of Ca²⁺ and provide a powerful tool for future investigations of the control of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca²⁺ release under pathological conditions.     

Ins(1,4,5)P3 induces Ca2+ release from brain microsomes loaded either by the Ca2+ ATPase or by the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.

In this study we investigated the release of Ca²⁺ in brain microsomes after Ca²⁺ loading by the Ca²⁺-ATPase or by the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger. The results show that in microsomes loaded with Ca²⁺ by the Ca²⁺-ATPase, Ins(1,4,5)P₃ (5 μM) release 21±2% of the total Ca²⁺ accumulated, and that in the microsomes loaded with Ca²⁺ by the Na²⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger, Ins(1,4,5)P₃ released 28±3% of the total Ca²⁺ accumulated. These results suggest that receptors of Ins(1,4,5)P₃ may be co-localized with the Na²⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane or that there are Ins(1,4,5)P₃ receptors in the plasma membrane where the Na²⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger is normally present, or both. We also found that Ins(1,4,5)P₃ inhibited the Ca²⁺-ATPase by 33.7%, but that it had no significant effect on the Na²⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger.     

The Intracellular Loop of Orai1 Plays a Central Role in Fast Inactivation of Ca2+ Release-activated Ca2+ Channels

Store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE) due to activation of Ca²⁺ release-activated Ca²⁺ (CRAC) channels leads to sustained elevation of cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ and activation of lymphocytes. CRAC channels consisting of four pore-forming Orai1 subunits are activated by STIM1, an endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ sensor that senses intracellular store depletion and migrates to plasma membrane proximal regions to mediate SOCE. One of the fundamental properties of CRAC channels is their Ca²⁺-dependent fast inactivation. To identify the domains of Orai1 involved in fast inactivation, we have mutated residues in the Orai1 intracellular loop linking transmembrane segment II to III. Mutation of four residues, V¹⁵¹SNV¹⁵⁴, at the center of the loop (MutA) abrogated fast inactivation, leading to increased SOCE as well as higher CRAC currents. Point mutation analysis identified five key amino acids, N¹⁵³VHNL¹⁵⁷, that increased SOCE in Orai1 null murine embryonic fibroblasts. Expression or direct application of a peptide comprising the entire intracellular loop or the sequence N¹⁵³VHNL¹⁵⁷ blocked CRAC currents from both wild type (WT) and MutA Orai1. A peptide incorporating the MutA mutations had no blocking effect. Concatenated Orai1 constructs with four MutA monomers exhibited high CRAC currents lacking fast inactivation. Reintroduction of a single WT monomer (MutA-MutA-MutA-WT) was sufficient to fully restore fast inactivation, suggesting that only a single intracellular loop can block the channel. These data suggest that the intracellular loop of Orai1 acts as an inactivation particle, which is stabilized in the ion permeation pathway by the N¹⁵³VHNL¹⁵⁷ residues. These results along with recent reports support a model in which the N terminus and the selectivity filter of Orai1 as well as STIM1 act in concert to regulate the movement of the intracellular loop and evoke fast inactivation.     

骨骼肌内质网Ca2+泵转运Ca2+的结构基础

Ca2 泵(Ca2 -ATPase)是调节细胞内Ca2 浓度的重要蛋白质之一.Ca2 泵在转运Ca2 的过程中经历一系列构象变化.其中,E1状态为外向的Ca2 高亲和状态,E2状态则为内向的Ca2 低亲和状态.目前,骨骼肌内质网Ca2 泵转运Ca2 过程中的几个中间状态,包括E1-2Ca2 ,E1-ATP,E1-P-ADP,E2-Pi和E2状态的三维晶体结构已经解析.介绍这几种状态的晶体结构,并分析Ca2 泵在执行功能过程中结构与功能的关系.     

植物膜Ca2+运输系统与逆境应答

主要介绍了细胞膜Ca2 运输系统的种类、分子结构及调控机制,并通过膜Ca2 运输系统与胞质Ca2 水平变化之间的关系评述了细胞膜Ca2 运输系统在植物应答逆境中的作用.